Malawi’s slowly changing employment landscape and its implications for youth

References

• Andersson Djurfeldt, A, Djurfeldt, G & Bergman Lodin, J, 2013. Geography of gender gaps: regional patterns of income and farm–nonfarm interaction among male- and female-headed households in eight African countries. World Development 48(c), 32–47.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, T, Erman, A & Baulch, B, 2019. Change and rigidity in youth employment patterns in Malawi. In V Mueller & J Thurlow (Eds.), Youth and jobs in rural Africa: beyond stylized facts. International Food Policy Research Institute and Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 137–171.
   Google Scholar
• Bhorat, H & Tarp, F, 2016. The pursuit of long-run economic growth in Africa: An overview of key challenges. In H Bhorat & F Tarp (Eds.), Africa's lions: growth traps and opportunities for six African economies. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Dabalen, A, de la Fuente, A, Goyal, A, Karamba, W, Nguyen, NTV & Tanaka, T, 2017. Pathways to prosperity in rural Malawi. directions in development. World Bank, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, G, Timmer, M & de Vries, K, 2016. Structural transformation in Africa: Static gains, dynamic losses. Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC) Research Memorandum 136. Groningen, The Netherlands: University of Groningen.
   Google Scholar
• Doctor, HV, 2012. Estimates of age-specific mortality rates from sequential cross-sectional data in Malawi. International Journal of Population Research 2012, 1–5. doi:10.1155/2012/194187.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, F, 2000. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, L, Senbet, LW & Simbanegavi, W, 2016. Youth employment in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges, constraints and opportunities. Journal of African Economies 25(suppl. 1), i3–i15.
   Google Scholar
• Gollin, D, 2014. The Lewis model: a 60-year retrospective. Journal of Economic Perspectives 28(3), 71–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollin, D, Lagakos, D & Waugh, ME, 2014. The agricultural productivity gap. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(2), 939–993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, G & Patrinos, H (eds.), 2014. Indigenous peoples, poverty and development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• ILO (International Labour Organisation), 2015. Global employment trends for youth 2015: scaling up investments in decent jobs for youth. ILO, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Jonasson, E & Helfand, SM, 2010. How important are locational characteristics for rural non-agricultural employment? lessons from Brazil. World Development 38(5), 727–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karra, M, Canning, D & Wilde, J, 2017. The effect of fertility decline on economic growth in Africa: a macrosimulation model. Population and Development Review 43, 237–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochar, A, 1995. Explaining household vulnerability to idiosyncratic income shocks. American Economic Review 85(2), 159–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, KM, 2009. Access to education in sub-Saharan Africa: patterns, problems and possibilities. Comparative Education 45(2), 151–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, WA, 1954. Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. Manchester School 22(2), 139–191.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, EB, 2017. Labor productivity and employment gaps in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy 67, 133–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, M & Harttgen, K, 2014. What is driving the ‘African growth miracle?’. National bureau of economic Research (NBER) Working Paper series No. 20077. NBER, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• MFEP&D (Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning, and Development), 2016. Harnessing the demographic dividend to accelerate socio-economic transformation and economic development in Malawi. MFEP&D, Lilongwe.
   Google Scholar
• NSO (National Statistical Office), 2014. Malawi labour force survey 2013. report. NSO, Zomba.
   Google Scholar
• NSO (National Statistical Office), 2019. 2018 population and housing census: main report. NSO, Zomba.
   Google Scholar
• NSO (National Statistical Office), 2020a. The 2018 Malawi population and housing census – population projections report 2018 - 2050. NSO, Zomba.
   Google Scholar
• NSO (National Statistical Office), 2020b. 2018 population and housing census – migration report. NSO, Zomba.
   Google Scholar
• NSO (National Statistical Office), 2020c. 2018 population and housing census – economic characteristics of the population report. NSO, Zomba.
   Google Scholar
• Ranis, G & Fei, JCH, 1961. A theory of economic development. The American Economic Review 51(4), 533–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, K & Hsaio, C, 1985. Multinomial logit specification tests. International Economic Review 26, 619–628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer, CP, 1988. The agricultural transformation. In Cherney, HB & Srinivasan, TN (Eds.), Handbook of development economics, vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 275–331.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank, 2020. World development indicators. [Dataset]. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://wdi.worldbank.org/tables. Accessed 31 August 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Yeboah, FK & Jayne, T, 2018. Africa’s evolving employment trends. Journal of Development Studies 54(4), 803–832.
   Google Scholar