Molecular Relaxations, Molecular Orientation and the Friction Characteristics of Polyimide Films

REFERENCES

• George , D. E. and Grover , E. B. , “ Precision Parts from Polyimide Resins ,” Mater. Perform. 11 , 29 – 32 ( 1972 ).
   Google Scholar
• Gillham , J. K. , Halbok , K. D. , and Stadnicki , S. J. , “ Thermo-mechanical and Thermogravimetric Analyses of Systematic Series of Polyimides ,” J. Applied Polymer Sci. , 16 , 2595 – 2610 ( 1972 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillham , J. K. and Gillham , H. C. , “ Polyimides: Effect of Molecular Structure and Cure on Thermomechanical Behavior ,” Polymer Eng. Sci. , 13 , 447 – 454 ( 1973 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillham , J. K. and Roller , M. B. , “ Advances in Instrumentation and Technique of Torsional Pendulum and Torsional Braid Analyses ,” Polymer Eng. Sci. , 11 , 295 – 304 ( 1971 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis , W. R. , Johnson , R. L. , and Lee , J. , “ High-Temperature Polyimide Hydraulic Actuator Rod Seals for Advanced Aircraft ,” SAE Paper 700790 ( 1970 ).
   Google Scholar
• Sliney , H. E. and Johnson , R. L. , “ Graphite-Fiber-Polyimide Composites for Spherical Bearings to 340° C (650° F) ,” NASA TN D-7078 ( 1972 ).
   Google Scholar
• Coulson , W. F. , Gruen , T. , and Amstutz , H. C. , “ Local Tissue Biocompatibility. A Report of a Workshop on Fundamental Studies for Internal Structural Prosthesis ,” National Academy of Sciences , 43 – 45 ( 1973 ).
   Google Scholar
• Fusaro , R. L. and Sliney , H. E. , “ Graphite Fluoride as a Lubricant in a Polyimide Binder ,” NASA TN D-6714 ( 1972 ).
   Google Scholar
• Fusaro , R. L. and Sliney , H. E. , “ Lubricating Characteristics of Polyimide Bonded Graphite Fluoride and Polyimide Thin Films ,” ASLE Trans. , 16 , 189 – 196 ( 1973 ).
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , M. and Hopkins , V. , “ Development of Polyimide Bonded Solid Lubricants ,” Lub. Eng. , 23 , 288 – 294 ( 1967 ).
   Google Scholar
• Fusaro , R. L. , “ Friction and Wear Life Properties of Polyimide Thin Films ,” NASA TN D-6914 ( 1972 ).
   Google Scholar
• Gillham , J. K. , “ Torsional Braid Analysis. A Semimicro Thermomechanical Approach to Polymer Characterization ,” Princeton University Tech. Rept. 4 (available as AD-734005 ) ( 1971 ).
   Google Scholar
• Bernier , G. A. and Kline , D. E. , “ Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of a Polyimide ,” J. Applied Polymer Sci. , 12 , 593 – 604 ( 1968 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , T. , Frosini , V. , Zaleckas , V. , Morrow , D. , and Sauer , J. A. , “ Mechanical Relaxation Phenomena in Polyimide and Poly (2, 6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) from 100° K to 700° K ,” Polymer Eng. Sci. , 13 , 51 – 58 ( 1973 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butta , E. , DePetris , S. , and Pasquini , M. , “ Young's Modulus and Secondary Mechanical Dispersions in Polypyromellitimide ,” J. Applied Polymer Sci. , 13 , 1073 – 1081 ( 1969 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , Raymond F. , “ Introductory Remarks for the Symposium on Transitions and Relaxations in Polymers ,” J. Polym. Sci. , C , 3 – 14 ( 1966 ).
   Google Scholar
• Turley , S. G. and Keskkula , H. , “ A Survey of Multiple Transitions by Dynamic Mechanical Methods ,” J. Polym. Sci. , C , 69 – 87 ( 1966 ).
   Google Scholar
• Boyer , R. F. , “ Dependence of Mechanical Properties on Molecular Motion in Polymers ,” Polymer Eng. Sci. , 161 – 185 ( 1968 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. D. , Williams , G. , and Passaglia , E. , “ Analysis of the α, [btilde], and γ Relaxations in Poly (chlorotrifluoreothylene) and Polyethylene: Dielectric and Mechanical Properties ,” J. Polym. Sci. , C , 173 – 235 ( 1966 ).
   Google Scholar
• Lipatov , Y. S. and Fabulyak , F. Y. , “ Relaxation Processes in the Surface Layers of Polymers at the Interface ,” J. Applied Polymer Sci. , 16 , 2131 – 2139 ( 1972 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby , R. K. and Sinott , K. M. , “ Transitions and Relaxations in Polytetrafluoroethylene ,” J. Applied Phys. , 32 , 1765 – 1771 ( 1961 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachurski , Z. H. and Ward , I. M. , “ Mechanical Relaxations in Polyethylene ,” J. Macromol. Sci-Phys. , B3 , 485 – 494 ( 1969 ).
   Google Scholar
• Chrissman , J. M. and Passaglia , E. , “ Mechanical Relaxations in Polychlorotrifluorethylene. ,” J. Polym. Sci. , C , 237 – 245 ( 1966 ).
   Google Scholar
• Wischmann , K. B. and Brassell , G. W. , “ Low Temperature Transitions in a Cross-linked Urethane ,” Polymer Eng. Sci. , 13 , 120 – 124 ( 1973 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterlin , A. “ Crystalline Character of Polymers ,” J. Polym. Sci. , C , 61 – 89 ( 1965 ).
   Google Scholar
• Billmeyer , F. W. , Jr. , “ Text Book of Polymer Science ,” 2nd ed. , Wiley-Interscience , 1971 .
   Google Scholar
• Geil , P. H. , “ Polymer Single Crystals ,” Wiley-Interscience , 1963 .
   Google Scholar
• Kargin , V. A. , “ Structure and Phase State of Polymers ,” J. Polym. Sci. , 30 , 247 – 258 ( 1959 ).
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , R. E. , “ Polymer Order and Polymer Density ,” J. Phys. Chem. , 69 , 1575 – 1578 ( 1965 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh , G. S. Y. , “ A Structural Model for the Amorphous State of Polymers: Folded-Chain Fringed Micellar Grain Model ,” J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. , B6 , 465 – 478 ( 1972 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treloar , L. R. , “ The Physics of Rubber Elasticity ,” Oxford University Press , London , ( 1958 ).
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , W. M. , “ Polythene Fine Structure ,” J. Polym. Sci. , 2 , 547 – 564 ( 1947 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann , K. and Gerngross , O. , “ Die Elastizitat des Kautschuks ,” Kautschuk , 8 , 181 ( 1932 ).
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann , K. , Gerngross , O. , and Abitz , W. , “ X-Ray Studies of the Structure of Gelatin Micelles ,” Z. Physik. Chem., Abt. B , 10 , 371 – 394 ( 1930 ).
   Google Scholar
• Bunn , C. W. and Alcock , T. C. , “ Texture of Polyethene ,” Trans. Faraday Soc. , 41 , 317 – 325 ( 1945 ).
   Google Scholar
• Keller , A. , “ Polymer Single Crystals ,” Polymer , 3 , 393 – 421 ( 1962 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. D. , “ Theoretical Aspects of Poly. Crys. With Chain Folds ,” Soc. Petroleum Eng. Trans. , 4 , 315 ( 1964 ).
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , F. R. , “ Morphology of Isothermally Bulk-Crystallized Linear Polyethylene ,” J. Applied Phys. , 35 , 64 – 70 ( 1964 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , H. D. , and Padden , F. J. , Jr. , “ Spherulitic Crystallization from the Melt: I. Fractionation and Impurity Segration and Their Influence on Crystalline Morphology ,” J. Applied Phys. , 35 , 1270 – 1285 ( 1964 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wunderlich , B. and Davidson , T. , “ Extended Chain Crystals. I. General Crystallization Conditions and Review of Pressure Crystallization of Polyethylene ,” J. Polym. Sci. , 7 , 2043 – 2050 ( 1969 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wunderlich , B. , “ Extended Chain Crystals of Linear High Polymers ,” Pure Applied Chem. , 31 , 49 – 63 ( 1972 ).
   Google Scholar
• Nomura , S. , Asanuma , A. , Suehiro , S. , and Kawai , H. , “ Crystal Orientation in a Semicrystalline Polymer in Relation to Deformation of Spherulites ,” J. Polym. Sci. , 9 , 1991 –2007 ( 1971 ).
   Google Scholar
• Aharoni , S. M. , “ On the Rheological Phenomena of Amorphous Polymers , J. Applied Polymer Sci. , 17 , 1507 – 1518 ( 1973 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrova , N. A. , Bessonov , M. I. , Laius , L. A. , and Rudakov , A. P. , “ Polyimides: A New Class of Thermally Stable Polymers ,” Vol. 7 of Progress in Materials Science Series , Technomic Publ., Inc. , 1970 .
   Google Scholar
• Pooley , C. M. and Tabor , D. , “ Friction and Molecular Structure. The Behavior of Some Thermoplastics ,” Proc. Royal Soc, (London), ser. A. , 329 , 251 – 274 ( 1972 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn , C. W. and Howells , E. R. , “ Structures of Molecules and Crystals of Fluorocarbons ,” Nature , 174 , 549 – 551 ( 1954 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bely , V. A. , Savkin , V. G. , and Sviridyonok , A. I. , “ Effect of Structure on Polymer Friction ,” Wear , 18 , 11 – 18 ( 1971 ).
   Google Scholar
• Speerschneider , C. J. and Li , C. H. , “ A Correlation of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of PTFE at Various Temperatures , J. Applied Phys. , 34 , 3004 – 3007 ( 1963 ).
   Google Scholar
• Sinnott , K. M. , “ Mechanical Relaxations in Single Crystals of Polyethylene ,” J. Polym. Sci. , 14 , 141 – 172 ( 1966 ).
   Google Scholar
• Makinson , K. R. and Tabor , D. , “ The Friction and Transfer of PTFE ,” Proc. Royal Soc. (London) , 281 , 49 – 61 ( 1964 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wecker , S. M. , Davidson , T. , and Baker , D. W. , “ Preferred Orientation of Crystallites in Uniaxially Deformed PTFE ,” J. Applied Phys. , 43 , 4344 – 4348 ( 1972 ).
   Google Scholar
• Ludema , K. C. and Tabor , D. , “ The Friction and Visco-Elastic Properties of Polymeric Solids ,” Wear , 9 , 329 – 348 ( 1966 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar