1,342
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

The current state of heavy metal pollution in Pacific Island Countries: a review

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Cheer, J. M.; Pratt, S.; Tolkach, D.; Bailey, A.; Taumoepeau, S.; Movono, A. Tourism in Pacific Island Countries: A Status Quo Round-up. Asia Pac. Policy Stud. 2018, 5, 442–461. doi:10.1002/app5.250
  • Duncan, R. Sources of Growth Spurts in Pacific Island Economies. Asia Pac. Policy Stud. 2016, 3, 351–365. doi:10.1002/app5.125
  • Juswanto, W.; Ali, Z. Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in the Pacific Island Countries; Asian Development Bank: Philippines, 2016.
  • Park, E.-K.; Wilson, D.; Choi, H.-J.; Wilson, C. T.; Ueno, S. Hazardous Metal Pollution in the Republic of Fiji and the Need to Elicit Human Exposure. Environ. Health Toxicol. 2013, 28, e2013017. doi:10.5620/eht.2013.28.e2013017
  • Richards, E.; Haynes, D. Solid Waste Management in Pacific Island Countries and Territories. In Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia and the Pacific Islands: Challenges and Strategic Solutions, Pariatamby, A., Tanaka, M., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2014; pp 255–279.
  • Rai, P. K.; Lee, S. S.; Zhang, M.; Tsang, Y. F.; Kim, K.-H. Heavy Metals in Food Crops: Health Risks, Fate, Mechanisms, and Management. Environ. Int. 2019, 125, 365–385. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067
  • Jaishankar, M.; Tseten, T.; Anbalagan, N.; Mathew, B. B.; Beeregowda, K. N. Toxicity, Mechanism and Health Effects of Some Heavy Metals. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2014, 7, 60–72. doi:10.2478/intox-2014-0009
  • Tchounwou, P. B.; Yedjou, C. G.; Patlolla, A. K.; Sutton, D. J. Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment. Experientia Supplementum 2012, 101, 133–164.
  • Yoshinaga, M.; Ninomiya, H.; Al Hossain, M. M. A.; Sudo, M.; Akhand, A. A.; Ahsan, N.; Alim, M. A.; Khalequzzaman, M.; Iida, M.; Yajima, I.; et al. A Comprehensive Study Including Monitoring, Assessment of Health Effects and Development of a Remediation Method for Chromium Pollution. Chemosphere 2018, 201, 667–675. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.026
  • Currey, N.; Benko, W. 1990 South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme Marine Coastal Pollution Study (SPREP-pol). https://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific_region/631.pdf.
  • Currey, N. A.; Benko, W. I.; Yaru, B. T.; Kabi, R. Determination of Heavy Metals, Arsenic and Selenium in Barramundi (Lates Calcarifer) from Lake Murray, Papua New Guinea. Sci. Total Environ. 1992, 125, 305–320. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(92)90398-C
  • Naidu, S. D.; Morrison, R. J. Contamination of Suva Harbour, Fiji. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1994, 29, 126–130. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(94)90436-7
  • Maata, M.; Singh, S. Heavy Metal Pollution in Suva Harbour Sediments, Fiji. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2008, 6, 113–118. doi:10.1007/s10311-007-0122-1
  • Chandra, S.; Gangaiya, P.; Togamana, C.; Prasad, S. Study of Heavy Metal Fractionation in the Lami Municipal Disposal Facility, Fiji. S Pac. J. Nat. App. Sci. 2016, 34, 21–28. doi:10.1071/SP16003
  • Chandra, S.; Gangaiya, P.; Togamana, C.; Prasad, S. First Screening Study of Metal Content in Soil from a Mixed Waste Receptacle. S Pac. J. Nat. App. Sci. 2015, 33, 7–12. doi:10.1071/SP15002
  • Maeaba, W.; Prasad, S.; Chandra, S. First Assessment of Metals Contamination in Road Dust and Roadside Soil of Suva City, Fiji. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2019, 77, 249–262. doi:10.1007/s00244-019-00635-8
  • Ra, K.; Lee, C. M.; Noh, J.-H.; Park, H.-S.; Kim, E.-S.; Kwon, M.-S.; Kim, K.-T. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Mangrove Sediments of Chuuk and Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. Ocean Polar Res. 2013, 35, 453–464. doi:10.4217/OPR.2013.35.4.453
  • Garimella, S.; McArthur, A.; Ferland, M.; Snehaleela, O. Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Marine Sediments of the Suva Lagoon, Fiji. In Environmental Changes and Radioactive Tracers, Fernandez J. M., Fichez R., Eds., IRD: Paris, 2002; pp 201–211.
  • Polidoro, B. A.; Comeros-Raynal, M. T.; Cahill, T.; Clement, C. Land-Based Sources of Marine Pollution: Pesticides, PAHs and Phthalates in Coastal Stream Water, and Heavy Metals in Coastal Stream Sediments in American Samoa. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 116, 501–507. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.058
  • Chand, V.; Prasad, S. Trace Determination and Chemical Speciation of Selenium in Environmental Water Samples Using Catalytic Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 165, 780–788. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.076
  • Singh, P.; Prasad, S.; Aalbersberg, W. Bioavailability of Fe and Zn in Selected Legumes, Cereals, Meat and Milk Products Consumed in Fiji. Food Chem. 2016, 207, 125–131. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.029
  • Mani, J.; Maata, M.; Mani, F. S. (July 23–July 28) Sewage Sludge Heavy Metal Analysis and Agricultural Prospects for Fiji; RACI Congress: Melbourne, Australia, 2017.
  • Dougherty, G. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Bivalves from Fiji’s Coastal Waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1988, 19, 81–84. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(88)90787-4
  • Boken, J.; Khurana, P.; Thatai, S.; Kumar, D.; Prasad, S. Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Their Analytical Applications: A Review. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2017, 52, 774–820. doi:10.1080/05704928.2017.1312427
  • Singh, P.; Prasad, S. Spectroscopic Review of Chelating Agents and Their Influence on the Bioavailability of Fe, Zn and Ca in Fijian Foods. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2019, 0, 1–19. doi:10.1080/05704928.2019.1695133
  • Nisha, S.; Prasad, S. Absorption Spectrometric Macronutrients Review of Soil Health during Taro Crop Production. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2019, 0, 1–15. doi:10.1080/05704928.2019.1640719
  • Dhillon, A.; Prasad, S.; Kumar, D. Recent Advances and Spectroscopic Perspectives in Fluoride Removal. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2017, 52, 175–230. doi:10.1080/05704928.2016.1213737
  • Sneddon, J.; Rode, P. W.; Hamilton, M. A.; Pingeli, S.; Hagen, J. P. Determination of Metals in Seafood and Fish in Southwest Louisiana. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2007, 42, 23–42. doi:10.1080/05704920601006072
  • Sneddon, J.; Richert, J. C.; Hardaway, C. J. Studies of Metals in Soil, Sediments, and Selected Food in Southwest Louisiana. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2019, 54, 264–274. doi:10.1080/05704928.2019.1608109
  • Nunn, P. D.; Kumar, L.; Eliot, I.; McLean, R. F. Classifying Pacific Islands. Geosci. Lett. 2016, 3, 7. doi:10.1186/s40562-016-0041-8
  • Radtke, K.; Mann, H.; Weller, D.; Kirch, L.; Prütz, R. The WorldRiskIndex 2018., Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft e.V. Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict: Germany, 2018; pp 35–43.
  • Oberg, M.; Jaakkola, M. S.; Woodward, A.; Peruga, A.; Prüss-Ustün, A. Worldwide Burden of Disease from Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke: A Retrospective Analysis of Data from 192 Countries. Lancet 2011, 377, 139–146. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8
  • GBD Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018, 392, 1789–1858.
  • Edelstein, M.; Ben-Hur, M. Heavy Metals and Metalloids: Sources, Risks and Strategies to Reduce Their Accumulation in Horticultural Crops. Scientia Horticulturae 2018, 234, 431–444. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.039
  • RoyChowdhury, A.; Datta, R.; Sarkar, D.; Török, B.; Dransfield, T. Heavy Metal Pollution and Remediation. In Green Chemistry; Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2018; pp 359–373.
  • Suratissa, D. M.; Rathnayake, U. S. Diversity and Distribution of Fauna of the Nasese Shore, Suva, Fiji Islands with Reference to Existing Threats to the Biota. J. Asia-Pac. Biodivers. 2016, 9, 11–16. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2015.12.002
  • Haywood, M. D. E.; Dennis, D.; Thomson, D. P.; Pillans, R. D. Mine Waste Disposal Leads to Lower Coral Cover, Reduced Species Richness and a Predominance of Simple Coral Growth Forms on a Fringing Coral Reef in Papua New Guinea. Mar. Environ. Res. 2016, 115, 36–48. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.003
  • Morrison, R. J.; Denton, G. R. W.; Bale Tamata, U.; Grignon, J. Anthropogenic Biogeochemical Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Pacific Islands—an Overview. Deep Sea Res. Part II: Topical Stud. Oceanogr. 2013, 96, 5–12. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.014
  • Gillett, R. 2011. Fisheries of the Pacific Islands: Regional and National Information. RAP Publication. http://www.fao.org/3/i2092e/i2092e00.htm (accessed 27 July 2019).
  • Dewailly, E.; Suhas, E.; Mou, Y.; Dallaire, R.; Chateau-Degat, L.; Chansin, R. High Fish Consumption in French Polynesia and Prenatal Exposure to Metals and Nutrients. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 17, 461–470.
  • Rzymski, P.; Niedzielski, P.; Klimaszyk, P.; Poniedziałek, B. Bioaccumulation of Selected Metals in Bivalves (Unionidae) and Phragmites Australis Inhabiting a Municipal Water Reservoir. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2014, 186, 3199–3212. doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3610-8
  • Njuguna, S. M.; Yan, X.; Gituru, R. W.; Wang, Q.; Wang, J. Assessment of Macrophyte, Heavy Metal, and Nutrient Concentrations in the Water of the Nairobi River, Kenya. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2017, 189, 454. doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6159-0
  • Rehman, K.; Fatima, F.; Waheed, I.; Akash, M. S. H. Prevalence of Exposure of Heavy Metals and Their Impact on Health Consequences. J. Cell. Biochem. 2018, 119, 157–184. doi:10.1002/jcb.26234
  • Pastorelli, A. A.; Angeletti, R.; Binato, G.; Mariani, M. B.; Cibin, V.; Morelli, S.; Ciardullo, S.; Stacchini, P. Exposure to Cadmium through Italian Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Consumption and Implications for Human Health. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2018, 69, 115–121. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.02.005
  • Bellinger, D. C.; Malin, A.; Wright, R. O. The Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Lead: History, Epidemiology, and Public Health Implications. In Advances in Neurotoxicology; Aschner M., Costa L. G., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, 2018; pp 1–26.
  • Duruibe, J.; Ogwuegbu, M. O. C.; Egwurugwu, J. Heavy Metal Pollution and Human Biotoxic Effects. Int. J. Phys. Sci. 2007, 2, 112–118.
  • Mani, S. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Its Implication in Human Diseases. In Free Radicals in Human Health and Disease; Rani V., Yadav U. C., Eds.; Springer: New Delhi, India, 2015; pp 3–15.
  • Ojuederie, O. B.; Babalola, O. O. Microbial and Plant-Assisted Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review. IJERPH. 2017, 14, 1504. doi:10.3390/ijerph14121504
  • US EPA. 2015. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations (accessed 5 July 2018).
  • Dziubanek, G.; Baranowska, R.; Ćwieląg-Drabek, M.; Spychała, A.; Piekut, A.; Rusin, M.; Hajok, I. Cadmium in Edible Plants from Silesia, Poland, and Its Implications for Health Risk in Populations. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2017, 142, 8–13. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.048
  • Langård, S.; Costa, M. Chapter 33–Chromium. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 4th ed.; Nordberg G. F., Fowler B. A., Nordberg M., Eds., Academic Press: San Diego, 2015; pp 717–742.
  • Bost, M.; Houdart, S.; Oberli, M.; Kalonji, E.; Huneau, J.-F.; Margaritis, I. Dietary Copper and Human Health: Current Evidence and Unresolved Issues. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2016, 35, 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.02.006
  • Zhou, J.; Liang, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, W.; Liu, H.; You, L.; Zhang, W.; Gao, M.; Zhou, J. Exposure Risk of Local Residents to Copper near the largest flash copper smelter in China. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 630, 453–461. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.211
  • Ha, E.; Basu, N.; Bose-O’Reilly, S.; Dórea, J. G.; McSorley, E.; Sakamoto, M.; Chan, H. M. Current Progress on Understanding the Impact of Mercury on Human Health. Environ. Res. 2017, 152, 419–433. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.042
  • Shukla, V.; Shukla, P.; Tiwari, A. Lead Poisoning. Indian J. Med. Specialities 2018, 9, 146–149. doi:10.1016/j.injms.2018.04.003
  • Schaumlöffel, D. Nickel Species: Analysis and Toxic Effects. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2012, 26, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.01.002
  • Zambelli, B.; Uversky, V. N.; Ciurli, S. Nickel Impact on Human Health: An Intrinsic Disorder Perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)–Proteins and Proteomics 2016, 1864, 1714–1731. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.008
  • Nriagu, J. Zinc Toxicity in Humans. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health; Nriagu J. O., Ed., Elsevier: Burlington, 2011; pp 801–807.
  • Hambidge, K. M.; Krebs, N. F.; Miller, L. V. Zinc: Physiology and Health Effects. In Encyclopedia of Food and Health; Caballero B., Finglas P. M., Toldrá F., Eds., Academic Press: Oxford, 2016; pp 633–637.
  • Jones, G. L.; Willy, D.; Lumsden, B.; Taufa, T.; Lourie, J. Trace Metals in the Hair of Habitants of the Ok Tedi Region, Papua New Guinea. Environ. Pollut. 1987, 48, 101–115. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(87)90090-X
  • St-Jean, A.; Barguil, Y.; Dominique, Y.; Le Bot, B.; Ayotte, P.; Cordier, S. Nickel and Associated Metals in New Caledonia: Exposure Levels and Their Determinants. Environ. Int. 2018, 118, 106–115. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.045
  • Matakarawa, S. Gold Mining and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Vatukoula, Fiji. MSc Thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2018.
  • Lajunen, L. H. J.; Perämäki, P. Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission. Royal Society of Chemistry: Great Britain, 2004.
  • Sneddon, J. Advances in Atomic Spectroscopy, Volume 7, 1st ed.; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam; Boston, 2002.
  • Chand, V.; Prasad, S.; Prasad, R. A Study of Arsenic Contamination by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the Lami Estuary in Fiji. Microchem. J. 2011, 97, 160–164. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2010.08.009
  • Mester, Z.; Sturgeon, R. E. Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis; Elsevier: USA, 2003.
  • Kapia, S.; Rao, B. K. R.; Sakulas, H. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Risks in Yonki Reservoir Environmental Matrices Affected by Gold Mining Activity. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2016, 188, 586. doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5604–9
  • Denton, G. R. W.; Concepcion, L. P.; Wood, H. R.; Morrison, R. J. Trace Metals in Sediments of Four Harbours in Guam. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 50, 1133–1141. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.050
  • Muller, H. Catalytic Methods of Analysis: Characterization, Classification and Methodology (Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 601–613. doi:10.1351/pac199567040601
  • Chen, Z.; Zhang, N.; Zhuo, L.; Tang, B. Catalytic Kinetic Methods for Photometric or Fluorometric Determination of Heavy Metal Ions. Microchim. Acta 2009, 164, 311–336. doi:10.1007/s00604-008-0048-8
  • Prasad, S.; Halafihi, T. Development and Validation of Catalytic Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Copper(II). Microchim. Acta 2003, 142, 237–244. doi:10.1007/s00604-003-0023-3
  • Brown, R. J. C.; Milton, M. J. T. Analytical Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: An Overview. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2005, 24, 266–274. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2004.11.010
  • Chand, V.; Prasad, S. ICP-OES Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Tropical Marine Sediments: A Comparative Study of Two Digestion Techniques. Microchem. J. 2013, 111, 53–61. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2012.11.007
  • Barón-Jaimez, J.; Joya, M. R.; Barba-Ortega, J. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry—ASV for Determination of Heavy Metals. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 2013, 466, 12023. doi:10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F466%2F1%2F012023
  • Higson, S. P. J. Analytical Chemistry; Oxford University Press: Oxford; New York, USA, 2004.
  • Dirilgen, N.; Dogan, F.; Ozbal, H. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry: Arsenic Determination in Ancient Bone Samples. Anal. Lett. 2006, 39, 127–143. doi:10.1080/00032710500464264
  • Giacomino, A.; Ruo Redda, A.; Squadrone, S.; Rizzi, M.; Abete, M. C.; La Gioia, C.; Toniolo, R.; Abollino, O.; Malandrino, M. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Gold Electrodes as an Alternative Method for the Routine Determination of Mercury in Fish. Comparison with Spectroscopic Approaches. Food Chem. 2017, 221, 737–745. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.111
  • Toh, H. S.; Batchelor-McAuley, C.; Tschulik, K.; Uhlemann, M.; Crossley, A.; Compton, R. G. The Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Nanoparticles: electrochemical Evidence for the Surface Agglomeration of Silver Nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 4884–4893. doi:10.1039/c3nr00898c
  • Tupiti, W.; Chandra, S.; Prasad, S. Sensitive Inorganic Arsenic Speciation on a Voltammetric Platform in Environmental Water Samples. Microchem. J. 2018, 139, 301–305. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.001
  • Bode, P. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). In Neutron Methods for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage; Kardjilov N., Festa G., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Switzerland, 2017; pp 209–219.
  • Garimella, S.; Deo, R. N. Neutron Activation Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols from a Small Pacific Island Country: A Case Study of Suva, Fiji Islands. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2007, 7, 500–517. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2007.05.0028
  • Marchand, C.; Allenbach, M.; Lallier-Vergès, E. Relationships between Heavy Metals Distribution and Organic Matter Cycling in Mangrove Sediments (Conception Bay, New Caledonia). Geoderma 2011, 160, 444–456. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.10.015
  • Morrison, R. J.; Narayan, S. P.; Gangaiya, P. Trace Element Studies in Laucala Bay, Suva, Fiji. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2001, 42, 397–404. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00169-7
  • Mcmurtry, G. M.; Wiltshire, J. C.; Kauhikaua, J. P. Heavy Metal Anomalies in Coastal Sediments of O’ahu Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 1995, 49, 452–470.
  • Hunter, C. L.; Stephenson, M. D.; Tjeerdema, R. S.; Crosby, D. G.; Ichikawa, G. S.; Goetzl, J. D.; Paulson, K. S.; Crane, D. B.; Martin, M.; Newman, J. W. Contaminants in Oysters in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1995, 30, 646–654. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(95)00039-P
  • Redfern, F. M. Heavy Metal Contamination from Landfills in Coastal Marine Sediments: Kiribati and New Zealand. MSc Thesis, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/2323.
  • Imo, T.; Latū, F.; Vaurasi, V.; Yoshida, J.; Amosa, P.; Sheikh, M. A. Distribution of Heavy Metals in Sediments at the Commercial and Fishing Ports in Samoa. IJESD. 2014, 5, 517–521. doi:10.7763/IJESD.2014.V5.537
  • Boboria, D. M. Heavy Metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu) in Sediment and Bivalves and Nutrients (Phosphate and Nitrate). MSc Thesis, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, 2014.
  • Morrison, R. J.; Brown, P. L. Trace Metals in Fanga’uta Lagoon, Kingdom of Tonga. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2003, 46, 146–152. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00419-8
  • Fujita, M.; Ide, Y.; Sato, D.; Kench, P. S.; Kuwahara, Y.; Yokoki, H.; Kayanne, H. Heavy Metal Contamination of Coastal Lagoon Sediments: Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. Chemosphere 2014, 95, 628–634. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.023
  • Morrison, R. J.; Munro, A. J. Waste Management in the Small Island Developing States of the South Pacific: An Overview. Aust. J. Environ. Manage. 1999, 6, 232–246. doi:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648474
  • Gangaiya, P.; Tabudravu, J.; South, R.; Sotheeswaran, S. Heavy Metal Contamination of the Lami Coastal Environment, Fiji. S Pac. J. Nat. App. Sci. 2001, 19, 24–29. doi:10.1071/SP01005
  • Fiji Department of Environment. 2008. National Solid Waste Management Strategy & Action Plans 2008–2010. https://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Fiji/12.pdf.
  • Mani, F. S.; Maata, M.; Gronert, R.; Harvey, M.; Chand, S. 2016 Landfill Gas Generation and Methane Recovery at Naboro Landfill, Fiji Islands: A Case Study from a Developing Pacific Island Country. In 9th Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium; Noboribetsu Onsen; Hokkaido, Japan.
  • Maata, M.; Koshy, K. A Study on Tributyltin Contamination of Marine Sediments in the Major Ports of Fiji. S Pac. J. Nat. App. Sci. 2001, 19, 1–4. doi:10.1071/SP01001
  • Ali, H.; Khan, E.; Sajad, M. A. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals—Concepts and Applications. Chemosphere 2013, 91, 869–881. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075
  • World Bank. 2019. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing, Value Added (% of GDP0) | Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (accessed 25 July 2019).
  • Szmedra, P. The Health Impacts of Pesticide Use on Sugarcane Farmers in Fiji. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 1999, 11, 82–88. doi:10.1177/101053959901100206
  • UNESCAP. 2002. Organic Agriculture and Rural Poverty Alleviation: Potential and Best Practices in Asia. https://www.ifad.org/en/web/ioe/evaluation/asset/39835482.
  • Nichols, S. The Priority Environmental Concerns of Papua New Guinea; SPREP: Apia, Samoa, 2004.
  • PNG report. 2019. A Commitment to Sustainable Mining. https://www.pngreport.com/company-profiles/partnercontent/1366984/commitment-to-sustainable-mining (accessed 8 February 2019).
  • Dupon, J. F. The Effects of Mining on the Environment of High Islands: A Case Study of Nickel Mining in New Caledonia. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, South Pacific Commission: Noumea, New Caledonia, 1986.
  • Lottermoser, B. G. Mine Wastes: characterization, Treatment and Environmental Impacts; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2007.
  • Adler, R.; Rascher, J. A Strategy for the Management of Acid Mine Drainage from Gold Mines in Gauteng; CSIR: Pretoria, 2007.
  • Adler, R. A.; Claassen, M.; Godfrey, L.; Turton, A. R. Water, Mining, and Waste: An Historical and Economic Perspective on Conflict Management in South Africa. Econ. Peace Secur. J. 2007, 2, 1–9. doi:10.15355/epsj.2.2.33
  • Renaud, K.; Perez, A.; Wilburn, D.; Plazza-Toledo, M.; Xun, S.; Hastorun, S.; Buteyn, S.; Fong-Sam, Y. 2019 The Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific. https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb3-2015-asiapacificsum.pdf.
  • Pasquet, C.; Le Monier, P.; Monna, F.; Durlet, C.; Brigaud, B.; Losno, R.; Chateau, C.; Laporte-Magoni, C.; Gunkel-Grillon, P. Impact of Nickel Mining in New Caledonia Assessed by Compositional Data Analysis of Lichens. Springerplus 2016, 5, 2022. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3681-4
  • Brown, M. J. F. A Development Consequence—Disposal of Mining Waste on Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Geoforum 1974, 5, 19–27. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(74)90003-7
  • Tawake, A. 2012 Environmental impacts of terrestrial mining with case studies and comparison to potential impacts of deep-sea mining. In Pacific ACP States Regional Training Workshop on Geological, Technological, Biological and Environmental Aspects of Deep-Sea Minerals; SOPAC: Nadi, Fiji. http://dsm.gsd.spc.int/public/files/meetings/15_Session14_Environmental_Impact_of_Terrestrial_Minning_Akuila_Tawake.pdf.
  • Sowei, J. 2002 Papua New Guinea Environment Monitor. World Bank: Washington, DC, USA. https://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn4272970.
  • H. Tolia, D.; Petterson, M. The Gold Ridge Mine, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands’ First Gold Mine: A Case Study in Stakeholder Consultation. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 2005, 250, 149–159. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.250.01.15
  • Monfils, R.; Gilbert, T.; Nawadra, S. Sunken WWII Shipwrecks of the Pacific and East Asia: The Need for Regional Collaboration to Address the Potential Marine Pollution Threat. Ocean Coastal Manage. 2006, 49, 779–788. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.011
  • Jeffery, B. 2008. Diving World War II Wrecks of Truk Lagoon. https://earthwatch.org/briefings/jeffery_briefing.pdf (accessed on 11/18/2019).
  • Barrett, M. J. Potentially Polluting Shipwrecks. PhD Thesis, Duke University, North Carolina, 2011. https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/44/4/SS0440040721.
  • SPREP. 2002. A Regional Strategy to Address Marine Pollution from World War II Wrecks. https://www.sprep.org/news/sprep-hopes-more-action-war-wrecks-and-nuclear-contamination (accessed 25 July 2019).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.