The Adaptive Performance of West African Life: Continuity and Change of Collecting Activities in the Gambia

Bibliography

• ADEGBOYE, R.O. (1969): ‘Procuring loan through pledging cocoa trees’, Journal of Geographical Association of Nigeria 12: 68–73.
   Google Scholar
• AMARA, S.S. (1993): ‘Secular changes in rainfall and runoff over The Gambia River basin’, Reading University Geographical Papers No. 112, Department of Geography, University of Reading.
   Google Scholar
• ANNEGERS, J.F. (1973): ‘Seasonal food shortages in West Africa’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2: 107–119.
   Google Scholar
• ARDAYFIO, E. (1986): The Rural Energy Crisis in Ghana: Its Implications for Women's Work and Household Survival. Geneva: ILO World Employment Programme Research Working Paper 39.
   Google Scholar
• ARNOLD, J.E.M. (1992): Community Forestry: Ten Years in Review. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• ARNOLD, T.H., WELLS, M.J. and WEHMEYER, A.S. (1985): ‘Khoisan food plants: taxa with potential for future economic exploitation’, in WICKENS, G.E., GOODIN, J.R. and FIELD, D.V. (eds): Plants for Arid Lands. London: Allen and Unwin. pp. 69–86.
   Google Scholar
• BAUM, R.M. (1990): ‘The emergence of a Diola Christianity’, Africa 60: 370–398.
   Google Scholar
• BECKER, B. (1983): ‘The contribution of wild plants to human nutrition in the Ferlo, northern Senegal’, Agroforestry Systems 1: 257–267.
   Google Scholar
• BECKER, B. (1986): ‘Wild plants for human nutrition in the Sahelian zone’, Journal of Arid Environments 11: 61–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARNEY, J.A. (1992): ‘Peasant women and economic transformation in The Gambia’, Development and Change 23: 67–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARNEY, J. (1993): ‘Converting the wetlands, engendering the environment: the intersection of gender with agrarian change in The Gambia’, Economic Geography 69: 329–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARNEY, J. and WATTS, M. (1990): ‘Manufacturing dissent among Gambian women farmers’, Africa 60: 207–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAMBERS, R. (1982): ‘Health, agriculture and rural poverty: why seasons matter’, Journal of Development Studies 18: 217–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAMBERS, R. and LEACH, M. (1987): Trees to Meet Contingencies: Savings and Security for the Rural Poor. Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper 228. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• CHAMBERS, R. and LONGHURST, R. (1986): ‘Trees, seasons and the poor’, Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 17: 44–50.
   Google Scholar
• CILSS/Club Du Sahel. (1979): Development of Irrigated Rice in The Gambia: General Overview and Prospects, Proposals for a Second Programme. 1980–1985. Paris: CILSS/Club du Sahel.
   Google Scholar
• CILSS/Club Du Sahel. (1983): The Development of Rainfed Agriculture in The Gambia. Paris: CILSS/Club du Sahel.
   Google Scholar
• CLINE-COLE, R. (1987): ‘The socio-ecology of firewood and charcoal on the Freetown peninsular’, Africa 57: 457–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLINE-COLE, R.A. (1994): ‘Political economy, fuelwood relations and vegetation conservation: Kasar Kano, Northern Nigeria, 1850–1915’, Forest and Conservation History 38: 67–78.
   Google Scholar
• COOK, C.C. and GRUT, M. (1989): Agro-Forestry in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Farmers Perspective. Washington: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• CORBRIDGE, S. (ed.) (1995): Development Studies. A Reader. Edward Arnold: London.
   Google Scholar
• DAMODORAN, A. (1987): ‘Structural dimensions of fodder crisis: a village study in Karnataka’, Economic and Political Weekly 22: A16–A22.
   Google Scholar
• DAVIES, A.G. and RICHARDS, P. (1991): Rainforest in Mende Life. A report to ESCOR, ODA.
   Google Scholar
• DEVEREUX, S. (1993): ‘Goats before ploughs: dilemmas of household response sequencing during food shortage’, Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 24: 52–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE WAAL, A. (1989): Famine that Kills. Darfur, Sudan 1984–1988. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DEY, J. (1981): ‘Gambian women farmers: unequal partners in rice development projects’, Journal of Development Studies 17: 109–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNSMORE, J.R., BLAIR, A., LOWE, G.D.N., MOFFATT, D.J., ANDERSON, I.P. and WILLIAMS, J.B. (1976): The Agricultural Development of The Gambia: an Agricultural, Environmental and Socioeconomic Analysis. Land Resources Study 22. Surbiton: Ministry of Overseas Development.
   Google Scholar
• FALCONER, J. and ARNOLD, J.E.M. (1991): Household Food Security and Forestry: an Analysis of Socio-Economic Issues. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FISSEHA, Y. (1987): ‘Basic features of rural small-scale forest-based processing enterprises in developing countries’, in FAO Small-Scale Forest-Based Processing Enterprise. Rome: FAO. pp. 31–60.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organisation (1985): Tree Growing by Rural People. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organisation (1986): Restoring the Balance: Women and Forest Resources. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FLEURET, A. (1979): ‘The role of wild foliage in the diet: a case study from Lushoto, Tanzania’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 8: 87–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORTMANN, L. (1984): ‘Seasonal dimensions of rural social organisation’, Journal of Development Studies 21: 377–389.
   Google Scholar
• GOFFMAN, E. (1959): The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• GOTZ, E. (1983): Timber Trees of The Gambia. Hamburg: Stiftung Walderhaltung in Afrika.
   Google Scholar
• GUYER, J. (1992): ‘Small change: individual farm work and collective life in a Western Nigerian savannah town, 1969–1988’, Africa 62: 465–489.
   Google Scholar
• HALL, S. (1992): ‘The West and the rest: discourse and power’, in HALL, S. and GIEBEN, B. (eds): Formations of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 275–332.
   Google Scholar
• HASWELL, M. (1963): The Changing Pattern of Economic activity in a Gambian Village. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• HECQUARD, H. (1852): Rapport Sur un Voyage dans la Casamance. Paris: Bertrand.
   Google Scholar
• JARVIS, A.C.E. (1978): Gambian Flowers, Shrubs and Trees. Yundum, The Gambia: British Council Resource Centre.
   Google Scholar
• KAMARA, J.N. (1986): Firewood Energy in Sierra Leone: Production, Marketing and Household Use Patterns. Hamburg, West Germany: Verlag Weltarchiv.
   Google Scholar
• KENGNE, F. (1987): ‘Les marchés du sud Caméroun leur role dans l'organisation commerciale régionale: etude géographique’, Unpublished thesis, Doctorat de Lettre de l'Etat, University of Bordeaux, France.
   Google Scholar
• LARSSON, U. (1990): Trees as Cash Crops: Commercial Value of Trees and Forests in Babati District. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• LEACH, E.R. (1954): Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure. London: Bell.
   Google Scholar
• LEACH, M. (1991): ‘Engendered environments: understanding natural resource management in the West African forest zone’, Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 22: 17–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEACH, M. (1992): ‘Women's crops in women's spaces: gender relations in Mende rice farming’, in PARKIN, D. and CROLL, E. (eds): Bush Base: Forest Farm: Culture, Environment and Development. London: Routledge. pp. 76–98.
   Google Scholar
• LINARES DE SAPIR, O. (1971): ‘Shell middens of the Lower Casamance and problems of Diola protohistory’, West African Journal of Archaeology 1: 23–54.
   Google Scholar
• LINARES, O. (1984): ‘Households among the Diola of Senegal: should norms enter by the front or the back door?’, in NETTING, R.MC.C. et al. (eds): Households. Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. California: University of California Press, pp. 407–445.
   Google Scholar
• LINARES, O. (1985): ‘Cash crops and gender constructs: 'The Jola of Senegal’, Ethnology 24: 83–94.
   Google Scholar
• LINARES, O.F. (1992): Power, Prayer and Production: The Jola of Casamance, Senegal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• LONG, A. (1992): ‘Goods, knowledge and beer. The methodological significance of situational analysis and discourse’, in LONG, N. and LONG, A. (eds): Battlefields of Knowledge. London: Routledge. pp. 147–170.
   Google Scholar
• LONGHURST, R. (1986): ‘Household food strategies in response to seasonality and famine’, Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 17: 27–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MADGE, C. (1992): ‘Medicine, money and masquerades: gender, collecting and rural ‘development’ in The Gambia’, Social Sciences Faculty Paper No. G93/1. University of Leicester.
   Google Scholar
• MADGE, C. (1993): ‘Indigenous storage, preservation, cooking and processing techniques for collected foods in The Gambia’, Department Occasional Paper No. 26, Department of Geography, University of Leicester.
   Google Scholar
• MADGE, C. (1994): Collected food and domestic knowledge in The Gambia, West Africa’, Geographical Jour- nal 160: 280–294.
   Google Scholar
• MADGE, C. (submitted): ‘The role of collecting forest products in The Gambia: can ethnography contribute to agroforestry research?’, Agroforestry Systems
   Google Scholar
• MARK, P.J. (1977): ‘The rubber and palm produce trades and the islamisation of the Diola of Boulouf (Casamance), 1890–1920’, Bulletin de l'I.F.A.N., 39: 342–361.
   Google Scholar
• MASSEY, D. (1993): ‘Politics and space/time’, in KEITH, M. and PILE, S. (eds): Place and the Politics of Identity. London: Routledge. pp. 141–161.
   Google Scholar
• MITCHINSON, A.W. (1881): The Expiring Continent: a Narrative or Travel in the Senegambia with Observations on Native Character, the Present Conditions and Future Prospects of Africa and Colonialism. London: Allen.
   Google Scholar
• MONOD, T, TEIXEIRA DA MOTA, A. and MAUNY, R. (ed.). (1951): Description de la Cote Occidentale d'Afrique (Senegal au Cap de Monte, Archipels) par Valentim Fernandes (1509–1510). Bissau: Centro de estudos da Guine Portugesa.
   Google Scholar
• MORGAN, W.T. (1981): ‘Ethnobotany of the Turkana: use of plants by a pastoral people and their livestock in Kenya’, Economic Botany 35: 96–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MWAGIRU, N. (1987): ‘The women: so strong a force’, Présence Africaine 141: 71–81.
   Google Scholar
• OGLE, B.M. and GRIVETTI, L.E. (1985): ‘Legacy of the chameleon: edible wild plants in the kingdom of Swaziland, South Africa. A cultural, ecological and nutritional study’, Ecology of Food and Nutrition 16: 193–208 and 17: 1–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKAFOR, J.C. (1980): Edible woody plants in the rural economy of the Nigerian forest zone’, Forest Ecology and Management 3: 45–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKAFOR, J.C. (1981): Woody plants of nutritional importance in traditional farming systems of the Nigerian humid tropics, Unpublished Ph.d, Department of Forest Resource Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
   Google Scholar
• ÓTUATHAIL, G. (1994): Critical geopolitics and development theory: intensifying the dialogue’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19: 228–233.
   Google Scholar
• PANAYOTOU, T. and ASHTON, P.S. (1992): Not By Timber Alone: Sustaining Tropical Forests through Multiple Use Management. California: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• PARKIN, D. and CROLL, E. (ed.) (1992): Bush Base: Forest Farm: Culture, Environment and Development. London. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• PÉLISSIER, P. (1966): Les Paysans du Senegal. Les Civilisations Agrires du Cayor à la Casamance. Saint-Yrieix: Imprimerle Fabregue.
   Google Scholar
• PIETERSE, J.N. (1991): ‘Dilemmas of a development discourse: the crisis of developmentalism and the comparative method’, Development and Change 22: 5–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADELET, S. (1992): ‘Reform without revolt: The political economy of economic reform in The Gambia’, World Development 20: 1087–1099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAINTREE, J.B. (1991). Socio-Economic Attributes of Trees and Tree Planting Practices. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• RICHARDS, P. (1986): Coping with Hunger. Hazard and Experiment in an African Rice Farming System. London: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• RICHARDS, P. (1992): ‘Cultivation: knowledge or performance’, in HOBART, M. (ed.): An Anthropological Critique of Development: The Growth of Ignorance. London: Routledge. pp. 61–78.
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTS, P. (1988): ‘Rural women's access to labour in West Africa’, in STICHTER, S.B. and PARPART, J.L. (eds): Patriarchy and Class. African Women in the Home and Workforce. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp. 97–114.
   Google Scholar
• SAPIR, D.J. (1970): Kujaama: symbolic separation among the Diola fogny’, American Anthropologist, 72: 1330–1348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHOLBERG, J. (1989): Fruit Trees and Vegetable Production in The Gambia. The Gambia: Peace Corps.
   Google Scholar
• SENE, E.H.M. (1985): La Participation des Populations au Développement Forestier au Sénégal. Dakar, Senegal: UN FAO.
   Google Scholar
• SHEPHERD, G. (1992): Managing Africa's Tropical Dry Forests: A Review of Indigenous Methods. London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• SWINDELL, K. (1985): ‘Seasonal agricultural circulation: the Strange farmers of The Gambia’, in PROTHERO, R.M. and CHAPMAN, M. (eds): Circulation in Third World Countries. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 178–201.
   Google Scholar
• SZOLNOKI, T.W. (1985): Food and Fruit Trees of The Gambia. Hamburg: Stiftung Walderhaltung in Afrika.
   Google Scholar
• TATTERSALL, S.L. (1978): The Lesser Known Food Plants of The Gambia—a Study. Yundum, The Gambia: Horticultural section, Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• TURNER, V. (1974): Dramas, Fields and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ichaca NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• WEBB, J.L.A. (1992): ‘Ecological and economic change along the middle reaches of the Gambia river, 1945–1985’, African Affairs 91: 543–565.
   Google Scholar
• WEIL, P.M. (1986): ‘Agricultural intensification and fertility in The Gambia (West Africa)’, in PENN HANDWERKER, W. (ed.): Culture and Reproduction: An Anthropological Critique of Demographic Transition Theory. Boulder. Westview Press, pp. 294–320.
   Google Scholar
• WICKENS, G.E, GOODIN, J.R. and FIELD, D.V. (ed.). (1985): Plants for Arid Lands. London: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar