Recasting the agglomeration benefits for innovation in a hits-based cultural industry: evidence from the Japanese console videogame industry

References

• Aksoy, A. 1992. “Mapping the Information Business: Integration for Flexibility.” In Understanding Information: Business, Technology, and Geography, edited by A. Aksoy, and K. Robins, 43–60. London: Belhaven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aksoy, A., and K. Robins. 1992. “Hollywood for the 21st Century: Global Competition for Critical Mass in Image Markets.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 16: 1–22. doi: 10.1016/0147-5967(92)90114-M
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, A., and N. Thrift, eds. 1994. Globalization, Institutions and Regional Development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Amin, A., and N. Thrift. 1995. “Institutional Issues for the European Regions: From Markets and Plans to Socioeconomics and Powers of Association.” Economy and Society 24: 41–66. doi: 10.1080/03085149500000002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoyama, Y., and H. Izushi. 2003. “Hardware Gimmick or Cultural Innovation? Technological, Cultural, and Social Foundations of the Japanese Videogame Industry.” Research Policy 32 (3): 423–444. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00016-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoyama, Y., and H. Izushi. 2008. “User-Led Innovation and the Videogame Industry.” Creative Industries and Intellectual Property, IRP Conference London, May 22–23.
   Google Scholar
• Baba, Y., and M. Shibuya. 2000a. “Tokyo Game-Soft Cluster: Analysis on Firm’s Spatial Agglomeration.” Journal of Science Policy and Research Management 14: 266–278. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Baba, Y., and M. Shibuya. 2000b. “Tokyo Game-Soft Cluster: Analysis on Formation Process.” Journal of Science Policy and Research Management 15: 33–47. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Barnatt, C., and K. Starkey. 1994. “The Emergence of Flexible Networks in the UK Television Industry.” British Journal of Management 5: 251–260. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.1994.tb00077.x
   Google Scholar
• Bathelt, H., A. Malmberg, and P. Maskell. 2004. “Clusters and Knowledge: Local Buzz, Global Pipelines and the Process of Knowledge Creation.” Progress in Human Geography 28: 31–56. doi: 10.1191/0309132504ph469oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camagni, R. 1991. “Introduction: From the Local ‘Milieu’ to Innovation through Cooperation Networks.” In Innovation Networks, edited by R. Camagni, 1–9. London: Belhaven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caves, R. E. 2000. Creative Industries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, C. M. 1997. The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christopherson, S. 2002. “Project Work in Context: Regulatory Change and the New Geography of Media.” Environment and Planning A 34: 2003–2015. doi: 10.1068/a34182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopherson, S., J. Michie, and P. Tyler. 2010. “Regional Resilience: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3: 3–10. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsq004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, K. B., and T. Fujimoto. 1991. Product Development Performance: Strategy, Organization, and Management in the World Auto Industry. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coe, N., and J. Johns. 2004. “Beyond Production Clusters: Towards a Critical Political Economy of Networks in the Film and Television Industries.” In Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture, edited by D. Power, and A. J. Scott, 188–204. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cohendet, P., and L. Simon. 2007. “Playing Across the Playground: Paradoxes of Knowledge Creation in the Videogame Firm.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 28 (5): 587–605. doi: 10.1002/job.460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Computer Entertainment Supplier’s Association. 2013. “ The Survey of Videogame Developers.” http://cedec.cesa.or.jp/2013/documents/enquete.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, P., and K. Morgan. 1998. The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions, and Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cornford, J., and K. Robins. 1992. “Development Strategies in the Audiovisual Industries: The Case of North East England.” Regional Studies 26: 421–435. doi: 10.1080/00343409212331347091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFillippi, R., G. Grabher, and C. Jones. 2007. “Introduction to Paradoxes of Creativity: Managerial and Organizational Challenges in the Cultural Economy.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 28: 511–521. doi: 10.1002/job.466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vany, A. S. 2004. Hollywood Economics: How Extreme Uncertainty Shapes the Film Industry. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ferriani, S., R. Corrado, and C. Boschetti. 2005. “Organizational Learning Under Organizational Impermanence: Collaborative Ties in Film Project Firms.” Journal of Management and Governance 9 (3): 257–285. doi: 10.1007/s10997-005-7422-2
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. 1995. “Toward the Learning Region.” Futures 27: 527–536. doi: 10.1016/0016-3287(95)00021-N
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florida, R. 2002. The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fujikawa, Y. 1999. “Sofuto Kaihatsu wo Suishinsuru Dainamizumu no Gensen” [The Source of Fostering Software Development Dynamism]. In Maketingu Kakushin no Jidai [The Era of Marketing Innovation], edited by M. Shimaguchi, H. Katahira, H. Takeuchi, and J. Ishii, 363–387. Tokyo: Yuhikaku. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grabher, G. 2001. “Ecologies of Creativity: The Village, the Group, and the Heterarchic Organisation of the British Advertising Industry.” Environment and Planning A 33: 351–374. doi: 10.1068/a3314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzawa, S. 2004. “The Japanese Animation and Home Video Game Industries: Locational Patterns, Labor Markets, and Inter-Firm Relations.” Japanese Journal of Human Geography 56: 587–602. doi: 10.4200/jjhg1948.56.587
   Google Scholar
• Hanzawa, S. 2005. “The Characteristics of the Division of Labor and Geography in the Japanese Home Video Game Industry.” Geographical Review of Japan 78: 607–633. [Content in Japanese]. doi: 10.4157/grj.78.607
   Google Scholar
• Hanzawa, S. 2016. Kontentsu Sangyo to Inobesyon: Terebi Anime Gemu Sangyo no Syuseki [Content Industries and Innovation: The Agglomeration of the Television Production, Animation and Console Videogame Industries]. Tokyo: Keiso Shobo. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, P. M. 1972. “Processing Fads and Fashions: An Organization-Set Analysis of Cultural Industry Systems.” American Journal of Sociology 77: 639–659. doi: 10.1086/225192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, P. M. 1978. “Production and Distribution Roles among Cultural Organizations: On the Division of Labor across Intellectual Disciplines.” Social Research 45: 315–330.
   Google Scholar
• Hircsh, P. M. 2000. “Cultural Industries Revisited.” Organization Science 11: 356–361. doi: 10.1287/orsc.11.3.356.12498
   Google Scholar
• vom Hofe, R., and K. Chen. 2006. “Whether or Not Industrial Cluster: Conclusions or Confusions?” The Industrial Geographer 4 (1): 2–28.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, S., B. Fitzgerald, J. Banks, and N. Suzor. 2005. “Fan-Based Production for Computer Games: User-Led Innovation, the ‘Drift of Value’ and Intellectual Property Rights.” Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy 114 (1): 16–29.
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda, N. 2006. Denpa Riken [Radio Wave Concession]. Tokyo: Shincho Sha. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Ishimitsu, M. 2011. Terebi Kyoku Sakugen Ron [A Case for Reducing TV Stations]. Tokyo: Shincho Sha.
   Google Scholar
• Ito, H. 2003. Hosotte Nanda? Terebitte Nanda? Genzai, Kako, Mirai: Rokaru Karano Shiten [What’s Broadcasting? What’s Television? Present, Past and Future: Local Perspectives]. Tokyo: Shinpu Sha. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Ito, H. 2005. Hosotte Nanda? Terebitte Nanda? Dejitaru Jidai Ni Ketaguri [What’s Broadcasting? What’s Television? Kicking the Digital Era]. Tokyo: Shinpu Sha. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Izushi, H., and Y. Aoyama. 2006. “Industry Evolution and Cross-Sectoral Skill Transfers: A Comparative Analysis of the Video Game Industry in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.” Environment and Planning A 38: 1843–1861. doi: 10.1068/a37205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. 1969. The Economy of Cities. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Johns, J. 2006. “Videogames Production Networks: Value Capture, Power Relations and Embeddedness.” Journal of Economic Geography 6: 151–180. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbi001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaneda, S. 2006. Terebi Ha Naze Tsumaranaku Nattanoka [Why TV Has Become Boring]. Tokyo: Nikkei BP. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Kenney, M., and R. Florida. 1993. Beyond Mass Production: The Japanese System and its Transfer to the U.S. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kindaichi, W. 2011. Daigirin 2011. Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten.
   Google Scholar
• Kloosterman, R. 2004. “Recent Employment Trends in the Cultural Industries in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague and Utrecht: A First Exploration.” Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie 95: 243–252. doi: 10.1111/j.0040-747X.2004.00304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohashi, R., and S. Kurokawa. 2005. “New Product Development and Creativity Management in Japanese Video Gaming Software Firms.” International Journal of Technology Management 30 (3): 365–388. doi: 10.1504/IJTM.2005.006712
   Google Scholar
• Lash, S. 1994. “Reflexivity and its Doubles: Structure, Aesthetics and Community.” In Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order, edited by U. Beck, A. Giddens, and S. Lash, 174–183. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lash, S., and J. Urry. 1994. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall, B.-Å. 1992. National Systems of Innovation. London: Pinter.
   Google Scholar
• Mackinnon, D., A. Cumbers, and K. Chapman. 2002. “Learning, Innovation and Regional Development: A Critical Appraisal of Recent Debates.” Progress in Human Geography 26: 293–311. doi: 10.1191/0309132502ph371ra
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, A. 1890 [1997]. Principles of Economics. New York: Prometheus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Media Create Souken. 2013. The Annual Videogame Industry Report in 2005. Tokyo: Media Create. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. 1997. “The Learning Region: Institutions, Innovation and Regional Renewal.” Regional Studies 31: 491–503. doi: 10.1080/00343409750132289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossig, I. 2004. “The Networks Producing Television Programmes in the Cologne Media Cluster: New Firm Foundation, Flexible Specialization and Efficient Decision-Making Structures.” European Planning Studies 12: 155–171. doi: 10.1080/0965431042000183914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulaert, F., and F. Sekia. 2003. “Territorial Innovation Models: A Critical Survey.” Regional Studies 37: 289–302. doi: 10.1080/0034340032000065442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobuoka, J. 2010. “User Innovation and Creative Consumption In Japanese Culture Industries: The Case of Akihabara, Tokyo.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 92 (3): 205–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0467.2010.00348.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonaka, I., and N. Konno. 2003. Chishiki Souzou no Houhouron: Narejji WaKa no Sahou [Methodology of Knowledge Creation]. Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shinpo Sha. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Nonaka, I., and H. Takeuchi. 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parmentier, G., and R. Gandia. 2013. “Managing Sustainable Innovation with a User Community Toolkit: The Case of the Video Game Trackmania.” Creativity and Innovation Management 22 (2): 195–208. doi: 10.1111/caim.12021
   Google Scholar
• Pike, A., S. Dawley, and J. Tomaney. 2010. “Resilience, Adaptation and Adaptability.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3: 59–70. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsq001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piore, M. J., and C. F. Sable. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Power, D. 2003. “The Nordic ‘Cultural Industries’: A Cross-National Assessment of the Place of the Cultural Industries in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.” Geografiska Annaler Series B, Human Geography 85: 167–180. doi: 10.1111/j.0435-3684.2003.00139.x
   Google Scholar
• Power, D., and A. J. Scott. 2004. “A Prelude to Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture.” In Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture, edited by D. Power, and A. J. Scott, 3–15. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt, A. C. 1997. “The Cultural Industries Production System: A Case Study of Employment Change in Britain, 1984–91.” Environment and Planning A 29: 1953–1974. doi: 10.1068/a291953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, A. C. 2004. “Mapping the Cultural Industries: Regionalization; the Example of South East England.” In Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture, edited by D. Power, and A. J. Scott, 19–36. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sadler, D. 1997. “The Global Music Business as an Information Industry: Reinterpreting Economies of Culture.” Environment and Planning A 29: 1919–1936. doi: 10.1068/a291919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, A. J. 1988. Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A. J. 2000. The Cultural Economy of Cities: Essays on the Geography of Image-Producing Industries. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A. J. 2006. Geography and Economy: Three Lectures. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shii Sangyo Kenkyujo. 2002. Joho Shori Sofutoea Kaisharoku 2002 Nenban [Software Company’s Guide 2002]. Tokyo: Shii Sangyo Kenkyujo. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Shinanyaku. 2011. Terebi ha Yomei 7 Nen [Television Has 7 Years to Live]. Tokyo: Yamato Shobo. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Simmie, J., and R. Martin. 2010. “The Economic Resilience of Regions: Towards an Evolutionary Approach.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3 (1): 27–43. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsp029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkey, K., C. Barnatt, and S. Tempest. 2000. “Beyond Networks and Hierarchies: Latent Organizations in the UK Television Industry.” Organization Science 11 (3): 299–305. doi: 10.1287/orsc.11.3.299.12500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storper, M., and S. Christopherson. 1987. “Flexible Specialization and Regional Industrial Agglomerations: The Case of the U.S. Motion Picture Industry.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77: 104–117. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00148.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz, C. 2008. “Dynamics in Innovation Systems: Evidence from Japan’s Game Software Industry.” Research Policy 37 (9): 1480–1491. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2008.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydow, J., and U. Staber. 2002. “The Institutional Embeddedness of Project Networks: The Case of Content Production in German Television.” Regional Studies 36: 215–227. doi: 10.1080/00343400220122034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachibana, H. 2010. Saishin Gemu Gyokai no Doukou to Karakuri Ga Yohku Wakaru Hon [Understanding the Trends and Gaffes of the Videogame Industry]. Tokyo: Shuwa System. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, K., ed. 2001. Gemu no Zen Shigoto 2002 [All Jobs in Videogames 2002]. Tokyo: Shinkigen Sha. [Content in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Throsby, C. D. 2001. Economics and Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tschang, F. T. 2007. “Balancing the Tensions Between Rationalization and Creativity in the Videogames Industry.” Organization Science 18: 989–1005. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1070.0299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, D. 2011. “Regional Resilience: Prospects for Regional Development Research.” Geography Compass 5 (10): 723–736. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00448.x
   Google Scholar
• Weber, A. 1929. Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of Industries. Translated and edited by C. J. Friedrich. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zackariasson, P., M. Walfisz, and T. L. Wilson. 2006. “Management of Creativity in Videogame Development.” Services Marketing Quarterly 27 (4): 73–97. doi: 10.1300/J396v27n04_05
   Google Scholar