Protection Strategies for AC and DC Microgrid – A Review of Protection Methods Adopted in Recent Decade

References

• A. Qazi, et al., “Towards sustainable energy: A systematic review of renewable energy sources, technologies, and public opinions,” IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 63837–63851, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Kalkal, and V. K. Garg. “Transition from conventional to modern grids: Modern grid include microgrid and smartgrid,” in 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC), Solan, 2017, pp. 223–228, DOI: 10.1109/ISPCC.2017.8269679.
   Google Scholar
• S. Arafa. “Renewable energy solutions for development of rural villages and desert communities,” in 2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), Ischia, 2011, pp. 451–454, DOI: 10.1109/ICCEP.2011.6036279.
   Google Scholar
• B. Ahern. “Optimizing the integration of renewable energy - The importance of Speed and Strategy,” in 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/PESGM40551.2019.8973950.
   Google Scholar
• S. A. Khaparde. “Infrastructure for Sustainable Development using Renewable Energy Technologies in India,” in 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, 2007, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/PES.2007.385738.
   Google Scholar
• A. K. Rohit, and S. Rangnekar, “An overview of energy storage and its importance in Indian renewable energy sector: part II – energy storage applications, benefits and market potential,” Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 13, pp. 447–456, 2017. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2017.07.012. ISSN 2352-152X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. H. Lasseter. “MicroGrids,” 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37309), 2002, pp. 305–308, DOI: 10.1109/PESW.2002.985003.
   Google Scholar
• L. Rao, X. Liu, L. Xie, and W. Liu, “Coordinated energy cost management of distributed Internet data centers in smart grid,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 50–58, March 2012. DOI:10.1109/TSG.2011.2170100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Khurana, M. Hadley, N. Lu, and D. A. Frincke, “Smart-grid security issues,” IEEE. Secur. Priv., Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 81–85, Jan.-Feb. 2010. DOI:10.1109/MSP.2010.49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Atasoy, H. E. Akınç, and Ö Erçin. “An analysis on smart grid applications and grid integration of renewable energy systems in smart cities,” in 2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Palermo, 2015, pp. 547–550, DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2015.7418473.
   Google Scholar
• W. E. Liu, K. Liu, and D. Pearson. “Consumer-centric smart grid,” in ISGT 2011, Anaheim, CA, 2011, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/ISGT.2011.5759170.
   Google Scholar
• R. Rajagopalan. “A multi-objective optimization approach for efficient energy management in smart grids,” in 2015 IEEE Green Energy and Systems Conference (IGESC), Long Beach, CA, 2015, pp. 7–10, DOI: 10.1109/IGESC.2015.7359383.
   Google Scholar
• I. Sami, et al. “A bidirectional interactive electric vehicles operation modes: vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2 V) variations within smart grid,” in 2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET), Lahore, Pakistan, 2019, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711822.
   Google Scholar
• C. P. Vineetha, and C. A. Babu. “Smart grid challenges, issues and solutions,” in 2014 International Conference on Intelligent Green Building and Smart Grid (IGBSG), Taipei, 2014, pp. 1–4, DOI: 10.1109/IGBSG.2014.6835208.
   Google Scholar
• D. Liu, D. Tzelepis, and A. Dyko. “Protection of MicrogridsWith High Amounts of Renewables: Challenges and Solutions,” in 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Bucharest, Romania, 2019, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2019.8893485.
   Google Scholar
• A. R. Haron, A. Mohamed, H. Shareef, and H. Zayandehroodi. “Analysis and solutions of overcurrent protection issues in a microgrid,” in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon), Kota Kinabalu, 2012, pp. 644–649, DOI: 10.1109/PECon.2012.6450293.
   Google Scholar
• I. Almutairy. “A review of coordination strategies and techniques for overcoming challenges to microgrid protection,” in 2016 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG), Jeddah, 2016, pp. 1–4, DOI: 10.1109/SASG.2016.7849681.
   Google Scholar
• H. Nikkhajoei, and R. H. Lasseter. “Microgrid Protection,” in 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, 2007, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/PES.2007.385805.
   Google Scholar
• L. Fusheng, L. Ruisheng, and Z. Fengquan. Chapter 5 – Protection of the Microgrid, Microgrid Technology and Engineering Application. Academic Press, 2016, pp. 69–89, ISBN 9780128035986, DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-803598-6.00005-X.
   Google Scholar
• I. Abdulhadi, F. Coffele, A. Dysko, C. Booth, and G. Burt. “Adaptive protection architecture for the smart grid,” in 2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Manchester, 2011, pp. 1–8, DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2011.6162781.
   Google Scholar
• G. Dileep, “A survey on smart grid technologies and applications,” Renew. Energy, Vol. 146, pp. 2589–2625, 2020. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.092. ISSN 0960-1481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Hatziargyriou, “The microgrids concept,” in Microgrids: Architectures and control, IEEE, 2014, pp. 1–24. DOI:10.1002/9781118720677.ch01
   Google Scholar
• CIGRE, Working group C6.22. Microgrids 1: Engineering. Economics, & Experience, In CIGRE session Technical Brochure, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• L. Fusheng, L. Ruisheng, and Z. Fengquan, “Chapter 3 – Microgrid and distributed generation,” in Microgrid Technology and Engineering application, Academic Press, 2016, pp. 29–46. ISBN 9780128035986, DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-803598-6.00003-6.
   Google Scholar
• N. Hatziargyriou, “Microgrid protection,” in Microgrids: Architectures and control, IEEE, 2014, pp. 117–164. DOI:10.1002/9781118720677.ch04
   Google Scholar
• J. Driesen, P. Vermeyen, and R. Belmans. “Protection issues in microgrids with multiple distributed generation units,” in 2007 Power Conversion Conference – Nagoya, Nagoya, 2007, pp. 646–653, DOI: 10.1109/PCCON.2007.373034.
   Google Scholar
• S. Conti. “Protection issues and state of the art for microgrids with inverter-interfaced distributed generators,” 2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), Ischia, 2011, pp. 643–647, DOI: 10.1109/ICCEP.2011.6036348.
   Google Scholar
• H. J. Laaksonen, “Protection principles for future microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2910–2918, Dec. 2010. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2010.2066990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Parhizi, H. Lotfi, A. Khodaei, and S. Bahramirad, “State of the art in research on microgrids: a review,” IEEE Access, Vol. 3, pp. 890–925, 2015. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2443119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. A. Memon, and K. Kauhaniemi, “A critical review of AC microgrid protection issues and available solutions,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 129, pp. 23–31, 2015. ISSN 0378-7796, DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2015.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Kauhaniemi, and L. Kumpulainen. “Impact of distributed generation on the protection of distribution networks.” in Eighth IEE International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, 2004, pp. 315–318.
   Google Scholar
• K. Maki, S. Repo, and P. Jarventausta. “Effect of wind power based distributed generation on protection of distribution network,” in Eighth IEE International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, 2014; pp. 327–330.
   Google Scholar
• Z. Liu, C. Su, H. K. Hoidalen, and Z. Chen, “A multiagent system-based protection and control scheme for distribution system with distributed-generation integration,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 536–545, 2017. DOI:10.1109/tpwrd.2016.2585579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Cornea, G. Andreescu, N. Muntean, and D. Hulea, “Bidirectional power flow control in a DC microgrid through a switched-capacitor cell Hybrid DC–DC converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 3012–3022, April 2017. doi:10.1109/TIE.2016.2631527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Malekjamshidi, M. Jafari, J. Zhu, and D. Xiao, “Bidirectional power flow control with stability analysis of the matrix converter for microgrid applications,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., Vol. 110, pp. 725–736, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.03.053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Brearley, and R. P. Ramachandran, “A review on issues and approaches for microgrid protection,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., Vol. 67, pp. 988–997, 2017. Doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Chowdhury, S. P. Chowdhury, and P. Crossley. “Protection issues for Microgrids” (Energy Engineering, 2009), Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks, Chap. IET Digital Library pp.77–96, DOI:10.1049/PBRN006E_ch5.
   Google Scholar
• S. Chatterjee, M. Agarwal, and D. Sen. “The challenges of protection for microgrid,” 2015, DOI:10.17148/IARJSETP2.
   Google Scholar
• M. Gomes, P. Coelho, and C. Moreira, “Microgrid protection schemes,” in Microgrids design and implementation, Zambroni de Souza A., and M Castilla, Eds. Cham: Springer, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• A. Baigurmanov, Y. Lukpanov, and Y. Yebenbay. Protection schemes for microgrids and distribution systems with DGs, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• A. H. Etemadi, and R. Iravani, “Overcurrent and overload protection of directly voltage controlled distributed resources in a microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 5629–5638, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. S. Ustun, C. Ozansoy, and A. Ustun, “Fault current coefficient and time delay assignment for microgrid protection system with central protection unit,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 598–606, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Ghoor, and S. Chowdhury. “Design of adaptive overcurrent protection scheme for a grid-integrated solar PV microgrid,” in 2020 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, 2020, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/PowerAfrica49420.2020.9219816.
   Google Scholar
• M. Y. Shih, A. Conde, Z. Leonowicz, and L. Martirano, “An adaptive overcurrent coordination scheme to improve relay sensitivity and overcome drawbacks due to distributed generation in smart grids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 5217–5228, 2017. DOI:10.1109/tia.2017.2717880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Nuñez-Mata, R. Palma-Behnke, and P. Mendoza-Araya. “Robust coordination of overcurrent and undervoltage protection devices for microgrids,” in 2018 IEEE 38th Central America and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XXXVIII), San Salvador, 2018, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/CONCAPAN.2018.8596521.
   Google Scholar
• G. Solutions. “Multilin 350.” https://www.gegridsolutions.com/multilin/catalog/350.html.
   Google Scholar
• N. El Naily, S. M. Saad, J. Wafi, A. Elhaffar, and N. Husseinzadch. “Adaptive overcurrent protection to mitigate high penetration of distributed generation in weak distribution systems,” in 9th IEEE-GCC conference and exhibition (GCCCE), 2017. p. 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• F. Coffele, C. Booth, and A. Dysko, “An adaptive overcurrent protection scheme for distribution networks,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 561–568, 2015. doi. 10.1109/tpwrd.2013.2294879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. A. Wheeler, S. O. Faried, and M. Elsamahy. “A microgrid protection scheme using differential and adaptive overcurrent relays,” in 2017 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), Saskatoon, SK, 2017, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/EPEC.2017.8286150.
   Google Scholar
• S. T. Horowitz, and A. G. Phadke. Power System relaying. New York: Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• E. Casagrande, W. L. Woon, H. H. Zeineldin, and D. Svetinovic, “A differential sequence component protection scheme for Microgrids with inverter-based distributed generators,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 29–37, Jan. 2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. K. Sharma, and S. R. Samantaray. “Validation of differential phase-angle based microgrid protection scheme on RTDS platform,” in 2018 20th National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), Tiruchirappalli, 2018, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/NPSC.2018.8771793.
   Google Scholar
• E. Sortomme, S. S. Venkata, and J. Mitra, “Microgrid protection using communication-assisted digital relays,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2789–2796, Oct. 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. H. Abdulwahid, and S. Wang. “A new differential protection scheme for microgrid using Hilbert space based power setting and fuzzy decision processes,” in 2016 IEEE 11th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Hefei, 2016, pp. 6–11, DOI: 10.1109/ICIEA.2016.7603542.
   Google Scholar
• S. Kar, and S. R. Samantaray, “Time-frequency transform-based differential scheme for micro-grid protection,” IET Gener. Transmiss. Distrib., Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 310–320, Feb. 2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. S. Aghdam, H. Kazemi Karegar, and H. H. Zeineldin, “Variable tripping time differential protection for microgrids considering DG stability,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 2407–2415, May 2019. DOI:10.1109/TSG.2018.2797367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Apostolov. “Modeling of multifunctional distance protection IEDs,” in 10th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2010). Managing the Change, Manchester, 2010, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1049/cp.2010.0354.
   Google Scholar
• H. Lin, J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vásquez, and C. Liu. “Adaptive distance protection for microgrids,” in IECON 2015 – 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Yokohama, 2015, pp. 000725–000730, DOI: 10.1109/IECON.2015.7392185.
   Google Scholar
• S. Biswas, and V. Centeno. “A communication based infeed correction method for distance protection in distribution systems,” in 2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Morgantown, WV, 2017, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2017.8107226.
   Google Scholar
• X. Zhang, Y. Lu, and D. Shi. “The transient distance protection on wind farm transmission line with crowbar protection,” in 2017 2nd International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE), Chengdu, 2017, pp. 366–371, DOI: 10.1109/ICPRE.2017.8390560.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Zhong, X. N. Kang, and Z. B. Jiao. “A novel distance protection algorithm for long-distance transmission lines,” in 12th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2014), Copenhagen, 2014, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1049/cp.2014.0128.
   Google Scholar
• L. Torelli, and S. Moorthy. “Transient overvoltages and distance protections: Problems and solutions,” in 10th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2010). Managing the Change, Manchester, 2010, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1049/cp.2010.0268.
   Google Scholar
• C. L. Bak, and C. F. Jensen. “Distance protection of cross-bonded transmission cable-systems,” in 12th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2014), Copenhagen, 2014, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1049/cp.2014.0001.
   Google Scholar
• G. Rockefeller, et al. “Adaptive Transmission Relaying Concepts for Improved Performance,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• P. Gupta, R. S. Bhatia, and D. K. Jain. “Adaptive protection schemes for the microgrid in a Smart Grid scenario: Technical challenges,” in 2013 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia), Bangalore, 2013, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2013.6698729.
   Google Scholar
• M. Singh, and A. V. Ravi Teja. “Adaptive over-current protection algorithm for a microgrid,” in 2018 IEEE 13th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), Rupnagar, India, 2018, pp. 448–452, DOI: 10.1109/ICIINFS.2018.8721367.
   Google Scholar
• S. S. M. Venkata, D. Wilson, J. Ren, and M. Miller. “Advanced and adaptive protection for active distribution grid,” in 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), Stockholm, 2013, pp. 1–4, DOI: 10.1049/cp.2013.1174.
   Google Scholar
• A. Oudalov, and A. Fidigatti, “Adaptive network protection in microgrids,” Int. J. Distrib. Energy Resour., Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 201–226, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• S. Voima, H. Laaksonen, and K. Kauhaniemi. “Adaptive protection scheme for smartgrids,” in 12th IET International Conference on Developments in Power SystemProtection (DPSP 2014), pp. 1–6, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• C. Liu, Z. Chen, and Z. Liu. “A communication-less overcurrent protection for distribution system with distributed generation integrated,” in 2012 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Aalborg, 2012, pp. 140–147, DOI: 10.1109/PEDG.2012.6253992.
   Google Scholar
• H. Laaksonen, D. Ishchenko, and A. Oudalov, “Adaptive protection and microgrid control design for Hailuoto island,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1486–1493, May 2014. DOI:10.1109/TSG.2013.2287672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. S. Ustun, R. H. Khan, A. Hadbah, and A. Kalam. “An adaptive microgrid protection scheme based on a wide-area smart grid communications network,” in 2013 IEEE Latin-America Conference on Communications, Santiago, 2013, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/LatinCom.2013.6759822.
   Google Scholar
• A. Gupta, A. Varshney, O. V. G. Swathika, and S. Hemamalini. “Dual simplex algorithm aided adaptive protection of microgrid,” in 2015 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), Jabalpur, 2015, pp. 1505–1509, DOI: 10.1109/CICN.2015.338.
   Google Scholar
• O. V. Gnana Swathika, and S. Hemamalini, “Prims-aided Dijkstra algorithm for adaptive protection in microgrids,” IEEE. J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power. Electron., Vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1279–1286, Dec. 2016. doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2016.2581986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. G. Swathika, and S. Hemamalini, “Graph theory and optimization algorithms aided adaptive protection in reconfigurable microgrid,” J. Electr. Eng. Technol., Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 421–431, 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. Orji, et al., “Adaptive zonal protection for ring microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1843–1851, July 2017. doi:10.1109/TSG.2015.2509018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. L. T. Peiris, W. H. Eranga, K. T. M. U. Hemapala, and W. D. Prasad. “An adaptive protection scheme for small scale microgrids based on fault current level,” in IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering (EECon), 2018, pp. 64–70.
   Google Scholar
• M. M. Eissa, M. E. Masoud, and M. M. M. Elanwar, “A novel back up wide area protection technique for power transmission grids using phasor measurement unit,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 270–278, 2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Miao, P. Liu, and X. Lin, “An adaptive operating characteristic to improve the operation stability of percentage differential protection,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1410–1417, 2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Sheng, K. K. Li, W. L. Chan, X. Zeng, D. Shi, and X. Duan, “Adaptive agent-based wide-area current differential protection system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 2111–2117, 2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Sharafi, M. Sanaye-Pasand, and F. Aminifar, “Transmission system wide-area back-up protection using current phasor measurements,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., Vol. 92, pp. 93–103, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Zhang, and L. Mu. “Wide-area protection scheme for active distribution networks based on phase comparison,” in The 5th IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT), 2015, pp. 927–932.
   Google Scholar
• F. Zhang, L. Mu, and W. Guo, “An integrated wide-area protection scheme for active distribution networks based on fault components principle,” IEEE Trans. Smart. Grid., Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 392–402, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. H. Cintuglu, T. Ma, and O. A. Mohammed, “Protection of autonomous microgrids using agent-based distributed communication,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 32, pp. 351–360, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Han, H. Li, G. Wang, D. Zeng, and Y. Liang, “A virtual multi-terminal current differential protection scheme for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 9, pp. 5418–5431, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Yuan, K. Lai, M. S. Illindala, M. A. Haj-ahmed, and A. S. Khalsa, “Multilayered protection strategy for developing community microgrids in village distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 495–503, Feb. 2017. doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2544923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Zhang, and L. Mu, “New protection scheme for internal fault of multi-microgrid,” Prot. Contr. Mod. Power Syst., Vol. 4, pp. 14, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• J. Saluja, S. Biswas, S. Roy, and O. V. G. Swathika, “Performance analysis of graph algorithms for microgrid protection,” J. Telecommun. Electr. Comput. Eng., Vol. 10, pp. 115–118, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• O. V. Gnana Swathika, and S. Hemamalini, “Prims aided floyd warshall algorithm for shortest path identification in microgrid,” Lect. Notes Electr. Eng., Vol. 394, pp. 283–291, 2017. DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-1540-3_30.
   Google Scholar
• A. Majee, S. Nanda, and O. V. Gnana Swathika, “Active node detection in a reconfigurable microgrid using minimum spanning tree algorithms,” Ind. J. Electr. Comp. Eng., Vol. 5, pp. 502–507, 2017. DOI:10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i3.pp502-507.
   Google Scholar
• S. Mahapatra, and O. G. Swathika, “Hybrid Prims-Viterbi’s algorithm for protecting multiple utility grids interfaced microgrid,” J. Telecommun. Electr. Comp. Eng., Vol. 10, no. 1–9, pp. 109–113, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• O. V. G. Swathika, S. Hemamalini, and A. T. Haritha, “Chazelle-dijkstra method using fibonacci heaps algorithm for identifying shortest path in microgrids,” Int. J. Simul. Syst. Sci. Technol., Vol. 17, pp. 21–25, 2017. DOI:10.5013/IJSSST.a.17.41.21.
   Google Scholar
• R. Arya, R. Yadav, R. Agarwal, and O. V. Gnana Swathika, “Dijkstra’s algorithm for shortest path identification in reconfigurable microgrid,” J. Eng. Appl. Sci., Vol. 13, pp. 717–720, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• K. A. Saleh, A. Hooshyar, and E. F. El-Saadany, “Hybrid passive-overcurrent relay for detection of faults in low-voltage DC grids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1129–1138, May 2017. DOI:10.1109/TSG.2015.2477482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. E. Baran, and N. R. Mahajan, “Overcurrent protection on voltage-source-converter- based multiterminal DC distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 406–412, Jan. 2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Yang, J. E. Fletcher, J. O. Reilly, and S. Member, “Short-circuit and ground fault analyses and location in VSC-based DC network cables,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3827–3837, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Meghwani, S. C. Srivastava, S. Member, S. Chakrabarti, and S. Member, “A non-unit protection scheme for DC microgrid based on local measurements,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 172–181, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Mitra, C. Wikström, N. Johannesson, and T. Larsson. “First real-time implementation of dc grid protection strategy,” pp. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• S. Dhar, and P. K. Dash, “Differential current-based fault protection with adaptive threshold for multiple PV-based DC microgrid,” IET Renew. Power Gener., Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 778–790, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. D. A. Fletcher, P. J. Norman, K. Fong, S. J. Galloway, and G. M. Burt, “High-speed differential protection for smart DC distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 2610–2617, Sept. 2014. DOI:10.1109/TSG.2014.2306064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. E. B. Abu-elanien, A. A. Elserougi, A. S. Abdel-khalik, A. M. Massoud, and S. Ahmed, “A differential protection technique for multi-terminal HVDC,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 130, pp. 78–88, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Monadi, C. Gavriluta, A. Luna, J. I. Candela, and P. Rodriguez, “Centralized protection strategy for medium voltage DC microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 430–440, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. S. Balasreedharan, and S. Thangavel. “An adaptive fault identification scheme for DC microgrid using event based classification,” in 2016 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2016, pp. 1–7, DOI: 10.1109/ICACCS.2016.7586390.
   Google Scholar
• A. Meghwani, S. C. Srivastava, and S. Chakrabarti. “A new protection scheme for DC microgrid using line current derivative,” in 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2015, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/PESGM.2015.7286041.
   Google Scholar
• C. Li, P. Rakhra, P. Norman, P. Niewczas, G. Burt, and P. Clarkson. “Practical computation of DI/DT for high-speed protection of DC microgrids,” in 2017 Second IEEE International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM) [1104]. IEEE, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2017.8001037.
   Google Scholar
• K. De Kerf, K. Srivastava, M. Reza, et al., “Wavelet-based protection strategy for DC faults in multi-terminal VSC HVDC systems’,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 496–503, 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Tang, and B. Ooi, “Locating and isolating DC faults in multi-terminal DC systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1877–1884, July 2007. doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. K. Chanda, and Y. Fu. “ANN-based fault classification and location in MVDC shipboard power systems,” in 2011 North American Power Symposium, 2011, pp. 1–7, DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2011.6025172.
   Google Scholar
• S. K. Prince, S. Affijulla, and G. Panda. “Total harmonic distortion based fault detection in islanded DC microgrid,” in 2020 3rd International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment: Towards Clean Energy Technologies, 2021, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/ICEPE50861.2021.9404407.
   Google Scholar
• M. Monadi, C. Koch-Ciobotaru, A. Luna, J. I. Candela, and P. Rodriguez. “A protection strategy for fault detection and location for multi-terminal MVDC distribution systems with renewable energy systems,” in 2014 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), 2014, pp. 496–501, DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2014.7016434.
   Google Scholar
• S. Amamra, H. Ahmed, R. A. El-sehiemy, S. Amamra, H. Ahmed, and R. A. El-sehiemy, “Electric power components and systems firefly algorithm optimized robust protection scheme for DC microgrid firefly algorithm optimized robust protection scheme for DC microgrid,” Electr. Power Comp. Syst., Vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1141–1151, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. K. J. S. Jayamaha, N. W. A. Lidula, and A. D. Rajapakse, “Wavelet-multi resolution analysis based ANN architecture for fault detection and localization in DC microgrids,” IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 145371–145384, 2019. DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2945397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Aswani, and P. Kanakasabapathy. “Protection of a low-voltage DC ring microgrid system,” in 2016 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), Nagercoil, 2016, pp. 17–22.
   Google Scholar
• M. Alshareef. “A new protection scheme for low voltage DC microgrids,” in 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), 2021, pp. 1–6, DOI:10.1109/ICECCE52056.2021.9514143.
   Google Scholar
• M. Yu, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, and Z. Zhang. “DC short circuit fault analysis and protection of ring type DC microgrid,” in 2016 IEEE 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC-ECCE Asia), 2016, pp. 1694–1700.
   Google Scholar
• G. Patil, and M. F. A. R. Satarkar. “Autonomous protection of low voltage DC microgrid,” in 2014 International Conference on Power, Automation and Communication (INPAC), 2014, pp. 23–26, DOI: 10.1109/INPAC.2014.6981129.
   Google Scholar
• R. Bhargav, B. R. Bhalja, and C. P. Gupta, “Novel fault detection and localization algorithm for low-voltage DC microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., Vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 4498–4511, July 2020. DOI:10.1109/TII.2019.2942426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. D. Patil, and S. Bindu. “Real time protection technique for DC microgrid using local measurements,” in 2018 Technologies for Smart-City Energy Security and Power (ICSESP), 2018, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/ICSESP.2018.8376667.
   Google Scholar
• J. Yang, J. E. Fletcher, and J. O’Reilly, “Short-circuit and ground fault analyses and location in VSC-based DC network cables,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 59, pp. 3827–3837, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Cairoli, and R. A. Dougal, “Fault detection and isolation in medium voltage DC microgrids: coordination between supply power converters and bus contactors,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 4535–4546, May 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Meghwani, R. Gokaraju, S. C. Srivastava, and S. Chakrabarti, “Local measurements-based backup protection for DC microgrids using sequential analyzing technique,” IEEE Syst. J., Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1159–1170, March 2020. DOI:10.1109/JSYST.2019.2919144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar