Recovery from stunting in early childhood and subsequent schooling outcomes: Evidence from NIDS Waves 1–5

References

• Adair, LS, 1999. Filipino children exhibit catch-up growth from age 2 to 12 years. Journal of Nutrition 129, 1140–8. doi: 10.1093/jn/129.6.1140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adair, LS, Fall, CHD, Osmond, C, Stein, AD, Martorell, R, Ramirez-Zea, M, Sachdev, HS, Dahly, DL, Bas, I, Norris, SA, Micklesfield, L, Hallal, P & Victora, CG for the COHORTS group, 2013. Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: Findings from five birth cohort studies. Lancet 382, 525–34. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60103-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, H, Behrman, JR, Lavy, V & Menon, R, 2001. Child health and school enrollment: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Human Resources 36(1), 185–205. doi: 10.2307/3069675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, H, Hoddinott, J & Kinsey, B, 2006. Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition. Oxford Economic Papers 58, 450–74. doi: 10.1093/oep/gpl008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, H, Hoogeveen, H & Rossi, M, 2009. Preschool nutrition and subsequent schooling attainment: Longitudinal evidence from Tanzania. Economic Development and Cultural Change 57(2), 239–60. doi: 10.1086/592875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, RE, Victora, CG, Walker, SP, Bhutta, ZA, Christian, P, de Onis, M, Ezzati, M, Grantham-McGregor, S, Katz, J, Martorell, R, Uauy, R & the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group 2013. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382(9890), 427–51. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, N, Preece, MA & Cole, TJ, 2005. Catch-up growth or regression to the mean? Recovery from stunting revisited. American Journal of Human Biology 17(4), 412–17. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale, D, 2016. Analysing the links between child health and education outcomes: Evidence from NIDS Waves 1–4. SALDRU, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. SALDRU Working Paper Number 179/ NIDS Discussion Paper 2016/6.
   Google Scholar
• Casale, D & Desmond, C, 2016. Recovery from stunting and cognitive outcomes in young children: Evidence from the South African birth to Twenty cohort study. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, 163–71. doi: 10.1017/S2040174415007175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale, D, Desmond, C & Richter, L, 2014. The association between stunting and psychosocial development among preschool children: A study using the South African birth to Twenty cohort data. Child: Care, Health and Development 40(6), 900–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale, D, Desmond, C & Richter, L, forthcoming. Catch-up growth in height and cognitive function: Why definitions matter. Economics and Human Biology. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100853
   Google Scholar
• Crookston, BT, Penny, ME, Alder, SC, Dickerson, TT, Merrill, RM, Stanford, JB, Porucznik, CA & Dearden, KA, 2010. Children who recover from early stunting and children who are not stunted demonstrate similar levels of cognition. Journal of Nutrition 140, 1996–2001. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.118927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crookston, BT, Schott, W, Cueto, S, Dearden, KA, Engle, P, Georgiadis, A & Behrman, JR, 2013. Postinfancy growth, schooling, and cognitive achievement: Young lives 1–4. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98(6), 1555–63. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha, F & Heckman, J, 2007. The technology of skill formation. American Economic Review 97(c), 31–47. doi: 10.1257/aer.97.2.31
   Google Scholar
• de Onis, M, Onyango, A, Borghi, E, Siyam, A, Nishida, C & Siekmann, J, 2007. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, 661–8. doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.043497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Villiers, L, Brown, M, Woolard, I, Daniels, RC & Leibbrandt, M2013. In National income dynamics study Wave 3 User Manual. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Desmond, C & Casale, D, 2017. Catch-up growth in stunted children: Definitions and predictors. PLoS ONE 12(12), e0189135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey, KG & Begum, K, 2011. Long-term consequences of stunting in early life. Maternal and Child Nutrition 7(SUPPL. 3), 5–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiadis, A, Benny, L, Duc, LT, Galab, S, Reddy, P & Woldehamma, T, 2017. Growth recovery and faltering through early adolescence in low- and middle-income countries: Determinants and implications for cognitive development. Social Science Medicine 179, 81–90. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glewwe, P, Jacoby, HG & King, EM, 2001. Early childhood nutrition and academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Public Economics 81, 345–68. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00118-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glewwe, P & King, EM, 2001. The Impact of early childhood nutritional status on cognitive development: Does the timing of malnutrition matter? World Bank Economic Review 15(1), 81–113. doi: 10.1093/wber/15.1.81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoddinott, J, Maluccio, JA, Behrman, JR, Flores, R & Martorell, R, 2008. Effect of a nutrition intervention during early childhood on economic productivity in Guatemalan adults. Lancet 371, 411–16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60205-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy, JL, Ruel, M, Habicht, J-P & Frongillo, EA, 2015. Using height-for-age differences (HAD) instead of height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) for the meaningful measurement of population-level catch-up in linear growth in children less than 5 years of age. BMC Pediatrics 15, 145. doi: 10.1186/s12887-015-0458-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundeen, EA, Stein, AD, Adair, LS, Behrman, JR, Bhargava, SK, Dearden, KA, Gigante, D, Norris, SA, Richter, LM, Fall, CH, Martorell, R, Sachdev, HS, Victora, CG & COHORTS Investigators, 2014. Height-for-age z scores increase despite increasing height deficits among children in 5 developing countries. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, 821–5. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.084368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, MA & Adair, LS, 1999. Severity and timing of stunting in the first two years of life affect performance on cognitive tests in late childhood. Journal of Nutrition 129, 1555–62. doi: 10.1093/jn/129.8.1555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, B & Gibson, KR, 1991. Nutritional and environmental interactions in brain development. In Gibson, KR & Petersen, AC (Eds.), Brain maturation and cognitive development: Comparative and cross-cultural perspectives. Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, NY, 91–106.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, AM, Ward, KA, Goldberg, GR, Jarjou, LM, Moore, SE, Fulford, AJ & Prentice, A, 2013. Critical windows for nutritional interventions against stunting. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, 911–18. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.052332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, C, 1995. What's age got to do with it? A study of patterns of school entry and the impact of season of birth on school attainment. Educational Research 37(3), 251–65. doi: 10.1080/0013188950370304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shisana, O, Labadarios, D, Rehle, T, Simbayi, L, Zuma, K, Dhansay, A, Reddy, P, Parker, W, Hoosain, E, Naidoo, P, Hongoro, C, Mchiza, Z, Steyn, NP, Dwane, N, Makoae, M, Maluleke, T, Ramlagan, S, Zungu, N, Evans, MG, Jacobs, L, Faber, M, & SANHANES-1 Team, 2013. South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). HSRC Press, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Shonkoff, JP, Garner, AS, THE COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, COMMITTEE ON EARLY CHILDHOOD, ADOPTION, AND DEPENDENT CARE, AND SECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS, Siegel, BS, Dobbins, MI, Earls, MF, Garner, AS, McGuinn, L, Pascoe, J & Wood, DL, 2012. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 129(1), e232–46. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solli, IF, 2017. Left behind by birth month. Education Economics 25(4), 323–46. doi: 10.1080/09645292.2017.1287881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, AD, Wang, M, Martorell, R, Norris, SA, Adair, LS, Bas, I, Sachdev, HS, Bhargava, SK, Fall, CHD, Gigante, DP & Victora, CG, 2010. Growth patterns in early childhood and final attained stature: Data from five birth cohorts from low-and middle-income countries. American Journal of Human Biology 22(3), 353–9. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victora, CG, Adair, L, Fall, C, Hallal, PC, Martorell, R, Richter, L & Sachdev, HS, for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet 371, 340–57. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victora, CG, de Onis, M, Hallal, PC, Blossner, M & Shrimpton, R, 2010. Worldwide timing of growth Faltering: Revisiting implications for interventions. Pediatrics 125(3), e473–80. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-1519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y & Chen, H-J, 2012. Use of percentiles and Z-scores in anthropometry. In Preddy, VR (Ed.), Handbook of anthropometry: Physical measures of human form in health and disease. Springer-Verlag, New York, 29–48.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, 2006. ‘WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. World Health Organization, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Yamauchi, F, 2008. Early childhood nutrition, schooling, and sibling inequality in a dynamic context: Evidence from South Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change 56(3), 657–82. doi: 10.1086/533542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Data
   Google Scholar
• Wave 5:
   Google Scholar
• Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National Income Dynamics Study 2017, Wave 5 [dataset]. Version 1.0.0. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit [producer], 2018. Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2018. Pretoria: Department of Planning Monitoring and Evaluation [commissioner], 2018
   Google Scholar
• Wave 4:
   Google Scholar
• Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National Income Dynamics Study 2014–2015, Wave 4 [dataset]. Version 2.0.0. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit [producer], 2018. Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2016. Pretoria: Department of Planning Monitoring and Evaluation [commissioner], 2018
   Google Scholar
• Wave 3:
   Google Scholar
• Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National Income Dynamics Study 2012, Wave 3 [dataset]. Version 3.0.0. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit [producer], 2018. Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2018
   Google Scholar
• Wave 2:
   Google Scholar
• Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National Income Dynamics Study 2010–2011, Wave 2 [dataset]. Version 4.0.0. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit [producer], 2018. Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2018
   Google Scholar
• Wave 1:
   Google Scholar
• Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National Income Dynamics Study 2008, Wave 1 [dataset]. Version 7.0.0. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit [producer], 2016. Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2018
   Google Scholar