Leisure Attitudes: A Follow-up Study Comparing Canadians, Chinese in Canada, and Mainland Chinese

REFERENCES

• Allison , M. T. and Geiger , C. W. 1993 . Nature of leisure activities among the Chinese-American elderly. . Leisure Sciences , 15 : 309 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ap , J. 2002 . Inter-cultural behaviour: Some glimpses of leisure from an Asian perspective. Invited paper presented at the Leisure Futures Conference, April 11–13, 2002, Innsbruck, Austria
   Google Scholar
• Aron , A. and Aron , E. 1999 . Statistics for Psychology, , 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Chesnutt , J. T. 1980 . “ Cross-cultural comparisons of leisure attitudes. ” . In Proceedings of the third Canadian congress on leisure research Edited by: Burton , T. L. and Taylore , J. 957 – 964 . Edmonton : University of Alberta .
   Google Scholar
• Chick , G. . and Dong , E. 2005 . “ Cultural constraints on leisure. ” . In Constraints to leisure Edited by: Jackson , E. L. 169 – 183 . State College , PA : Venture .
   Google Scholar
• Comrey , A. and Lee , H. 1992 . A first course in factor analysis, , 2nd ed. Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , R. and Slivken , K. 1980 . “ Leisure attitudes and their measurement. ” . In Social psychological perspectives on leisure and recreation Edited by: Iso-Aholae , S. E. 261 – 284 . Springfield & Illinois : Charles C Thomas Publisher .
   Google Scholar
• Deng , J. , Walker , G. . J. and Swinnerton , G. 2006 . Leisure attitudes: A comparison between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians. . Leisure/Loisir , 29 : 239 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Gramann , J. H. and Allison , M. T. 1999 . “ Ethnicity, race, and leisure. ” . In Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century Edited by: Jackson , E. L. and Burton , T. 283 – 297 . State College , PA : Venture .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , M. H. and Rhyne , D. 1989 . Leisure behaviour and recreation needs of Ontario's ethnocultural populations. Toronto : Ministry of Tourism and Recreation .
   Google Scholar
• Hasegawa , T. and Gudykunst , W. B. 1998 . Silence in Japan and the United States. . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 29 : 668 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , C. and Card , J. A. 2001 . “ Older Chinese women immigrants and their leisure experiences: Before and after emigration to the United States. ” . In Proceedings of the 2001 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium Edited by: Todd , S. 291 – 297 . New York : State University of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. G. 1973 . A preliminary bicultural study of value orientation and leisure attitudes. . Journal of Leisure Research , 5 : 10 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie , S. C. 1997 . Self-construals and empathy in Asian Americans. Boston : University of Massachusetts . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Ma , H. 1998 . On leisure theory in the field of cultural spirit. Retrieved February 12, 2001, from du/WCP/Papers/Cult/CultHuid.htm” http://www.bu.edu/WCP/Papers/Cult/CultHuid.htm
   Google Scholar
• Noe , F. P. 1978 . Identifying attitudinal predictors among youth toward national parks. . Journal of Leisure Research , 10 : 203 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks Canada Agency . 2005 . Elk Island National Park Management Plan. Retrieved February 8, 2007, from: www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/ab/elkisland/plan/tdm-toc_E.asp
   Google Scholar
• Ragheb , M. G. 1980 . Interrelationships among leisure participation leisure satisfaction and leisure attitudes. . Journal of Leisure Research , 12 : 138 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragheb , M. G. and Beard , J. G. 1982 . Leisure attitude measurement. . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 : 155 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragheb , M. G. and Tate , R. L. 1993 . A behavioral model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitude, motivation and satisfaction. . Leisure Studies , 72 : 61 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Sasidharan , V. 2002 . Special issue introduction: Understanding recreation and the environment within the context of culture. . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 1996 . 1996 Census dictionary: Final edition. Retrieved February 23, 2000, from: www.statcan.ca:80/english/freepub/92–351-UIE/free.htm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2003, January 21 . Canada's ethnocultural portrait: The changing mosaic. Retrieved February 21, 2003, from: can.ca/english/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/etoimm/canada.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Sun , J. 2006 . The potential of forest tourism. Retrieved February 8, 2007, from: http://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2004/08/28/000901 1 35.html
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. 2005 . “I am Canadian.” . In Canadian Social Trends, Spring 2 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , G. . J. , Courneya , K. S. and Deng , J. 2006 . Ethnicity, gender, and the theory of planned behavior: The case of playing the lottery. . Journal of Leisure Research , 38 : 224 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G. J. and Deng , J. 2003 . Comparing leisure as a subjective experience with the Chinese experience of rùmí . Leisure/Loisir , 28 : 245 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , G. . J. , Deng , J. and Dieser , R. B. 2001 . Ethnicity, acculturation, self-construal, and motivations for outdoor recreation. . Leisure Sciences , 23 : 263 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G. . J. , Jackson , E. L. and Deng , J. “ (in press). Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese university students. ” . In Journal of Leisure Research.
   Google Scholar
• Wong , J. and Stringer , L. A. 2000 . The impact of Taoism on Chinese leisure. . World Leisure Journal , 42 : 33 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinfurt , K. P. 1995 . “ Multivariate analysis of variance. ” . In Reading and understanding multivariate statistics Edited by: Grimm , L. and Yarnold , P. 245 – 276 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Xiao , H. 1997 . Tourism and leisure in China: A tale of two cities. . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 : 357 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar