Community Renewable Energy Projects: The Future of the Sustainable Energy Transition?

References

• Adom, Dickson, Yeboah, Akwasi, and Ankrah, Attah Kusi. 2016. Constructivism Philosophical Paradigm: Implication for Research, Teaching and Learning. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 4 (10): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Appunn, Kerstine. 2021. What’s New in Germany’s Renewable Energy Act 2021. Clean Energy Wire, 23 April. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/whats-new-germanys-renewable-energy-act-2021.
   Google Scholar
• AURES II. 2019. Auctions for the Support of Renewable Energy in Germany. Main Results and Lessons Learnt. D2.1-DE, December. http://aures2project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/AURES_II_case_study_Germany_v3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bauwens, Thomas, Gotchev, Boris, and Holstenkamp, Lars. 2016. What Drives the Development of Community Energy in Europe? The Case of Wind Power Cooperatives. Energy Research & Social Science 13: 136–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessette, Noémie. 2018. 23 Community-Led Climate Action Initiatives. AEIDL. http://www.aeidl.eu/images/stories/pdf/clca.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• BOE (Boletin Oficial del Estado). 2018. Real Decreto-Ley 15/2018, de 5 de Octubre, de Medidas Urgentes para la Transición Energética y la Protección de los Consumidores [Royal Decree-Law 15/2018, of October 5th, of Urgent Measures for the Energy Transition and the Protection of Consumers]. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2018/10/06/pdfs/BOE-A-2018-13593.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Broughel, Anna Ebers, and Hampl, Nina. 2018. Community Financing of Renewable Energy Projects in Austria and Switzerland: Profiles of Potential Investors. Energy Policy 123: 722–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coenen, Lars, Benneworth, Paul, and Truffer, Bernhard. 2012. Toward a Spatial Perspective on Sustainability Transitions. Research Policy 41 (6): 968–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Community Power. 2014. Legal and Policy Recommendations in Response to the Green Paper on Energy Policy in Ireland Consultation. 24 July.
   Google Scholar
• Community Power. 2020. Publications. Accessed 18 October 2020. https://www.communitypower.eu/en/publications.html.
   Google Scholar
• Community Power Ireland. 2020. Our Story – Templederry Renewable Energy Supply t/a Community Power. Accessed 18 October 2020. https://communitypower.ie/our-story/.
   Google Scholar
• Couture, Toby D., Cory, Karlynn, Kreycik, Claire, and Williams, Emily. 2010. A Policymaker’s Guide to Feed-in Tariff Policy Design. NREL/TP-6A2-44849. NREL, July. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/44849.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dupont, Claire, and Primova, Radostina. 2011. Combating Complexity: The Integration of EU Climate and Energy Policies. In Jale Tosun and Israel Solorio, eds. Energy and Environment in Europe: Assessing a Complex Relationship. European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Special Mini-Issue 1 (15): Article 8. http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2011-008a.htm.
   Google Scholar
• EC (European Commission). 2015. Energy Union Package. A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-looking Climate Change Policy. COM (2015) 80 final. Brussels, 25 February. https://www.eea.europa.eu/policy-documents/com-2015-80-final.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2016. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Governance of the Energy Union. COM (2016) 759. Brussels, 30 November. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016PC0759.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2019a. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: the European Green Deal. COM (2019) 640 final. Brussels, 11 December. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2019%3A640%3AFIN.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2019b. Special Eurobarometer 490 Report. Climate Change. Fieldwork. April. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/support/docs/report_2019_en.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2019c. Clean Energy for All Europeans. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b4e46873-7528-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1/language-en?WT.mc_id=Searchresult&WT.ria_c=null&WT.ria_f=3608&WT.ria_ev=search.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2020a. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing the Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality and Amending Regulation (ED) 2018/1999 (European Climate Law). COM (2020) 80 final. 2020/0036 (COD). Brussels, 4 March. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0080.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2020b. A Climate Pact for All Europeans. Factsheet. March. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/FS_20_361.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2020c. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: European Climate Pact. COM (2020) 788 final. Brussels, 9 December. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0788&from=EN.
   Google Scholar
• Farand, Chloé. 2020. Poland, Hungary Threaten to Derail EU Plans to Raise 2030 Climate Ambition. Climate Home News, 8 December. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/12/08/poland-hungary-threaten-derail-eu-plans-raise-2030-climate-ambition/.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, Rosa. 2018a. Conflicting Energy Policy Priorities in EU Energy Governance. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 8: 239–48.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, Rosa. 2018b. The Effects of the International Economic Crisis on Spain’s Environmental Policy. In Charlotte Burns, Paul Tobin, and Sebastian Sewerin, eds. The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy: 152–74. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Evan D. G., et al. 2006. Bottom Up and Top Down: Analysis of Participatory Processes for Sustainability Indicator Identification as a Pathway to Community Empowerment and Sustainable Environmental Management. Journal of Environmental Management 78 (2): 114–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friends of the Earth. 2014. Bright Future for Community Power in Spain. 19 May. https://friendsoftheearth.eu/news/bright-future-for-community-power-in-spain/.
   Google Scholar
• Future Energy Leaders, Active Citizenship Taskforce. 2019. Localising the Grand Transition: Enabling Citizen Participation and Encompassing Local Government. Future Energy Leader Position Paper 2019. World Energy Council [Used by permission of Future Energy Leaders, Active Citizenship Taskforce].
   Google Scholar
• Gorroño-Albizu, Leire, Maegaard, Preben, and Kruse, Jane. 2015. Community Wind Power for the World. Open Knowledge Series no. 2. Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy. https://www.folkecenter.eu/PDF/Social/01.Community-Power-for-the-World.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gorroño-Albizu, Leire, Sperling, Karl, and Djørup, Søren. 2019. The Past, Present and Uncertain Future of Community Energy in Denmark: Critically Reviewing and Conceptualising Citizen Ownership. Energy Research & Social Science 57: 101231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gov.ie. 2020. Solar, Wind and Community Energy Projects Set to Deliver €1.4 Billion in Investment and 1,000 Jobs after Government Approves Renewable Energy Auction Results. Press release. 11 September. Available at: https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/08388-solar-wind-and-community-energy-projects-set-to-deliver-14bn-in-investment-and-1000-jobs-after-government-approves-renewable-energy-auction-results/.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Netherlands. 2021. Dutch Goals within the EU. Accessed 12 May 2021. https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/eu-policy.
   Google Scholar
• Gsänger Stefan, and Karl, Timo. 2020. Community Wind Under the Auctions Model: A Critical Appraisal. In Tanay Sıdkı Uyar, ed. Accelerating the Transition to a 100% Renewable Energy Era. Lecture Notes in Energy: 233–57. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, Per, and Hertting, Nils. 2017. Understanding Participatory Governance: An Analysis of Participants’ Motives for Participation. American Review of Public Administration 47 (5): 538–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutfleisch, Georg, and Selenic, Marco. 2020. CMS Austria: New Rules on Energy Communities in Austria. Balkan Green Energy News, 30 November. https://balkangreenenergynews.com/cms-austria-new-rules-on-energy-communities-in-austria/.
   Google Scholar
• Held, Anne, et al. 2010. Feed-In Systems in Germany, Spain and Slovenia: A Comparison. Fraunhofer Institute Systems, Energy Restructuring Agency and Energy Economics Group, December.
   Google Scholar
• Herranz-Surrallés, Anna, Solorio, Israel, and Fairbrass, Jenny. 2020. Renegotiating Authority in the Energy Union: A Framework for Analysis. Journal of European Integration 42 (1): 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, Richard J., et al. 2019. Social Innovation in Community Energy in Europe: A Review of the Evidence. Frontiers in Energy Research 7: Article 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, Jarra, and Ison, Nicola. 2018. An Exploration of the Boundaries of ‘Community’ in Community Renewable Energy Projects: Navigating between Motivations and Context. Energy Policy 113 (2018): 523–34.
   Google Scholar
• Holstenkamp, Lars, and Kahla, Franziska. 2016. What Are Community Energy Companies Trying to Accomplish? An Empirical Investigation of Motives in the German Case. Energy Policy 97: 112–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA (International Energy Agency). 2020. European Union 2020. Energy Policy Review. France. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ec7cc7e5-f638-431b-ab6e-86f62aa5752b/European_Union_2020_Energy_Policy_Review.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• IEA-RETD. 2016. Cost and Financing Aspects of Community Renewable Energy Projects. Volume II: Danish Case Study. Utrecht, March. http://iea-retd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Cost-and-Financing-Community-Renewables-Volume-II-Canadian-Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsson, Steffan, and Bergek, Anna. 2011. Innovation System Analyses and Sustainability Transitions: Contributions and Suggestions for Research. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transtitions 1 (1): 41–57.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, Richard S. 2001. Models of Democracy: Elite Attitudes and the Democratic Deficit in the European Union. European Union Politics 2 (1): 53–79.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, Dave. 2021. EU Renewables Auctions Are Crowding Out Community Energy Projects. Energy Monitor, 30 June. https://energymonitor.ai/finance/regulation-policy/eu-renewables-auctions-are-crowding-out-community-energy-projects.
   Google Scholar
• Kitzing, Lena, Mitchell, Catherine, and Morthorst, Poul Erik. 2012. Renewable Energy Policies in Europe: Converging or Diverging? Energy Policy 51: 192–201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz, Audie, and Lynch, Cecelia. 2015. Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations. Abingdon: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Köhler, Jonathan, et al. 2019. An Agenda for Sustainability Transitions Research: State of the Art and Future Directions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 3: 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Leiren, Merethe Dotterud, et al. 2020. Community Acceptance of Wind Energy Developments: Experience from Wind Energy Scarce Regions in Europe. Sustainability 12 (5): 1754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki-Dizaji, Pouyan, del Bufalo, Nicoletta, Di Nucci, Maria Rosaria, and Krug, Michael. 2020. Overcoming Barriers to the Community Acceptance of Wind Energy: Lessons Learnt from a Comparative Analysis of Best Practice Cases across Europe. Sustainability 12 (9): 3562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadowcroft, James. 2011. Engaging with the Politics of Sustainability Transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 1 (1): 70–5.
   Google Scholar
• Mergner, Rita, and Rutz, Dominik. 2014. Community Energy in Germany: Existing Models, Public-private Funding and Good Practice Examples. Project No: IEE/12/991. Community Power, September. https://www.communitypower.eu/images/GemanyD32.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Moroni, Stefano, Alberti, Valentina, Antoniucci, Valentina, and Bisello, Adriano. 2019. Energy Communities in the Transition to a Low-carbon Future: A Taxonomical Approach and Some Policy Dilemmas. Journal of Environmental Management 236: 45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, Craig, and Jungjohann, Arne. 2016. Energy Democracy: Germany’s Energiewende to Renewables. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• OJEU (Official Journal of the European Union). 2018. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 11 December 2018, on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (Recast). L328. 21 December. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L2001&from=fr.
   Google Scholar
• Rajal, Bernd. 2021. Austria: Which Company Structure Is Best for Renewable Energy Communities? Schoenherr.eu, 5 May. https://www.schoenherr.eu/content/austria-which-company-structure-is-best-for-renewable-energy-communities/.
   Google Scholar
• REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century). 2016. 07 Feature: Community Renewable Energy. In REN21, Renewables 2016 Global Status Report. https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2016/chapter07.php.
   Google Scholar
• REScoop.EU. 2019. Annual Report 2019. Brussels. https://www.rescoop.eu/uploads/REScoop.eu-Annual-Report-2019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Josh, Bodman, Frances, and Rybski, Robert. 2014. Community Power: Model Legal Frameworks for Citizen-owned Renewable Energy. London: ClientEarth. https://friendsoftheearth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/community_power_model_legal_frameworks_june2014.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Joshua. 2020. Power to the People? Implications of the Clean Energy Package for the Role of Community Ownership in Europe’s Energy Transition. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law Special Issue, 29 (2): 232–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryghaug, Marianne, Skjølsvold, Tomas Moe, and Heidenreich, Sara. 2018. Creating Energy Citizenship through Material Participation. Social Studies of Science 48 (2): 283–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyfang, Gill, Park, Jung Jin, and Smith, Adrian. 2013. A Thousand Flowers Blooming? An Examination of Community Energy in the UK. Energy Policy 61: 977–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefes, Christoph H. 2010. Bypassing Germany’s Reformstau: The Remarkable Rise of Renewable Energy. German Politics 19 (2): 148–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szulecki, Kacper. 2018. Conceptualizing Energy Democracy. Environmental Politics 27 (1): 21–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosun, Jale, Zöckler, Laura, and Rilling, Benedikt. 2019. What Drives the Participation of Renewable Energy Cooperatives in European Energy Governance? Politics and Governance 7 (1): 45–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnheim, Bruno, et al. 2015. Evaluating Sustainability Transitions Pathways: Bridging Analytical Approaches to Address Governance Challenges. Global Environmental Change 35: 239–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Graaf, Thijs, and Colgan, Jeff. 2016. Global Energy Governance: A Review and Research Agenda. Palgrave Communications 2: 15047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, Adam. 2016. Fracking Given UK Go-ahead as Lancashire Council Rejection Overturned. The Guardian, 6 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/06/uk-fracking-given-go-ahead-as-lancashire-council-rejection-is-overturned.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, Joanne, Hamilton, Jo, Eyre, Nick, and Parag, Yael. 2013. Local Energy Governance: Communities and Energy Efficiency Policy. ECEEE Summer Study Proceedings 3-031-13: 637–48.
   Google Scholar
• Wagenet, Linda P., and Pfeffer, Max J. 2007. Organizing Citizen Engagement for Democratic Environmental Planning. Society and Natural Resources 20 (9): 801–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, Gordon, and Devine-Wright, Patrick. 2008. Community Renewable Energy: What Should It Mean? Energy Policy 36 (2): 497–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierling, August, et al. 2018. Statistical Evidence on the Role of Energy Cooperatives for the Energy Transition in European Countries. Sustainability 10 (9): 3339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar