References
- Akbarzadeh, S. 2016. Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council Sheikhdoms. In K. Almezaini and J. M. Rickli, eds. The Small Gulf States: 99-116. Routledge.
- Albloshi, H. 2016. Sectarianism and the Arab Spring: The Case of the Kuwaiti Shiʿa. The Muslim World 106 (1): 109–26.
- Albloshi, H. 2017. Iran and Kuwait. In A. Ehteshami, N. Quilliam, and G. Bahgat, eds. Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and Its Arab Neighbours: 123–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Al-Faisal, T. 2016. Mr. Obama, We Are Not ‘Free Riders’. Arab News, 14 March. https://www.arabnews.com/columns/news/894826.
- Almeida, M. 2017 . What Qatar’s Role in Yemen Tells About the Gulf Crisis. Arab News, 16 June. http://www.arabnews.com/node/1116206.
- Al-Rawi, A.K. 2015. Sectarianism and the Arab Spring: Framing the Popular Protests in Bahrain. Global Media and Communication 11 (1): 25–42.
- Alsalloum, K. A., and Tayie, M. S. 2017. The Present and Future of Kuwaiti-Iranian Relations and Their Influence on the Security of the Arabian Gulf. Asian Social Science 14 (1): 102–11.
- Al-Shayji, A. 2014. The GCC‐US Relationship: A GCC Perspective. Middle East Policy 21 (3): 60–70.
- Azoulay, R. 2013. The Politics of Shi’i Merchants in Kuwait. In S. Hertog, G. Luciani, and M. Valeri, eds. Business Politics in the Middle East: 67–100. London: Hurst.
- Barzegar, K. 2010. Iran’s Foreign Policy Strategy after Saddam. The Washington Quarterly 33 (1): 173–89.
- Bayoumy, Y., and Stewart, P. 2016. Exclusive: Iran Steps up Weapons Supply to Yemen’s Houthis via Oman - Officials. Reuters, 20 October. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-iran-idUSKCN12K0CX.
- BBC. 2016. Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr: Saudi Arabia Executes Top Shia Cleric. 2 January. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35213244.
- Belasco, A. 2014. The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations since 9/11. Congressional Research Service, 7-5700.
- Bianco, C. 2018. Gulf Security after 2011: A Threat Analysis. Middle East Policy 25 (2): 27–41.
- Bianco, C., and Stansfield, G. 2018. The Intra-GCC Crises: Mapping GCC Fragmentation after 2011. International Affairs 94 (3): 613–35.
- Brookings. 2013. An Interview with Gregory Gause: Gulf Security and the U.S.-Gulf Relationship. http://www.brookings.edu/research/interviews/2013/10/03-gulf-security-gause.
- Cha, T. 2016. The Return of Jacksonianism: The International Implications of the Trump Phenomenon. The Washington Quarterly 39 (4): 83–97.
- Colombo, S. 2012. The GCC and the Arab Spring: A Tale of Double Standards. The International Spectator 47 (4): 110–26.
- Cordesman, A. 2013. The United States, the Indian Ocean Region, and the Gulf. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 16 December. http://csis.org/publication/us-indian-ocean-region-and-gulf.
- Cordesman, A. 2014. Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Clash within a Civilization. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3 February. https://www.csis.org/analysis/saudi-arabia-iran-and-clash-within-civilization.
- Darwich, M. 2016. The Ontological (In) Security of Similarity Wahhabism versus Islamism in Saudi Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy Analysis 12 (3): 469–88.
- Davidson, C. 2008. Sunni-Shiite Hostility: The UAE Suggests Otherwise. Daily Star, 4 August. https://www.dailystar.com.lb//Opinion/Commentary/2008/Aug-04/116643-sunni-shiite-hostility-the-uae-suggests-otherwise.ashx.
- Echagüe, A. 2015. Oman: The Outlier. Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior, 27 November. http://fride.org/publication/1279/oman:-the-outlier.
- Ehteshami, A. 2015. GCC Foreign Policy: From the Iran-Iraq War to the Arab Awakening. The New Politics of Intervention of Gulf Arab States 1: 13-22. London: London School of Economics, the Middle East Centre.
- Erlanger, S. 2013. Saudi Prince Criticizes Obama Administration, Citing Indecision in Mideast. The New York Times, 15 December. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/world/middleeast/saudi-prince-accuses-obama-of-indecision-on-middle-east.
- Esfandiary, D., and Tabatabai, A. 2016. Yemen: An Opportunity for Iran–Saudi Dialogue? The Washington Quarterly 39 (2): 155–74.
- Filkins, D. 2018. A Saudi Prince’s Quest to Remake the Middle East. The New Yorker, 2 April. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/09/a-saudi-princes-quest-to-remake-the-middle-east.
- Fürtig, H. 2017. Qatar’s Relations with Iran: More Tactical than Strategic. GIGA Focus Nahost 4. https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/qatars-relations-with-iran-more-tactical-than-strategic.
- Gause, F. G. III. 2007. Threats and Threat Perceptions in the Persian Gulf Region. Middle East Policy 14 (2): 119–24.
- Gause, F. G. III. 2010. The Impact of International Politics. In M. P. Angrist, ed. Politics and Society in the Contemporary Middle East, 49–68. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- Gengler, J. 2015. Group Conflict and Political Mobilization in Bahrain and the Arab Gulf: Rethinking the Rentier State. Bloomington, IN, and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Gerges, F. 2013. The Obama Approach to the Middle East: The End of America’s Moment? International Affairs 89 (2): 299–323.
- Goldberg, J. 2016. The Obama Doctrine. The Atlantic, 1 April. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/.
- Han, J., and Hakimian, H. 2019. The Regional Security Complex in the Persian Gulf: The Contours of Iran’s GCC Policy. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 13 (4): 493–508.
- Hassan, H. 2019. The Emiratis Bit Off More Than They Could Chew. Foreign Policy, 9 September. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/09/the-emiratis-bit-off-more-than-they-could-chew/.
- Hinnebusch, R., and Ehteshami, A 2016. Foreign Policymaking in the Middle East: Complex Realism. In Louise Fawcett, ed. International Relations of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198708742.003.0012.
- Interview A. 2018. Interview by the author with a former Saudi diplomat, London, 19 May.
- Interview B. 2018. Interview by the author with an Emirati official within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abu Dhabi, 16 April.
- Interview C. 2018. Interview by the author with a prominent Bahraini Shi’a activist, London, 19 September.
- Interview D. 2018. Interview by the author with a member of Bahrain’s Consultative Council (Shura), London, 6 November.
- Interview E. 2019. Interview by the author with a Saudi scholar focused on Saudi-Iran relations, Kuwait City, 17 April.
- Jabbour, R. 2018. Yemen’s Region of Al-Mahra at the Intersection of Interests and Competitions. Middle East Institute for Research and Strategic Studies, 12 March. http://meirss.org/yemens-region-al-mahra-intersection-interests-competitions/.
- Jones, M. O. 2016. Saudi Intervention, Sectarianism, and De-Democratization in Bahrain’s Uprising. In T. Davies, H. E. Ryan, and A. M. Peña, eds. Protest, Social Movements and Global Democracy since 2011: New Perspectives: 251–79. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Kamrava, M. 2017. Iran-Qatar Relations. In G. Bahgat, A. Ehteshami, and A. Quilliam, eds. Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and its Arab Neighbours: 167–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Kamrava, M. 2018. Troubled Waters: Insecurity in the Persian Gulf. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Kechichian, J. A. 1995. Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
- Kostiner, J. 2011. GCC Perceptions of Collective Security in the Post-Saddam Era. In M. Kamrava, ed. The International Politics of the Persian Gulf: 94–119. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- Krieg, A. 2016. Externalizing the Burden of War: The Obama Doctrine and US Foreign Policy in the Middle East. International Affairs 92 (1): 97–113.
- KUNA (Kuwait News Agency). 2014. Kuwait, Iran Vow Joint Work to Develop Ties. Press Release, 2 June. http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2380502&language=en.
- KUNA (Kuwait News Agency). 2018. Kuwait: No Military Solution to Yemen Crisis. 3 August. https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2739796&language=en.
- Lackner, H., and Varisco, D. M. 2018. Yemen and the Gulf States: The Making of a Crisis. Berlin: Gerlach Press.
- Lefebvre, J. A. 2010. Oman’s Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. Middle East Policy Council 17 (1): 99–114.
- Louër, L. 2008. Transnational Shia Politics: Religious and Political Networks in the Gulf. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Mabon, S. 2012. The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry. Middle East Policy Council 19 (2): 84–97.
- Majidyar, A. K. 2013. Is Sectarian Balance in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Qatar at Risk? American Enterprise Institute, 21 October. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/is-sectarian-balance-in-the-united-arab-emirates-oman-and-qatar-at-risk/.
- Mamouri, A. 2015. Is Qatar Iran’s Door to the Gulf? Al-Monitor, 4 November. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/iran-qatar-rapprochement-middle-east.html.
- Matthiesen, T. 2012. A Saudi Spring? The Shi’a Protest Movement in the Eastern Province 2011–2012. The Middle East Journal 66 (4): 628–59.
- Ottaway, D. 2009. The King and Us: US-Saudi Relations in the Wake of 9/11. Foreign Affairs 88 (3): 121–31.
- Phillips, C. 2017. Eyes Bigger than Stomachs: Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar in Syria. Middle East Policy 24 (1): 36–47.
- Sadjadpour, K. 2011. The Battle of Dubai: The United Arab Emirates and the U.S.-Iran Cold War. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/dubai_iran.pdf.
- Saeed, B. M. 2014. Oman, Iranian Rapprochement and a GCC Union. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, 6 May. https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2014/01/20141218365065800.html.
- Snyder, G. 1984. The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics 3 (4): 461–95.
- Stephens, M. 2017. Why Key Arab Countries Have Cut Ties with Qatar – and What Trump Had to Do With It. POMEPS Brief 31: 12–3.
- Takriti, A. R. 2013. Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965-1976. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- The Economist. 2016. Young Prince in a Hurry. 9 January. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2016/01/09/young-prince-in-a-hurry.
- Ulrichsen, K. C. 2014. Qatar and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ulrichsen, K. C. 2017. Walking the Tightrope: Kuwaiti-Iranian Relations in the Aftermath of the Abdali Affair. IndraStra Global 8. https://www.indrastra.com/2017/08/Walking-the-Tightrope-Kuwait-Iran-Abdali-Affair-003-08-2017-0016.html.
- Ulrichsen, K. C. 2020. What’s Next for Oman Following Sultan Qaboos’ Death? Al Monitor, 11 January. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/01/oman-death-sultan-qaboos-economy-haitham-tariq.html.
- United States Department of Defense. 2012. Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense. Washington DC: Defense Strategic Guidance, January. https://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf.
- Valeri, M. 2010. High Visibility Low Profile: The Shi’a in Oman under Sultan Qaboos. International Journal of Middle East Studies 42 (2): 251–68.
- Vela, J. 2015. Kuwait Role in Yemen a Surprise, yet Underlines Frustrations with Tehran. The National, 11 April. https://www.thenational.ae/world/kuwait-role-in-yemen-a-surprise-yet-underlines-frustrations-with-tehran-1.68907.
- Wehrey, F. M. 2013. Sectarian Politics in the Gulf: From the Iraq War to the Arab Uprisings. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Wikileaks. 2009. Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Warns DOE DepSec Poneman about Iran. 17 December. http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09ABUDHABI1151.html.
- Wikileaks. 2016. UAE Shi’a and Their Loyalties. 15 April. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06ABUDHABI1471_a.html.
- Worrall, J. 2012. Oman: The “Forgotten” Corner of the Arab Spring. Middle East Policy 19 (3): 98–115.
- Worth, R. 2019. The End of Saudi Arabia’s Illusion. The New York Times, 19 September. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/opinion/saudi-arabia-attack.html.
- Wright, R., and Baker, P. 2004. Iraq, Jordan See Threat To Election From Iran Leaders Warn Against Forming Religious State. The Washington Post, 8 December. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43980-2004Dec7.html.
- Wright, S. 2017. Iran’s Relations with Bahrain. In G. Bahgat, A. Ehteshami, and N. Quilliam, eds. Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and its Arab Neighbours: 61–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan.