Exploring the role of female egalitarian values in the 2022 protests in Iran, using data from the World Values Survey

References

• Aarabi, K., & Shelley, J. (2021, December 27). Why the West and its feminists need to support Iranian women. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. https://www.institute.global/insights/geopolitics-and-security/why-west-and-its-feminists-need-support-iranian-women.
   Google Scholar
• Aldroubi, M. (2022, September 28). What's happening in Iran and how has social media helped movement against morality police? The National, MENA, Iran. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2022/09/28/whats-happening-in-iran-and-how-has-social-media-affected-hijab-protests/.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, A. C., & Parhizkari, S. (2018). A multilevel study of gender egalitarian values across Muslim-majority provinces: The role of women and urban spaces. International Review of Sociology, 28(3), 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2018.1473124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryan, K. (2012). The boom in women’s education. In T. Povey & E. Rostami-Povey (Eds.), Women, power and politics in 21st century Iran (pp. 35–52). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cinelli, C., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2023301118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagres, H. (2022, November 1). Meet Iran’s Gen Z: The driving force behind the protests. Foreign Policy Magazine. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/01/iran-protests-gen-z-mahsa-amini-social-media/.
   Google Scholar
• Fadel, L., Weiner, L., & Hampton, O. (2022, November 23). Young Iranian protesters explain what keeps them going [Audio]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/11/23/1138875930/young-iranian-protesters-explain-what-keeps-them-going.
   Google Scholar
• Filkins, D. (2020, May 18). The twilight of the Iranian revolution. The New Yorker, May 25 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/25/the-twilight-of-the-iranian-revolution.
   Google Scholar
• Ghasseminejad, S., Ben Taleblu, B., & Katz, E. (2020, October 29). Evolution toward revolution: The development of street protests in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of International Affairs. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26939971.
   Google Scholar
• Graham-Harrison, E., & Foumani, M. (2022a, October 4). Iranian schoolgirls take up battle cry as protests continue. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/04/iranian-schoolgirls-take-up-battlecry-as-protests-continue.
   Google Scholar
• Graham-Harrison, E., & Makoii, A. M. (2022b, October 1). ‘Women are in charge. They are leading’: Iran protests continue despite crackdowns. The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/01/women-are-in-charge-they-are-leading-iran-protests-continue-despite-crackdowns.
   Google Scholar
• Haeri, S. (2013, May). No end in sight: Politics, paradox, and gender policies in Iran. Boston University Law Review, 93(3), 1049–1062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, K. (2010, October 11). The Bazaar. The Iran Primer, United States Institute of Peace. https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/bazaar.
   Google Scholar
• Hering, L., Baiardi, A., & Namini, J. E. (2021). Female Admission Cap in Higher Education: The Case of Iran. Tinbergen Institute, TI 2021-073/V. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/248757/1/21073.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Karanth, S. (2022, October 5). Iran’s teenage girls are leading the protests for women’s rights. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/iran-schoolgirls-leading-protests_n_633da66fe4b0b7f89f475b83.
   Google Scholar
• Kasravi, A. (1944). Khaharan va Dukhtaran-i-Ma [Our sisters and daughters]. Ibex Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kazemi, A. V. (2016). امر روزمره در جامعه پساانقلابی [The everyday in post-revolutionary Iran]. Farhange Javid Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Kazemi, A. V. (2022). دیدگاه عباس کاظمی - جنبش اجتماعى نسل گيمرها [Abbas Kazemi’s point of view: The social movement of the generation of gamers]. Iranian Sociological Association. http://www.isa.org.ir/یادداشت-ماه/6043-دیدگاه-عباس-کاظمی.
   Google Scholar
• Khodabakhshi, L. (2018, January 10). Why ordinary Iranians are turning to internet backdoors to beat censorship. BBC Global News. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-42612546.
   Google Scholar
• Khosravi, S. (2009). Young and defiant in Tehran. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leaper, C. (2014). Parents socialization of gender in children. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/pdf/expert/gender-early-socialization/according-experts/parents-socialization-gender-children
   Google Scholar
• Manfreda, P. (2019). Arab spring impact on the Middle East: How did the uprisings of 2011 change the region? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/arab-spring-impact-on-middle-east-2353038.
   Google Scholar
• Maroon, B. (2006). Mobile sociality in urban Morocco. In A. Kavoori & N. Arceneaux (Eds.), The cell phone reader: Essays in social transformation (pp. 189–204). Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Mehran, G. (2009). “Doing AND UNDOING GENDER”: FEMALE HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN. International Review of Education, 55(5-6), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-009-9145-0
   Google Scholar
• Moaddel, M. (2020). The clash of values: Islamic fundamentalism versus liberal nationalism. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moaddel, M. (2021, September 10). Changing values in the Middle East: secular swings and liberal leanings. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. https://institute.global/policy/changing-values-middle-east-secular-swings-and-liberal-leanings.
   Google Scholar
• Nouraie-Simone, F. (2005). Wings of freedom: Iranian women, identity, and cyberspace. In F. Nouraie-Simone (Ed.), On shifting ground: Muslim women in the global Era (pp. 124–143). The Feminist Press at CUNY.
   Google Scholar
• Opp, K.-D. (2022). Advanced introduction to social movements and political protests. Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Parent, D. (2022, October 9). ‘We want the clerics to get lost’: Iran’s schoolgirls emerge as powerful voices of dissent. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/oct/09/iran-protests-schoolgirls-videos-khamenei.
   Google Scholar
• Parvaz, D. (2022, October 9). What Iranian protesters are fighting for [Audio]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/09/1127728145/what-iranian-protestors-are-fighting-for.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, J., Orlando, S., Assaf, A., Toussaint-Strauss, J., Baxter, R., Ochagavia, A., Otukoya, J., Redding, A., & Parent, D. (2023, March 23). Why women are leading the Iranian protests: It’s complicated [video]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2023/mar/23/why-women-are-leading-the-iranian-protests-video.
   Google Scholar
• Ramezanzad, F. (2018, February 15). Iran’s ‘burned generation’ disdains the Islamic Republic. Kayhan Life. https://kayhanlife.com/society/irans-burned-generation-disdains-the-islamic-republic/.
   Google Scholar
• Rasler, K. (1996). Concessions, repression, and political protest in the Iranian Revolution. American Sociological Review, 61(1), 132–152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, C. (1985). Ahmad Kasravi’s views on the role of women in Iranian society as expressed in our sisters and daughters. In A. Fathi (Ed.), Women and the family in Iran: Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East, Volume XXXVII (pp. 60–76). E. J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Rezai-Rashti, G. M., & Moghadam, V. M. (2011). Women and higher education in Iran: What are the implications for employment and the “marriage market”? International Review of Education, 57(3-4), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-011-9217-9
   Google Scholar
• Sanasarian, E. (1985). Characteristics of women’s movement in Iran. In A. Fathi (Ed.), Women and the family in Iran: Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East, Volume XXXVII (pp. 86–106). E. J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Taub, A. (2022, October 5). Unveiled and rising up: How protests in Iran cut to the heart of national identity. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/05/world/middleeast/iran-protests-women-hijab.html.
   Google Scholar
• Touba, J. R. (1985). Effects of the Islamic revolution on women and the family in Iran: Some preliminary observations. In A. Fathi (Ed.), Women and the family in Iran: Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East, Volume XXXVII (pp. 131–147). E. J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2011). International standard classification of education (ISCED). http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/international-standard-classification-education-isced.
   Google Scholar
• Van Esveld, B., & Sajadi, E. (2022, October 12). In Iran, schoolgirls leading protests for freedom: Government repression extends to children. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/10/12/iran-schoolgirls-leading-protests-freedom.
   Google Scholar
• Vatandoust, G. (1985). The status of Iranian women during the Pahlavi regime. In A. Fathi (Ed.), Women and the family in Iran: Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East, Volume XXXVII (pp. 107–130). E. J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. (n.d.). Iran, Islamic rep. https://data.worldbank.org/country/iran-islamic-rep?most_recent_value_desc = false.
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2021). Global gender gap report 2021. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021.
   Google Scholar
• Yee, V., & Fassihi, F. (2022a September 26). Women take center stage in antigovernment protests shaking Iran. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/world/middleeast/women-iran-protests-hijab.html.
   Google Scholar
• Yee, V., & Fassihi, F. (2022b, October 2). ‘Out-of-reach dreams’ in a sickly economy provoke the rage in Iran. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/02/world/middleeast/iran-protests-economy.html.
   Google Scholar
• Young, A. E. (2010). Gender. In D. S. Sorenson (Ed.), Interpreting the Middle East (pp. 219–248). Westview Press.
   Google Scholar