THE APPLICATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES TO THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF COAL AND PETROLEUM

References

• Day , F. H. 1963 . The Chemical Elements in Nature , 210 London : George G. Harrap and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Dryden , I. G. C. 1963 . The Chemistry of Coal Utilization , Edited by: Lowry , H. H. 232 New York : John Wiley and Sons . Suppl. volume
   Google Scholar
• Tschamier , H. and de Ruiter , F. 1963 . The Chemistry of Coal Utilization , Edited by: Lowry , H. H. 35 New York : John Wiley and Sons . Suppl. volume
   Google Scholar
• Dryden , I. G. C. 1964 . Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology , Vol. 5 , 606 New York : Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• van Krevelen , D. W. and Schuyer , J. 1957 . Coal Science , Princeton, N.J. : Elsevier Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Erdman , J. G. 1965 . Hydrocarbon Analysis , Publication STP 389 259 Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. .
   Google Scholar
• Barth , E. J. 1962 . Asphalt Science and Technology , New York : Gordon and Breach .
   Google Scholar
• Gruse , W. A. and Stevens , D. R. 1960 . Chemical Technology of Petroleum , New York : McGraw‐Hill Book Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , R. H. and O'Neal , M. J. 1963 . Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology , Vol. 14 , 845 New York : Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Bonavent , G. and Auffray , R. 1965 . Rev. Inst. Franc. Petrole , 20 : 1864
   Google Scholar
• Witherspoon , P. A. and Winniford , R. S. 1967 . Fundamental Aspects of Petroleum Geochemistry , Edited by: Nagy , B. and Colombo , U. 261 Princeton, N.J. : Elsevier Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Cannon , C. G. and Sutherland , G. B. B. M. 1945 . Trans. Faraday Soc. , 41 : 279
   Google Scholar
• Orchin , M. , Golumbic , C. , Anderson , J. E. and Storch , H. H. 1951 . U.S. Bur. Mines Bull., No. 505
   Google Scholar
• Cannon , C. G. 1953 . Nature , 171 : 308
   Google Scholar
• van Vucht , H. A. , Rietveld , B. J. and van Krevelen , D. W. 1955 . Fuel , 34 : 50
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. K. 1955 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , R. R. , Adams , W. N. and Jenkins , G. I. 1952 . Nature , 170 : 317
   Google Scholar
• Osawa , Y. , Sugimura , H. and Fujii , S. 1969 . Nenryo Kyokaishi , 48 : 694 CA, 72, 45830(1970)
   Google Scholar
• Kojima , K. , Sakashita , K. and Toshino , T. 1956 . Nippon Kagaku Zasshi , 77 : 1432
   Google Scholar
• Murchison , D. G. 1966 . Coal Science , Edited by: Given , P. H. 307 Washington, D.C. : Am. Chem. Soc. Publication .
   Google Scholar
• McMurry , H. L. and Thornton , V. 1952 . Anal. Chem. , 24 : 318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. K. 1955 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 752
   Google Scholar
• Gourlay , J. S. 1950 . Research (London) , 3 : 242
   Google Scholar
• Hadzi , D. 1954 . J. Phys. Radium , 15 : 194
   Google Scholar
• den Hertog , W. and Berkowitz , N. 1958 . Fuel , 37 : 253
   Google Scholar
• Roy , M. M. 1965 . Econ. Geol. , 60 : 972
   Google Scholar
• Bent , R. , Joy , W. K. and Ladner , W. R. 1964 . Fuel , 43 : 5
   Google Scholar
• Oelert , H. H. 1965 . Erdoel Kohle , 18 : 876
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. Proc. 4th Conf. Carbon . pp. 321 Buffalo, N.Y. and other references by this worker cited therein
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann , G. , Huck , G. , Karweil , J. and Luther , H. 1958 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 39 : 520
   Google Scholar
• Fujii , S. 1963 . Fuel , 42 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Fujii , S. 1963 . Fuel , 42 : 341
   Google Scholar
• Roa , H. S. , Gupta , P. L. , Kaiser , F. and Lahiri , A. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 417
   Google Scholar
• Elofson , R. M. and Schultz , K. F. 1967 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. , 11 : 513
   Google Scholar
• Fujii , S. , Osawa , Y. and Sugimura , H. 1970 . Fuel , 49 : 68
   Google Scholar
• Czuchajowski , L. and Lawson , G. J. 1963 . Fuel , 42 : 131
   Google Scholar
• Tsukashima , H. 1966 . Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan , 39 : 460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czuchajowski , L. 1962 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 43 : 78
   Google Scholar
• Czuchajowski , L. 1961 . Arch. Gornictwa , 6 : 257
   Google Scholar
• Durie , R. A. , Shewchyk , Y. and Friedel , R. A. 1967 . Fuel , 46 : 53
   Google Scholar
• Millais , R. and Murchison , D. G. 1969 . Fuel , 48 : 247
   Google Scholar
• Ceh , M. and Hadzi , D. 1956 . Fuel , 35 : 77
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. D. , Durie , R. A. , Lynch , B. M. and Sternhell , S. 1960 . Australian J. Chem. , 13 : 179
   Google Scholar
• Flett , M. St. C. 1948 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 1441
   Google Scholar
• Blom , L. , Edelhausen , L. and van Krevelen , D. W. 1957 . Fuel , 36 : 135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonberg , A. and Mustafa , A. 1946 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 746
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. W. , Quayle , J. R. , Robinson , T. S. , Sheppard , N. and Todd , A. R. 1951 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 2633
   Google Scholar
• Czuchajowski , L. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 361
   Google Scholar
• Francis , W. 1961 . Coal: Its Formation and Composition , 701 London : Edward Arnold (Publishers) .
   Google Scholar
• Given , P. H. and Peover , M. E. 1960 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durie , R. A. and Sternhell , S. 1959 . Australian J. Chem. , 12 : 205
   Google Scholar
• Oelert , H. H. 1967 . Z. Anal. Chem. , 231 : 105
   Google Scholar
• Oelert , H. H. 1968 . Fuel , 47 : 433
   Google Scholar
• Li , B. S. and Boo , C. K. 1964 . Chosun Kwahakwon Tongbo , 3 : 4 CA, 62, 10253(1965)
   Google Scholar
• Wood , L. J. 1961 . J. Appl. Chem. , 11 : 130
   Google Scholar
• Rao , H. S. , Murty , G. S. and Lahiri , A. 1960 . Fuel , 39 : 263
   Google Scholar
• Reggel , L. , Raymond , R. , Friedman , S. , Friedel , R. A. and Wender , I. 1958 . Fuel , 37 : 126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajiyama , S. , Yokokawa , C. and Takegami , Y. 1961 . Nenryo Kyokaishi , 40 : 761 CA, 61, 14417(1964)
   Google Scholar
• Micheel , F. , Bernsmann , J. , Draeyer , G. and Riebe , J. P. 1964 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 45 : 360
   Google Scholar
• Wood , J. C. , Moschopedis , S. E. and Elofson , R. M. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 193
   Google Scholar
• Wood , J. C. , Moschopedis , S. E. and den Hertog , W. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 491
   Google Scholar
• Moschopedis , S. E. , Srivastava , S. C. , Wood , J. C. and Berkowitz , N. 1963 . Fuel , 42 : 338
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. K. , Given , P. H. , Lupton , V. and Wyss , W. F. Conf. Sci. Use Coal . Sheffield, England. pp. A‐43 Inst. Fuel Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Peover , M. E. 1960 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 5020
   Google Scholar
• Wiberley , S. E. and Gonzalez , R. D. Conf. Anal. Chem. and Appl. Spectroscopy . Pittsburgh, Pa.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , J. E. 1957 . J. Res. Nut. Bur. Std. , 58 : 265
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. B. and Knobloch , J. O. 1957 . Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Publication , : 213
   Google Scholar
• Nagy , B. and Gagnon , G. C. 1961 . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 23 : 155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millson , M. F. 1967 . Canada Dept. Energy Mines Resources, Mines Branch, Report No. FD 67/84
   Google Scholar
• Jones , J. H. and Moote , T. P. 1963 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , A‐29 April
   Google Scholar
• Altgelt , K. H. 1965 . J. Appl. Polymer Sci. , 9 : 3389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandes , G. V. 1956 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 37 : 263
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , K. A. and Schram , A. 5th World Petrol. Congr. New York Paper 20, Section V
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , K. A. and Schram , A. 1959 . Erdoel Kohle , 12 : 368
   Google Scholar
• Chelton , H. M. and Traxler , R. N. 5th World Petrol. Congr. New York Paper 19, Section V
   Google Scholar
• Romberg , J. M. , Mesmith , S. D. and Traxler , R. N. 1959 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 4 : 159
   Google Scholar
• Yen , T. F. and Erdman , J. G. 1962 . Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , 7 : 5 Preprints
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. B. and Chamberlain , N. F. 6th World Petrol. Congr. Frankfurt Paper 17, Section V
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. , Schultz , J. L. and Sharkey , A. G. 1968 . Fuel , 47 : 403
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery , D. S. and Boyd , M. L. 1959 . Anal. Chem. , 31 : 1290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , M. L. and Montgomery , D. S. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 335
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , M. L. and Montgomery , D. S. 1963 . J. Inst. Petrol , 40 : 345
   Google Scholar
• Goodspeed , F. E. and Montgomery , D. S. 1962 . Canada Dept. Mines Tech. Surveys, Mines Branch, Report R98
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , J. C. 1967 . Fuel , 44 : 295
   Google Scholar
• Sill , G. A. and Yen , T. F. 1969 . Fuel , 48 : 61
   Google Scholar
• Moschopedis , S. E. and Speight , J. G. 1971 . Fuel , 50 : 58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschopedis , S. E. and Speight , J. G. 1970 . Fuel , 49 : 335
   Google Scholar
• Wright , J. R. and Campbell , P. G. 1962 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , 19 March
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , P. G. and Wright , J. R. 1964 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , B‐89 April
   Google Scholar
• Goppel , J. M. and Knotnerus , J. 4th World Petrol. Congr. Rome Paper in Section III
   Google Scholar
• Bell , C. L. M. , Richards , R. E. and Yorke , R. W. 1958 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 39 : 530
   Google Scholar
• Richards , R. E. and Yorke , R. W. 1960 . J. Chem. Soc. , : 2489
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. 1959 . J. Chem. Phys. , 31 : 280
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. K. , Ladner , W. R. and Sheppard , N. 1960 . Fuel , 39 : 79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. K. and Ladner , W. R. 1960 . Fuel , 39 : 87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durie , R. A. , Shewchyk , Y. and Sternhell , S. 1966 . Fuel , 45 : 99
   Google Scholar
• Heredy , L. A. , Kostyo , A. E. and Neuworth , M. B. 1966 . Coal Science , Edited by: Given , P. H. 493 Washington, D.C. : Am. Chem. Soc. Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Given , P. H. 1960 . Fuel , 39 : 147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Given , P. H. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 427
   Google Scholar
• Oth , J. F. M. and Tschamler , H. 1963 . Fuel , 42 : 467
   Google Scholar
• Takeya , G. , Itoh , M. , Suzuki , A. and Yokoyama , S. 1963 . Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan , 36 : 1222
   Google Scholar
• Takeya , G. , Itoh , M. , Suzuki , A. and Yokoyama , S. 1964 . Nenryo Kyokaishi , 43 : 837 CA, 65, 15113 (1966)
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. D. and Steven , J. R. 1964 . Fuel , 43 : 87
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. D. and Smith , J. W. 1964 . Fuel , 43 : 125
   Google Scholar
• Ladner , W. R. and Stacey , A. E. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 295
   Google Scholar
• Ladner , W. R. and Stacey , A. E. 1965 . Fuel , 44 : 71
   Google Scholar
• Bartle , K. D. and Smith , J. A. S. 1965 . Fuel , 44 : 109
   Google Scholar
• Bartle , K. D. and Smith , J. A. S. 1967 . Fuel , 46 : 29
   Google Scholar
• Bartle , K. D. and Jones , D. W. 1969 . Fuel , 48 : 21
   Google Scholar
• Brown , H. R. and Waters , P. L. 1966 . Fuel , 45 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. and Retcofsky , H. L. 1963 . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 85 : 1300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retcofsky , H. L. and Friedel , R. A. 1966 . Coal Science , Edited by: Given , P. H. 503 Washington, D.C. : Am. Chem. Soc. Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. and Retcofsky , H. L. 1966 . Chem. and Ind. (London) , : 455
   Google Scholar
• Retcofsky , H. L. and Friedel , R. A. 1968 . 7th Intern. Conf. Coal Sci. June 1968 , Prague.
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. and Retcofsky , H. L. Proc. 5th Conf. Carbon . Vol. 2 , pp. 149 Pennsylvania
   Google Scholar
• Retcofsky , H. L. and Friedel , R. A. 1968 . Fuel , 47 : 487
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. B. Symposium on Composition of Petroleum . pp. 168 Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Publication No. 224
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. B. 1959 . Spectrochim. Acta , 14 : 24
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , R. A. , Hardman , H. F. , Jones , A. J. and Williams , R. B. 1959 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 4 : 155
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey , J. W. , McDonald , F. R. and Petersen , J. C. 1967 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , A‐51 April
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey , J. W. , McDonald , F. R. and Petersen , J. C. 1967 . Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev. , 6 : 231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen , T. F. and Erdman , J. G. 1962 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , 7 : 99
   Google Scholar
• Winniford , R. S. and Bersohn , M. 1962 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. , 21 September
   Google Scholar
• Dewalt , C. W. and Morgan , M. S. 1962 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. , 33 September
   Google Scholar
• Yen , T. F. , Erdman , J. G. and Pollack , S. S. 1961 . Anal. Chem. , 33 : 1587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris , S. W. , Black , E. P. and Clelland , J. B. 1966 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , March : B‐130
   Google Scholar
• Speight , J. G. 1970 . Fuel , 49 : 76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speight , J. G. 1970 . 20th Canadian Chem. Eng. Conf. October 1970 , Sarnia. Session I
   Google Scholar
• Speight , J. G. 1969 . 19th Canadian Chem. Eng. Conf. October 1969 , Edmonton. Session I
   Google Scholar
• Speight , J. G. 1970 . Fuel , 49 : 134
   Google Scholar
• Holly , E. D. , Montgomery , R. S. and Gohlke , R. S. 1956 . Fuel , 35 : 56
   Google Scholar
• McLafferty , F. W. and Gohlke , R. S. 1959 . Anal. Chem. , 31 : 2076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , R. S. , Holly , E. D. and Gohlke , R. S. 1956 . Fuel , 35 : 60
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery , R. S. and Holly , E. D. 1957 . Fuel , 36 : 63
   Google Scholar
• Reed , R. I. 1960 . Fuel , 39 : 341
   Google Scholar
• Holden , H. W. and Robb , J. C. 1960 . Fuel , 39 : 485
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , T. , Raymond , R. and Sharkey , A. G. 1969 . Fuel , 48 : 179
   Google Scholar
• Reggel , L. , Raymond , R. , Steiner , W. A. , Friedel , R. A. and Wender , I. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reggel , L. , Wender , I. and Raymond , R. 1964 . Fuel , 43 : 75
   Google Scholar
• Sharkey , A. G. , Schultz , J. L. and Friedel , R. A. 1966 . Carbon , 4 : 365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , J. L. , Friedel , R. A. and Sharkey , A. G. 1965 . Fuel , 44 : 55
   Google Scholar
• Sharkey , A. G. , Schultz , J. L. and Friedel , R. A. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 423
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin , H. E. 1956 . Anal. Chem. , 28 : 1946
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin , H. E. 1964 . Anal. Chem. , 36 : 2399
   Google Scholar
• O'Neal , M. J. and Weir , T. P. 1951 . Anal. Chem. , 23 : 830
   Google Scholar
• Hood , A. R. , Clerk , R. J. and O'Neal , M. J. 1959 . J. Inst. Petrol. , 45 : 168
   Google Scholar
• Clerk , R. J. and O'Neal , M. J. 1961 . Anal. Chem. , 33 : 380
   Google Scholar
• Gallegos , E. J. , Green , J. W. , Lindemann , L. P. , Le Tourneau , R. L. and Teeter , R. M. 1967 . Anal. Chem. , 39 : 1833
   Google Scholar
• Corbett , L. W. and Swarbrick , R. E. 1966 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , March : B‐161
   Google Scholar
• Reid , W. K. , Mead , W. L. and Bowen , K. M. Inst. Petrol. Am. Soc. Testing Materials Mass Spec. Symp. Paris
   Google Scholar
• Reid , W. K. 1966 . Anal. Chem. , 38 : 445
   Google Scholar
• Dickie , J. P. and Yen , T. F. 1967 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , 12 : B‐117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickie , J. P. and Yen , T. F. 1968 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Sac. Div. Petrol. Chem. , April : F‐140
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann , L. P. 1969 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , September : B‐186
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , H. B. , Morandi , J. R. and Cook , G. L. 1968 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. , March : F‐98
   Google Scholar
• Seifert , W. K. , Teeter , R. M. , Howells , W. G. and Cantou , M. J. R. 1969 . Anal. Chem. , 41 : 1638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert , W. K. and Teeter , R. M. 1970 . Anal. Chem. , 42 : 180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , L. R. , Buell , B. E. and Howard , H. E. 1968 . Anal. Chem. , 40 : 1303
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , L. R. 1969 . Anal. Chem. , 41 : 314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , L. R. 1969 . Anal. Chem. , 41 : 1084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. , Schnoes , H. K. , Haug , P. and Burlingame , A. L. 1970 . Nature , 226 : 75
   Google Scholar
• Birch , S. F. 1953 . J. Inst. Petrol. , 39 : 185
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , H. J. , Thompson , C. J. , Hopkins , R. L. and Rall , H. T. 1965 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 10 : 80
   Google Scholar
• Haresnape , D. , Fidler , F. A. and Lowry , T. A. 1949 . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 41 : 2691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , J. S. and Rall , H. T. 1962 . Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. , 42 ( III ) : 128
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , H. J. , Adams , N. G. , Eccleston , B. H. , Hopkins , R. L. , Mikklesen , L. , Rall , H. T. , Richardson , D. , Thompson , C. J. and Smith , H. M. 1956 . Anal. Chem. , 28 : 1380
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. J. , Coleman , H. J. , Hopkins , R. L. and Rall , H. T. 1964 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 9 : 473
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. J. , Coleman , H. J. , Hopkins , R. L. and Rall , H. T. 1965 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 10 : 279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drushel , H. V. and Sommers , A. L. 1967 . Anal. Chem. , 39 : 1812
   Google Scholar
• Birch , S. F. , Cullum , T. V. , Dean , R. A. and Denyer , R. L. 1955 . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 47 : 240
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. J. , Coleman , H. J. , Mikklesen , L. , Yee , D. , Ward , C. C. and Rall , H. T. 1956 . Anal. Chem. , 28 : 1384
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. J. , Coleman , H. J. , Ward , C. C. and Rall , H. T. 1959 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 4 : 347
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , H. J. , Thompson , C. J. , Hopkins , R. L. and Rall , H. T. 1965 . J. Chromatog. , 20 : 240
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , H. J. , Thompson , C. J. , Hopkins , R. L. , Foster , N. G. , Whisman , M. L. and Richardson , D. M. 1961 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 8 : 464
   Google Scholar
• Richter , F. P. , Williams , A. L. and Meisel , S. E. 1956 . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 78 : 2166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. J. , Coleman , H. J. , Hopkins , R. L. and Rall , H. T. 1966 . Anal. Chem. , 38 : 1562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins , R. L. , Kendall , R. F. , Thompson , C. J. and Coleman , H. J. 1969 . Anal. Chem. , 41 : 362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , E. W. 1966 . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 88 : 2311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morandi , J. R. and Jensen , H. B. 1966 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 11 : 81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , E. W. , Yen , T. F. , Dickie , J. P. , Rhodes , R. E. and Clark , L. F. 1967 . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 89 : 3631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallegos , E. J. 7th World Petrol. Congr. Mexico City Paper 30, Session IV
   Google Scholar
• Mahadevan , C. 1929 . Fuel , 8 : 462
   Google Scholar
• Mahadevan , C. 1930 . Fuel , 9 : 574
   Google Scholar
• Blayden , H. E. , Gibson , J. and Riley , H. L. Proc. Conf. Ultra‐fine Structure Coal and Coke, Brit. Coal Util. Res. Assoc. pp. 176 London
   Google Scholar
• Brusset , H. , Devaw , J. and Guinier , A. 1943 . Compt. Rend. , 216 : 152
   Google Scholar
• Brusset , H. 1947 . Compt. Rend. , 224 : 1426
   Google Scholar
• Riley , D. P. Proc. Conf. Ultra‐fine Structure Coal and Coke, Brit. Coal Util. Res. Assoc. pp. 232 London
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , J. B. 1952 . Research (London) , 5 : 489
   Google Scholar
• Mitra , G. B. 1953 . Acta Cryst. , 6 : 101
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , P. B. 1954 . Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. A , 226 : 143
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. K. and Hirsch , P. B. 1955 . Nature , 175 : 229
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , J. B. 1954 . Fuel , 33 : 381
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , P. H. Conf. Sci. Use Coal . Sheffield, England. pp. A‐29 Inst. Fuel Publication . Paper 1, Session I
   Google Scholar
• Cartz , L. and Hirsch , P. B. 1960 . Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. A , 252 : 557
   Google Scholar
• Ergun , S. and Tiensuu , V. H. 1959 . Nature , 183 : 1669
   Google Scholar
• Bazumdar , B. K. , Choudhury , S. S. and Lahiri , A. 1960 . Fuel , 39 : 179
   Google Scholar
• Raymond , R. , Wender , I. and Reggel , L. 1962 . Science , 137 : 681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergun , S. and Tiensuu , V. H. 1959 . Fuel , 38 : 64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergun , S. , McCartney , J. T. and Menster , M. 1959 . Econ. Geol. , 54 : 1068
   Google Scholar
• Ergun , S. , Menster , M. and O'Donnell , H. J. 1960 . Science , 132 : 1314
   Google Scholar
• Menster , M. , O'Donnell , H. J. and Ergun , S. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menster , M. , O'Donnell , H. J. and Ergun , S. Proc. 5th Conf. Carbon . Vol. 2 , pp. 493 Pennsylvania
   Google Scholar
• McCartney , J. T. and Ergun , S. 1965 . Nature , 205 : 962
   Google Scholar
• Dhar , J. and Niyogi , B. B. 1942 . Proc. Nut. Inst. Sci. India , A8 : 127
   Google Scholar
• Mitra , G. B. 1953 . J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India) , 12B : 88
   Google Scholar
• Inouye , K. , Tani , H. and Abiko , M. 1953 . J. Fuel Soc. Japan , 32 : 292
   Google Scholar
• Franklin , R. E. 1951 . Acta Cryst. , 4 : 253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryden , I. G. C. 1958 . Fuel , 37 : 444
   Google Scholar
• Dryden , I. G. C. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 55
   Google Scholar
• Dryden , I. G. C. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 301
   Google Scholar
• Roy , M. M. 1957 . Fuel , 36 : 249
   Google Scholar
• Lermusiaux , A. 1964 . Khim. i Ind. (Sofia) , 30 : 222 CA, 62, 5101(1965)
   Google Scholar
• Nellensteyn , F. J. 1938 . The Science of Petroleum , Edited by: Brooks , B. T. Vol. IV , 2760 Oxford Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williford , C. 1943 . Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. , 73 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Labout , J. W. A. 1950 . The Properties of Asphaltic Bitumen , Edited by: Pheiffer , J. P. 24 New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Alexanian , C. and Louis , M. 1950 . Compt. Rend. , 231 : 1233
   Google Scholar
• Young , R. S. 1954 . Bull Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. , 38 : 2017
   Google Scholar
• Padovani , C. , Berti , V. and Prinetti , A. 5th World Petrol. Congr. New York Paper 21, Session V
   Google Scholar
• Bestougeff , M. A. 1967 . Bull. Soc. Chim. France , : 4773
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , L. E. and Sommer , E. C. 1956 . J. Phys. Chem. , 60 : 1646
   Google Scholar
• Pollack , S. S. and Alexander , L. E. 1960 . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 5 : 88
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , R. 1957 . Acta Cryst. , 10 : 359
   Google Scholar
• Yen , T. F. and Dickie , J. P. 1968 . J. Inst. Petrol. , 54 : 50
   Google Scholar
• Pollack , S. S. and Yen , T. F. 1969 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , September : B‐118
   Google Scholar
• Knotnerus , J. and Krom , C. J. 1964 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , April : B‐39
   Google Scholar
• Ingram , D. J. E. , Tapley , J. G. , Jackson , R. , Bond , R. L. and Murnaghan , A. R. 1954 . Nature , 174 : 797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uebersfeld , J. 1954 . J. Phys. Radium , 15 : 126
   Google Scholar
• Austen , D. E. G. , Ingram , D. J. E. and Tapley , J. G. 1958 . Trans. Faraday Soc. , 54 : 400
   Google Scholar
• Ingram , D. J. E. Proc. 3rd Conf. Carbon . pp. 93 Buffalo
   Google Scholar
• Ingram , D. J. E. 1955 . Disc. Faraday Soc. , : 179
   Google Scholar
• Uebersfeld , J. , Etienne , A. and Combrisson , J. 1954 . Nature , 174 : 614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidt , J. 1958 . Arch. Sci. (Geneva) , 11 : 180
   Google Scholar
• Honda , H. , Chitoku , K. , Yokozawa , Y. and Higasi , K. 1958 . Bull. Soc. Chem. Japan , 31 : 890
   Google Scholar
• Smidt , D. and van Krevelen , D. W. 1959 . Fuel , 38 : 355
   Google Scholar
• Losev , B. I. and Bylyna , E. 1959 . Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR , 125 : 814
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , N. , Cavell , P. A. and Elofson , R. M. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 279
   Google Scholar
• Brown , H. M. and Berkowitz , N. 1966 . Fuel , 45 : 207
   Google Scholar
• Retcofsky , H. L. , Sharkey , A. G. and Friedel , R. A. 1967 . Fuel , 46 : 109
   Google Scholar
• Retcofsky , H. L. , Stark , J. M. and Friedel , R. A. 1967 . Chem. and Ind. (London) , : 1327
   Google Scholar
• Toyoda , S. and Honda , H. 1966 . Carbon , 3 : 527
   Google Scholar
• Yokokawa , C. 1968 . Nenryo Kyokaishi , 47 : 872 CA, 71, 52038 (1969)
   Google Scholar
• Yokokawa , C. 1968 . Fuel , 47 : 273
   Google Scholar
• Yokokawa , C. 1969 . Fuel , 48 : 29
   Google Scholar
• Ohuchi , H. , Shiotani , M. and Sohma , J. 1969 . Fuel , 48 : 187
   Google Scholar
• Chauvin , R. , Chiche , P. , Quinton , M. F. and Uebersfeld , J. 1969 . Carbon , 7 : 307
   Google Scholar
• de Ruiter , E. 1965 . Fuel , 44 : 49
   Google Scholar
• de Ruiter , E. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 63
   Google Scholar
• de Ruiter , E. 1965 . Fuel , 44 : 65
   Google Scholar
• Kuczynski , W. , Stankowski , J. , Janiak , J. , Dezor , A. and Wieckowski , A. 1965 . Przemysl Chem. , 44 : 243 CA, 63, 5413 (1965)
   Google Scholar
• Austen , D. E. G. , Given , P. H. , Ingram , D. J. E. and Peover , M. E. 1959 . Fuel , 38 : 309
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. D. and Silberman , H. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 67
   Google Scholar
• Steelink , C. and Tolltn , G. 1962 . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 59 : 25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garifianov , N. S. and Kozyrev , B. M. 1956 . J. Exp. Theoret. Phys. , 30 : 255
   Google Scholar
• Gutowsky , H. S. , Ray , B. R. , Rutledge , R. L. and Unterberger , R. R. 1958 . J. Chem. Phys. , 28 : 744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly , D. E. 1958 . J. Chem. Phys. , 29 : 1188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraceno , A. J. , Fanale , D. T. and Coggeshall , N. D. 1961 . Anal. Chem. , 33 : 500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , L. M. , Rutledge , R. L. and Wehner , A. P. 1961 . Anal. Chem. , 33 : 1879
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. B. and Saunders , R. K. U.S. Pat. . 2,909,482 .
   Google Scholar
• Flinn , R. A. , Beuther , H. and Schmid , B. K. 1961 . Petrol. Refiner , 40 : 139
   Google Scholar
• Adams , J. Q. , Altgelt , K. H. , Le Tourneau , R. L. and Lindemann , L. P. 1966 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , March : B‐140
   Google Scholar
• Nicksic , S. W. and Jeffries‐Harris , M. J. 1967 . Preprints, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. , September : 23
   Google Scholar
• Nicksic , S. W. and Jeffries‐Harris , M. J. 1968 . J. Inst. Petrol. , 54 : 107
   Google Scholar
• Yen , T. F. , Erdman , J. G. and Saraceno , A. J. 1962 . Anal. Chem. , 34 : 694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Given , P. H. 1959 . Nature , 184 : 980
   Google Scholar
• Erdman , J. G. 1964 . in Advances in Organic Chemistry , Edited by: Colombo , U. and Hobson , G. D. 215 New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Erdman , J. G. 1962 . Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. , 42 : 33
   Google Scholar
• Stehling , F. C. and Bartz , K. W. 1961 . J. Chem. Phys. , 34 : 1076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen , T. F. , Boucher , L. J. , Dickie , J. P. , Tynan , E. C. and Vaughan , G. B. 1969 . J. Inst. Petrol. , 55 : 87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tynan , E. C. and Yen , T. F. 1969 . Fuel , 48 : 191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisman , B. A. , Krivitzkii , M. D. and Krigman , F. E. 1954 . Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR , 97 : 1031
   Google Scholar
• Alpern , B. and Pregermain , S. 1956 . Bull. Microscop. Appl. , 6 : 16
   Google Scholar
• Pregermain , S. and Guillemot , C. 4th Intern. Kongr. Elektronenmikroscopie . Berlin. Vol. 1 , pp. 384
   Google Scholar
• McCartney , J. T. , O'Donnel , H. J. and Ergun , S. 1966 . Coal Science , Edited by: Given , P. H. 261 Washington, D.C. : Am. Chem. Soc. Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Preckshott , G. W. , Delisle , N. G. , Cottrell , G. E. and Kate , D. L. 1943 . Trans. AIME , 151 : 188
   Google Scholar
• Kate , D. L. and Beu , K. E. 1945 . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 37 : 195
   Google Scholar
• Witherspoon , P. A. 1957 . Illinois State Geol. Surv. Rep. Invest. , : 206
   Google Scholar
• Winniford , R. S. 1963 . J. Inst. Petrol. , 49 : 215
   Google Scholar
• Dickie , J. P. , Haller , M. W. and Yen , T. F. 1969 . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 29 : 475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii , S. 1959 . Nenryo Kyokuishi , 38 : 284 CA, 53, 18440 (1959)
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys‐Owen , S. P. F. and Gilbert , L. A. Proc. Conf. Ind. Carbon and Graphite . pp. 37 London
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. and Queiser , J. A. 1959 . Fuel , 38 : 369
   Google Scholar
• Friedel , R. A. 1957 . Nature , 170 : 1237
   Google Scholar
• de Ruiter , E. and Tschamler , H. 1958 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 39 : 362
   Google Scholar
• Barclay , L. R. C. and Layton , T. M. 1956 . Fuel , 35 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Roy , M. M. 1957 . Fuel , 36 : 344
   Google Scholar
• de Ruiter , E. and Tschamler , H. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 491
   Google Scholar
• Ergun , S. , McCartney , J. T. and Walline , R. E. 1961 . Fuel , 40 : 109
   Google Scholar
• Karr , C. 1963 . The Chemistry of Coal Utilization , Edited by: Lowry , H. H. 539 New York : John Wiley and Sons . Suppl. volume
   Google Scholar
• Weiler , J. F. 1963 . The Chemistry of Coal Utilization , Edited by: Lowry , H. H. 580 New York : John Wiley and Sons . Suppl. volume
   Google Scholar
• Diels , O. , Gädke , W. and Kording , P. 1927 . Ann. Chern. , 459 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. D. and Stephens , J. F. 1965 . Carbon , 2 : 379
   Google Scholar
• Rybicka , S. M. 1959 . Fuel , 38 : 45
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. K. 1959 . Fuel , 38 : 55
   Google Scholar
• Oelert , H. H. and Hemmer , E. A. 1970 . Erdoel Kohle , 23 : 87
   Google Scholar
• Oelert , H. H. and Hemmer , E. A. 1970 . Erdoel Kohle , 23 : 163
   Google Scholar
• Huck , G. and Karweil , J. 1953 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 34 : 97
   Google Scholar
• Huck , G. and Karweil , J. 1953 . Brennstoff‐Chem. , 34 : 129
   Google Scholar
• Dryden , I. G. C. 1955 . Fuel , 34 : 529
   Google Scholar
• Dryden , I. G. C. 1957 . J. Inst. Fuel , 30 : 193
   Google Scholar
• Hill , G. R. and Lyon , L. B. 1962 . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 54 : 36
   Google Scholar
• Mazumdar , B. K. , Chakrabartty , S. K. and Lahiri , A. 1962 . Fuel , 41 : 129
   Google Scholar
• Mazumdar , B. K. and Lahiri , A. 1962 . J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India) , 21B : 277
   Google Scholar
• Vahrman , M. 1970 . Fuel , 49 : 5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillman , E. S. and Barnett , B. 1937 . Proc. ASTM , 37 : 558
   Google Scholar
• Dickie , J. P. and Yen , T. F. 1967 . Anal. Chem. , 39 : 1847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson , F. E. , Davis , B. E. and Wirkkala , R. A. 1969 . Anal. Chem. , 41 : 1335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar