An Energy-Efficient Protocol based on Recursive Geographic Forwarding Mechanisms for Improving Routing Performance in WSN

References

• I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a survey,” Comput. Netw., Vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 393–422, 2002. doi: 10.1016/S1389-1286(01)00302-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hai-Ying Zhou, Dan-Yan Luo, Yan Gao, and De-Cheng Zuo, “Modeling of Node Energy Consumption for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Wireless Sensor Network, Vol. 03, no. 01, pp. 18–23, 2011. doi:10.4236/wsn.2011.31003.
   Google Scholar
• I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “A survey on sensor networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102–114, 2002. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2002.1024422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Kandris, C. Nakas, D. Vomvas, and G. Koulouras, “Applications of wireless sensor networks: An up-to-date survey,” Applied System Innovation, Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 14, 2020. doi: 10.3390/asi3010014
   Google Scholar
• F. Fanian, and M. K. Rafsanjani, “Cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey based on methodology,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., Vol. 142, pp. 111–142, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2019.04.021
   Google Scholar
• P. Rawat, and S. Chauhan, “Clustering protocols in wireless sensor network: A survey, classification, issues, and future directions,” Computer Science Review, Vol. 40, pp. 100396, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.cosrev.2021.100396
   Google Scholar
• D. Sharma, A. Ojha, and A. P. Bhondekar, “Heterogeneity consideration in wireless sensor networks routing algorithms: a review,” J. Supercomput., Vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 2341–2394, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s11227-018-2635-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Arjunan, and S. Pothula, “A survey on unequal clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks,” J. King Saud Univ.-Comput. Inf. Sci, Vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 304–317, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• R. E. Mohamed, A. I. Saleh, M. Abdelrazzak, and A. S. Samra, “Survey on wireless sensor network applications and energy efficient routing protocols,” Wirel. Pers. Commun., Vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 1019–1055, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11277-018-5747-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. M. Zin, N. B. Anuar, M. L. M. Kiah, and A.-S. K. Pathan, “Routing protocol design for secure WSN: review and open research issues,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., Vol. 41, pp. 517–530, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2014.02.008
   Google Scholar
• K. A. Darabkh, S. M. Odetallah, Z. Al-qudah, K. Ala’F, and M. M. Shurman, “Energy-Aware and density-based clustering and relaying protocol (EA-DB-CRP) for gathering data in wireless sensor networks,” Appl. Soft. Comput., Vol. 80, pp. 154–166, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2019.03.025
   Google Scholar
• L. K. Ketshabetswe, A. M. Zungeru, M. Mangwala, J. M. Chuma, and B. Sigweni, “Communication protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey and comparison,” Heliyon, Vol. 5, no. 5, pp. e01591, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• G. Prajapati, and P. Parmar, “A survey on routing protocols of location aware and data centric routing protocols in wireless sensor network,” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 128–133, January 2013.
   Google Scholar
• S. K. Singh, M. P. Singh, and D. K. Singh, “Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks - A survey,” International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey, Vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 63–83, November 2010. doi: 10.5121/ijcses.2010.1206
   Google Scholar
• R. Min, M. Bhardwaj, S.-H. Cho, E. Shih, A. Sinha, A. Wang, and A. Chandrakasan. “Low-power wireless sensor networks,” presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on VLSI Design 2001.
   Google Scholar
• V. Raghunathan, C. Schurgers, S. Park, and M. B. Srivastava, “Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks,” IEEE Signal Process Mag., Vol. 19, pp. 40–50, 2002. doi: 10.1109/79.985679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Hossain, T. Radhika, S. Chakrabarti, and P. K. Biswas, “An approach to increase the lifetime of a linear array of wireless sensor nodes,” Int. J. Wireless Inf. Networks, Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 72–81, 2008. doi:10.1007/s10776-008-0077-6.
   Google Scholar
• L. Ji-Zhen, C. Yuan-Tao, D. Dong-Mei, L. I. Bin, and L. I. Fang, “Assistant cluster head clustering algorithm based on LEACH protocol,” Comput. Eng, Vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 103–132, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• R. Zagrouba, and A. Kardi, “Comparative study of energy efficient routing techniques in wireless sensor networks,” Information, Vol. 12, pp. 42, 2021. doi: 10.3390/info12010042
   Google Scholar
• D. Mahmood, N. Javaid, S. Mahmood, S. Qureshi, A. M. Memon, and T. Zaman, “MODLEACH: A variant of LEACH for WSNs,” In: 2013 eighth international conference on broadband and wireless computing, communication and applications, IEEE, 2013, pp. 158–163.
   Google Scholar
• G. Smaragdakis, I. Matta, and A. Bestavros, Sep: A stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks”, Tech. rep. Boston University Computer Science Department, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• R. Kacimi, R. Dhaou, and A.-L. Beylot, “Load-balancing strategies for lifetime maximizing in wireless sensor networks,” In IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC’10), Cape Town, South Africa 23–27 May 2010.
   Google Scholar
• H. Junping, J. Yuhui, and D. Liang, “A time-based cluster-head selection algorithm for LEACH,” IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, ISCC, 1172–1176, 2008. doi:10.1109/ISCC.2008.4625714.
   Google Scholar
• J. A. Hong, “T-LEACH: The method of threshold-based cluster head replacement for wireless sensor networks,” Inf. Syst. Front., Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 513–521, 2009. doi:10.1007/s10796-008-9121-4.
   Google Scholar
• V. Murali, “Analysis of energy efficient, LEACH-based cooperative wireless sensor network”. In: C. S. Satapathy, Ed. New Delhi, India: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-2517-1_35.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing.” In proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom ‘01), pp. 215–222, Rome, Italy, July 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan, “Geographical and energy aware routing: a recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks,” Tech. Rep. UCLA/CSD-TR-01-0023, UCLA Computer Science Department, Los Angeles, Calif, USA, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• V. D. Khairnar, and K. Kotecha, “Simulation-Based performance evaluation of routing protocols in vehicular Ad-hoc network,” Int J Sci Res Publ, Vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1–14, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• B. Karp, and H. T. Kung, ‘Gpsr: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless Networks’, In proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2000, pp. 243–254.
   Google Scholar
• Z.-Y. Ai, Y.-T. Zhou, and F. Song, “A smart collaborative routing protocol for reliable data diffusion in IoT scenarios,” Sensors, Vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1–21, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• P. P. Bairagi, M. Dutta, and K. S. Babulal, “Location based routing protocols and its performances in wireless sensor networks: An investigation,” 3rd international conference on electronics and sustainable communication systems (ICESC), coimbatore, India, 2022, pp. 583–590. doi: 10.1109/ICESC54411.2022.9885717
   Google Scholar
• Y. Yang, M. I. Fonoage, and M. Cardei, “Improving network lifetime with mobile wireless sensor networks,” Comput. Commun., Vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 409–419, 2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar