Publication Cover
Iran
Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
Volume 51, 2013 - Issue 1
59
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Four-Armed Goddess from Ancient Chorasmia: History, Iconography and Style of an Ancient Chorasmian Icon

Pages 111-143 | Published online: 23 Mar 2017

Bibliography

  • Ambos, C. 2003. “Nanaja—eine ikonographische Studie zur Darstellung einer altorientalischen Göttin in hellenistisch-parthischer Zeit”, ZA 93: 231–72.
  • Azarpay, G. 1969. “Nine inscribed Choresmian Bowls”, Artibus Asiae 13/2–3: 185–203.
  • Azarpay, G. 1976. “Nana, the Sumero-Akkadian Goddess of Transoxiana”, JAOS 96/4: 536–42.
  • Bader, O.N. and Smirnov, A.P. 1954. “Serebro zakamskoe” pervikh vekov nashei éri. Bartymskoe mestonakhozhden. Tr. GIM: Pamyatniki kul'tury XIII, Moscow.
  • Bajpakov, K.M. and Grenet, F. 1992. “Nouvelles données sur la culture sogdienne dans les villes médiévales du Kazakhstan”, St Ir 21: 33–48.
  • Becatti, G. 1960. La colonna coclide istoriata: problemi storici, iconografici, stilistici, “L'Erma” di Bretschneider, Rome.
  • Belenizki, A.M. 1980. Mittelasien Kunst der Sogden, E.A. Seemann, Leipzig.
  • Bianchi Bandinelli, R. 1955. Hellenistic-Byzantine Miniatures of the Iliad, Urs Graf-Verlag, Olten.
  • Bianchi Bandinelli, R. 1970. Roma. La fine dell'arte antica, Feltrinelli, Milan.
  • Al-Bīrunī. 1879. The Chronology of Ancient Nations (Translated and edited, with notes and index by E.C. Sachau), London.
  • Bosworth, C.E. 1978. “Khwārazm”.s. v., in E. Van Donzel, B. Lewis et al. (eds.) EI2, Leiden: 1060–65.
  • Brentjes, B. 1971. “Romulus und Remus mit der Wölfin aus Nordtadshikistan”, CAsJ 15: 183–85.
  • Buchthal, H. 1945. “The Haughton Collection of Gandhāra Sculpture”, The Burlington magazine for connoisseurs 86/504: 66–71.
  • Bussagli, M. 1984. L'arte del Gandhāra, UTET, Turin.
  • Callieri, P. 1997. Seal and sealings from the North-West of the Indian Subcontinent and Afghanistan (4th Century BC-11th Century AD). Local, Indian, Sasanian, Graeco-Persian, Sogdian, Roman, IsIAO, Naples.
  • Callieri, P. 2006. “Buddhist Presence in Urban Settlements of Swat, Second Century BCE to Fourth Century CE”, in P. Brancaccio and K. Behrendt (eds.), Gandhāran Buddhism: archaeology, arts, texts, University of British Columbia PressCambon, p. 2010 . Pakistan. Terre de rencontre (Ier-VIème siècle), RMN/Musée Guimet, Paris.
  • Cameron, A. 1985. “The date and the owner of the Esquiline Treasure”, AJA 89: 135–45.
  • Capps, E. 1927. “The Style of the Consular Diptychs”, The Art Bulletin 10/1: 60–101.
  • Chuvin, P. 1996. “Les ambassades byzantines auprès des premiers souverains tures de Sogdiane”, Cahiers d'Asie Centrale, 1/2: 345–55.
  • Crawford, M.H. 1975. Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press, London.
  • Cribb, J. 1999. “The Early Kushan Kings—New Evidence for Chronology—Evidence from the Rabatak Inscription of Kanisha I”, in M. Alram and D.E. Klimburg-Salter (eds.), Coins, Art and Chronology. Essays on the pre-Islamic History of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, Vienna: 177–206.
  • Dagron, G. 1991. Costantinopoli. Nascita di una capitale (330–451), G. Einaudi, Turin.
  • Dalton, O.M. 1926. The Treasure of the Oxus: with other objects from Ancient Persia and India, British Museum, London.
  • Darkevich, V.P. 1976. Khudozhestvennyĭ metall Vostoka VIII-XIII vv.: Proizvedeniya vostochnoĭ torevtiki na territorii evropeĭskolĭchasti SSSR i Zaural'ya, Nauka, Moscow.
  • Delbrueck, R. 1929. Die Consulardiptychen und verwandte Denkmaler, Berlin.
  • Dobrovits, M. 2011. “The Altaic world through Byzantine eyes: some remarks on the historical circumstances of Zemarchus’ journey to the Turks (AD 569–770)”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64/4: 373–409.
  • Dodd, E.C. 1961. Byzantine Silver Stamps, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, D. 2008. “Khwarezmian in the Islamic Period” in de La Vaissière (ed.), Islamisation de l'Asie Centrale. Processus locaux d'acculturation du VII au XII siècle, Peeters, Paris: 199–213.
  • D'yakonova N.V. and Smirnova, O.I. 1967. “K voprosu o kul'te Nany (Anakhity) v Sogde”, Sov Arkh 1: 74–83.
  • Ecsedy, I. 2000. “Contacts between Byzantium and Iran”, in Cs. Bàlint (ed.), Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe in 6–7 Jh., Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 9, Budapest: 209–13.
  • Edwards, C.M. 1990. “Tyche at Corinth”, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 59/3: 529–12.
  • Effenberger, A. 1977. “Die Grabstele aus Medinet al-Fajum. Zum Bild der stillenden Gottesmutter in der koptischen Kunst”, Forschungen und Berichte 18: 158–68.
  • Effenberger, A. et al. 1978. Spätantike und frühbyzantinische Silbergefässe aus der Staatlichen Ermitage Leningrad, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin.
  • Facenna, D. 1962. Sculptures from the Sacred Area of Butkara I (Swat, Pakistan), IsMEO, Rome.
  • Fajans, S. 1957. “Recent Russian Literature on newly found Middle Eastern Metal Vessels”, AO 2: 55–76.
  • Fedorov, M. 2006. “The ancient kings of Khwarezm”, AMIT 38: 347–54.
  • Fedorov, M. and Kuznetsov, A. 2011. “On some previously unknown Khwarazmian drachms and the names of rulers on them”, Iran 49: 79–88.
  • Francfort, H.P. 1984. Fouilles d'Ai Khanoum III. Le sanctuaire du temple à niches indentées, MDAFA XXVII, Paris.
  • Frye R.N. 1998. The Heritage of Central Asia. From Antiquity to the Turkish Expansion, Markus Wiener, Princeton, NJ.
  • Fussmann, G. and Le Berre, M. 1976. Monuments Bouddhiques de la région de Caboul. Le monastère de Gul Dara. MDAFA XXII, Paris.
  • Gariboldi, A. 2004. “Astral symbology on Iranian coinage”, EW 54/1–4: 31–53.
  • Ghose, M. 2005. “A rare image of the Goddess Nana from Afghanistan”, in O. Bopearachchi, and M.-F. Boussac, (eds.), Afghanistan. Ancien carrefour entre I'Est et l'Ouest. Actes du Colloque international organisé par Ch. Landes et O. Bopearachchi au Musée archéologique Henri-Prades-Lattes du 5 au 7 mai 2003, Bruxelles: 259–70.
  • Ghose, M. 2006. “Nana the ‘original’ goddess on the lion”, Journal of Inner Asia Art and Archaeology 1: 97–112.
  • Gibb, H.A.R. 1970. The Arab conquests in Central Asia, AMS Press, New York.
  • Gnoli, G. 1963. “The Tyche and the Dioscuri in ancient sculptures from the Valley of Swat”, EW 14: 29–37.
  • Göbl, R. 1984. System und Chronologie der Münzprägung des Kusanreiches, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna.
  • Grenet, F. 1984. Les pratiques funéraires dans l'Asie centrale sédentaire de la conquête grecque à l'islamisation, Éditions du CNRS, Paris.
  • Grenet, F. 1986. “L'art Zoroastrien en Sogdiane: études d'iconographie funéraire” Mesopotamia 21: 97–131.
  • Grenet, F. 1996a. “Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux IV-V siècles: de l'héritage antique a l'adoption de modèles Sassanides”, in La Persia e l'Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo. Atti del Convegno (Roma 9–12 dicembre 1994), Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 367–400.
  • Grenet, F. 1996b. “Les marchands sogdiens dans les mers du Sud à l'époque préislamique”, Cahiers d'Asie centrale 1/2: 65–84.
  • Grenet, F. 2005. “The self-image of the Sogdians”, in E. de la Vaissière and E. Trombert (eds.), Les Sogdiens en Chine, École française d'Extrême-Orient, Paris: 123–40.
  • Grenet, F. and la Vaissière, É. de 2002. “The last days of Penjikent”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 8: 155–96.
  • Grenet, F. and Marshak, B.I. 1998. “Le mythe de Nana dans l'art de la Sogdiane”, Arts Asiatiques 53: 5–18.
  • Gropp, G. 1974. Archäologische Funde aus Khotan Chinesisch- Ostturkestan, Rover, Bremen.
  • Gudkova, A.V. 1964. Tok-kala, Tashkent.
  • Gudkova, A.V. 1968. “Novye materialy po pogrebal'nomu obryadu v Kerdere” in Istoriya, arkheologiya i étnografiya Sredneĭ Azii. K 60-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya chlena-korrespondenta AN SSSR, doktora istoricheskikh nauk, professera S.P. Tolstova: Nauka, Moscow, 214–23.
  • Gudkova, A.V. and Livshits, V.A. 1967. “Novye khorezmilskie nadpisi iz nekropolya Tok-kala i problema ‘Khorezmyskoy eri’”, Vestnik Karakalpakskogo filiala Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoĭ S.S.R. 1/27: 3–19.
  • Hannestad, K. 1957. “Les relations de Byzance avec la Transcaucasie et L'Asie Centrale aux 5e et 6e siècles”, Byzantion 27: 421–56.
  • Harmatta, J. 2000. “The struggle for the ‘Silk Route’ between Iran, Byzantium and the Turk Empire from 560 to 630 AD”, in Cs. Bàlint (ed.), Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe in 6–7 Jh., Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 9, Budapest: 250–52.
  • Harper, P.O. (ed.) 1978. The royal hunter: art of the Sasanian Empire, Asia Society, New York.
  • Harper, P.O. (ed.) 1979. “Throne and enthronement scenes in Sasanian Art”, Iran 17: 49–64.
  • Harper, P.O. (ed.) 1981. Silver vessels of the Sasanian Period, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton University Press, New York.
  • Hartel, H. 1993. Excavations at Sonkh: 2500 years of a town in Mathura district, D. Reimer, Berlin.
  • Henning, W. B. 1965a. “The Choresmian Documents”, Asia Major 11/2: 166–79.
  • Henning, W. B. 1965b. “A Sogdian God”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 28/2: 242–54.
  • Hirth, F. 1885. China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records, Shanghai & Hong Kong.
  • Jacoby, D. 2004. “Silk economics and cross-cultural artistic interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World and the Christian West”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58: 197–210.
  • Juliano, A.L. and Lerner, J.A. 2001. Monks and Merchants: Silk Road treasures from Northwest China. Gansu and Ningxia, 4th to 7th centuries, Harry N. Abrams, New York.
  • Khozhaniyazov, G. 2005. The military architecture of Ancient Chorasmia (6th century B.C.-4th century A.D.) (Translated and emended by S.W. Helms, with a contribution by A. Betts). Persika 7, Paris.
  • Kidd, F. and Betts, A.V.G. 2010. “Entre le fleuve et la steppe: nouvelles perspectives sur le Khorezm Ancien”, Comptes Rendus de séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 2: 637–86.
  • Klimburg-Salter, D.E. (ed.) 1995. Buddha in Indien, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Milan/Vienna.
  • Kollwitz, J. 1941–1978. Ostromische Plastik der Theodosianischen Zeit, de Gruyter, Berlin.
  • La Vaissière, E. de 2000. “Les marchands d'Asie Centrale dans l'Empire Khazar”, in M. Kazanski et al. (eds.), Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient, Réalités byzantines 7, Paris: 367–78.
  • La Vaissière, E. de 2005. Sogdian Traders. A History, Brill, Leiden/Boston.
  • Leader, R.E. 2000. “The David Plates Revisited: transforming the Secular in Early Byzantium”, The Art Bulletin 82/3: 402–27.
  • Leshchenko Yu.V. 1970. “Novoe Vizantiĭskoe blyudo iz Verkhnego Prikam'ya”, Soobstseniya Gosudarstvennogo Érmitazha 31: 49–51.
  • Livshits, V.A. 1968. “The Khwarezmian Calendar and the Eras of Ancient Chorasmia”, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16: 433–46.
  • Livshits, V.A. 1970. “Khorezmiĭskrĭ kalendar’ i éry drevnego khorezma”, Palestinskiĭ Shornik 21/84: 161–169.
  • Livshits, V.A. 1979. “Praviteli Pancha. Sogdiicy I Tiurki” Narodi Azii i Afriki 4: 56–68.
  • Livshits, V.A. 1984. “Dokumenti” in Yu.A. Rapoport and E.E. Nerazik (eds.), Toprak-kala. Dvorets. Trudy Khorezmskoĭ arkheologo-ètnograficheskoī èkspeditsii XIV, Moscow: 251–86.
  • Livshits, V.A. 2003. “Three Silver Bowls from the Isakovka Burial-Ground No. 1 with Khwarezmian and Parthian Inscriptions”, Ancient Civilisations from Scythia to Siberia 9/1–2: 147–72.
  • Livshits, V.A. and Lukonin, V.G. 1964. “Srednepersidskie i Sogdiĭskie nadpisi na serebryanykh sosudakh”, Vestnik drevneī istorii 3: 155–76.
  • Loeschner, H. 2008. “Notes on the Yuezhi-Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, Oriental Numismatic Society: www.onsnumis.org
  • Lopez, R.S. 1945. “Silk industry in the Byzantine Empire”, Speculum 20: 1–42.
  • Lurje, P.B. 2010. Personal Names is Sogdian Texts (Iranisches Personennamenbuch II/8), Vienna.
  • MacDowell, D.W. 1997. “Western Impact on the Coinage of the Great Kushans”, in R. Allchin, B. Allchin et al. (eds.), Gandhāran Art in Context. East-West Exchanges at the Crossroads of Asia, Regency Publications, New Delhi: 231–42.
  • MacKenzie, D.N. 1983. “Khwarazmian Language and Literature,” in E. Yarshater (ed.), CHIr, vol. III/2: 1244–49.
  • Marasco, G. 2004. “La magia e la guerra”, Millenium 1: 85–95.
  • Marshak, B.I. 1971. Sogdiĭskoe serebro. Ocherki po vostochnoĭ torevtik, Moscow.
  • Marshak, B.I. 1986. Silberschätze des Orients, Seemann, Leipzig.
  • Marshak, B.I. 1990. “Les fouilles de Pendjikent”, Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 134e année, 1: 286–313.
  • Marshak, B.I. and Raspopova, V.l. 1998. “Les trouvailles dans la chapelle Nord-Ouest du Temple II de Pendjikent. A propos de l'héritage classique dans l'art sogdien”, Bulletin of the Asian Institute, New Series 12: 161–69.
  • Matsulevich, L.A. 1940. “Vizantiĭskil antik i prikam'e”, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR: 139–58.
  • Maxwell, T.S. 1997. The Gods of Asia, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
  • Menander. 1985. The History of Menander the Guardsman. Introductory essay, text, translation, and historiographical notes (by) R.C. Blockley, Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 17, ARCA, Liverpool.
  • Mode, M. 1989. “Frühe sogdische Kultbilder”, AMI 22: 231–51.
  • Mode, M. 1991/1992. “Sogdian gods in exile—Some iconographic evidence from Khotan in the light of recently excavated material from Sogdiana”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 2: 179–214.
  • Mode, M. 2003. “Die Religion der Sogder im Spiegel ihrer Kunst”, in K. Jettmar and E. Kattner (eds.), Die vorislamischen Religionen Mittelasiens, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart: 141–218.
  • Moravcsik, G. 1958. Byzantinoturcica, Berlin.
  • Mukherjee, B.N. 1969. Nana on lion: a study in Kushana Numismatic Art, Asiatic Society, Calcutta.
  • Müller, K.O. 1841–1883. Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, Ambrosio Firmin Didot, Paris.
  • Mundell Mango, M. 1986. Silver from Early Byzantium: the Kaper Koraon and Related Treasures, The Walter Art Gallery, Baltimore.
  • Mundell Mango, M. 1998. “The Archaeological context of finds of silver in and beyond the Eastern Empire”, in Acta XII Congressus Internationalis Archaeologiae Christianae, Vatican City: 207–52.
  • Mundell Mango, M. 2000. “Byzantine, Sasanian and Central Asian Silver”, Cs. Bàlint (ed.), Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe in 6–7 Jh., Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 9, Budapest: 267–84.
  • Mundell Mango, M. 2006. “Silver in Changing Contexts”, in F. Althaus, M. Sutcliffe (eds.), The Road to Byzantium. Luxury Arts of Antiquity, Fontanka, London: 59–65.
  • Mundell Mango, M. (ed.) 2009. Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th Centuries, Ashgate Farnham.
  • Muthiesus, A. 1993. “The Byzantine silk industry: Lopez and beyond”, Journal of Medieval History 19: 1–67.
  • Netzer, N. 1983. “Redating the Consular Ivory of Orestes”, The Burlington Magazine 125/962: 265–71.
  • Noonan, T.S. 1980. “When and how dirhams first reached Russia”, Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 21: 401–69.
  • Noonan, T.S. 1982. “Russia, the Near East, and the Steppe in the Early Medieval Period: an examination of the Sasanian and Byzantine finds from the Kama-Ural Area”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2: 296–302.
  • Noonan, T.S. 1985. “Khwarāzmian coins of the Eighth Century from Eastern Europe: the Post-Sasanian Interlude in the relations between Central Asia and European Russia”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 6: 243–47.
  • Noonan, T.S. 2000. “The Fur Road and the Silk Road: the relation between Central Asia and Northern Russia in the Early Middle Ages”, in Cs. Bàlint (ed.), Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe in 6–7 Jh., Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 9, Budapest: 285–301.
  • Oikonomides, N. 1986. “Silk trade and production in Byzantium from the Sixth to the Ninth Century: the seals of Kommerikiaroi”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 40: 33–53.
  • Ostrogorsky, G. 1963. Storia dell'Impero Bizantino, Einaudi, Rome.
  • Pekarskaja, L.V. and Kidd, D. 1994. Der Silberschatz von Martynovka (Ukraine) aus dem 6. und 7. Jahrhundert, Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck.
  • Pekarskaja, L.V. and Kidd, D. 1995. “New insight into the hoard of 6th-7th century silver from Martynovka (Ukraine)”, in F. Vallet and M. Kazanski (eds.), La noblesse romaine et les chefs barbares du III au VII siècle, Tome IX des Mémoires publiées par l'Association Française d'Archéologie Mérovingienne (AFAM), Paris: 351–60.
  • Potts, D.T. 2001. “Nana in Bactria”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 7: 23–35.
  • Procopius Caesarensis, Works, with an Eng. tr. by H.B. Dewing, 1914–1940, Harvard University Press, Cambridge - W. Heinemann, London.
  • Pugachenkova, G.A. 1971. Skul'ptura Khalchayana, Moscow.
  • Pugachenkova, G.A. and Rempel, L.I. 1960. Vydayushchiesya pamyatniki izobrazitel'nogo iskusstva Uzbekistana, Tashkent.
  • Rapoport, Yu.A. 1971. Iz istorii religii Drevnego Khorezma (ossuarii). Trudy Khorezmskoĭ arkheologo-étnograficheskoĭ ékspeditsii VI, Moscow.
  • Rapoport, Yu.A. and Nerazik, E.E. 1984. Toprak-Kala. Dvorets, Tr.KhAEE XIV, Moscow.
  • Raspopova, V. 1999. “Gold Coins and Bracteates from Pendjikent”, in M. Alram and E. Klimburg-Salter (eds.), Coins, Art and Chronology. Essays on the pre-Islamic History of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, Vienna: 453–60.
  • Rempel'L.I. 1987. Tsep'vremen. Vekovye obrazy i brodyachie syuzhety v traditsionnom iskusstve Sredneĭ Azii, Tashkent.
  • Riboud, P. 2005. “Réflexions sur les pratiques religieuses désignées sous le nom de Xian”, in E. de la Vaissière and E. Trombert (eds.), Les Sogdiens en Chine, École française d'Extrême-Orient, Paris: 73–92.
  • Rosenfield, J.M. 1967. The dynastic arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Ross, M.C. 1957. “Two Gem Carvings of the IV century AD”, AJA 61/2: 173–74.
  • Ross, M.C. 1962. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Vol. 1, Washington.
  • Rostovzteff, M.I. 1933. “Hadad and Atargatis at Palmyra”, AJA 37/1: 58–63.
  • Rostovzteff, M.I. 1957. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Rostovtzeff, M.I., Brown, F.E. and Wells, C.B. (eds.) 1939. The excavations at Dura-Europos, conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. Preliminary report of the Seventh Season and Eight Season of work 1933–1934 and 1934–1935, Yale University Press, Prague.
  • Rowland, B. 1966a. “The Tyche of Hadda”, Oriental Art 12/3: 183–89.
  • Rowland, B. 1966b. Ancient Art from Afghanistan, The Asia Society, New York.
  • Seipel, W. (ed.) 1996. Weihrauch und Seide: Alte Kulturen an der Seidenstrasse. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 21. Jänner bis 14. April 1996, Skira, Milan.
  • Shelton, K.T. 1979. “Imperial Tyches”, Gesta 18/1: 27–38.
  • Shelton, K.T. 1985. “The Esquiline Treasure: nature of the evidence”, AJA 89/1: 147–55.
  • Shishkin, V.A. 1963. Varakhsha, Moscow.
  • Sims-Williams, N. 2008. “The Bactrian inscription of Rabatak: a new reading”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 18: 53–68.
  • Sims-Williams, N. and Cribb, J. 1996. “A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 4: 75–142.
  • Sinor, D. (ed.) 1990. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Smirnov, Ia.I. 1909. Vostochnoe serebro. Atlas drevnei serebrianoi i zolotoi posudy vostochnogo proiskhozhdeniia, naidennoi preimushchestvenno v predelakh Rossiiskoi imperii. Izdanie Imperatorskoi Arkheologicheskoi Kommissii ko dniu piatidesiatiletiia eia deiatel'nosti, Nauka, St Petersburg.
  • Smirnova, O.I. 1963. Katalog monet s gorodishcha Pendzhikent (materialy 1949–1956 gg.), Nauka, Moscow.
  • Smith, E.B. 1917. “The Alexandrian origin of the Chair of Maximianus”, AJA 21/1: 22–37.
  • Snezarev, G.P. 2003. Remnants of Pre-Islamic Beliefs and Rituals among the Khorezm Uzbeks, (translated from the Russian by Reinhold Schletzer), Berlin.
  • Spink, M.W. 2005–2009. Ajanta: History and Development, 5 vv., Brill, Leiden/Boston.
  • Srinivasan, D.M. 1997. Many heads, arms and eyes. Origin, meaning and form of multiplicity in Indian Art, Brill, Leiden.
  • Stark, S. 2008. Die Altturkenzeit in Mittel-und Zentralasien, Reichert, Wiesbaden.
  • Stein, E. 1949. Histoire du Bas Empire, Paris.
  • Stillwell, R., Scranton, R. et al. 1941. “Architecture”, Corinth 1/2, Athens.
  • Al-Ṭabarī 1987–1997. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Ed. E. Yar-Shater (38 volumes), SUNY Press, New York.
  • Taddei, M. 2003. On Gandhāra: collected articles, ed. Verardi G. and Filgenzi A., Naples.
  • Takata, O. 2006. Ajanta Paintings, Photographs by T. Ohmura, Tokyo.
  • Tanabe, K. 1995. “Nana on Lion”, Orient 30–31: 309–34.
  • Teixidor, J. 1979. The Pantheon of Palmyra, Brill, Leiden.
  • Thierry, F. and Morrisson, C. 1994. “Sur les monnaies Byzantines trouvées en Chine”, Revue Numismatique 36, VI Série: 109–45.
  • Tolstov, S.P. 1948a. Drevniĭ Khorezm, Moscow.
  • Tolstov, S.P. Po sledam drevnekhorezmiĭskoĭ tsivilizatsii, Moscow.
  • Tolstov, S.P. and Livshits, V.A. 1964a. “Datirovannye nadpisi na khorezmiĭskikh ossuariyakh s gorodishcha Tok-kala”, Sovetskaya ètnografiya 2: 50–69.
  • Tolstov, S.P. and Livshits, V.A. 1964b. “Decipherment and interpretation of the Kwhwarezmian inscriptions from Tok-kala”, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 12: 231–51.
  • Tolstov, S.P. and Valnberg, B.I. 1967. Koĭ-Krylgan-kala—pamyatnik kul'tury drevnego Khorezma IV v. do n.é.-IV v. n.é. Trudy Khorezmskoī arkheologo-étnograficheskoĭ ékspeditsii V, Moscow.
  • Toynbee, J.C.M. 1947. “Roma and Constantinopolis in Late- Antique Art from 312 to 365”, The Journal of Roman Studies 37, Parts 1 and 2: 135 44.
  • Trever, K.V. 1940. Pamyatniki Greko-baktriiskogo iskusstva, Moscow/Leningrad.
  • Trever, K.V. and Lukonin, V.G. 1987. Sasanidskoe serebro: khudozhestvennaya kul'tura Irana III-VIII vekov. Sobranie Gosudarstvennogo Érmitazha, Moscow.
  • Vaĭnberg, B.I. 1977. Monety drevnego Khorezma, Moscow.
  • Vaĭnberg, B.I. 2001. “Khorezmiĭskaya éra”, in Drevnie tsivilizatsii Evrazii istoriya i kul'tura. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchnoĭ konferentsii, posvyashchennoĭ 75-letiyu deĭstvitel ‘nogo chlena Akademii nauk Tadzhikistana, akademika RAEN, doktora istoricheskikh nauk, professera B.A. Litvinskogo (Moskva, 14–16 oktyabrya 1998 g.), Moscow: 136–41.
  • Vaĭnberg, B.I. 2004. Kalaly-gyr 2. Kul'tovyĭ tsentr v Drevnem Khorezme IV-II vv. do n.é., Moscow.
  • Volbach, W.F. 1961. Early Christian Art, Thames and Hudson, London.
  • Volbach, W.F. 1974. “Die Langobardische Kunst und ihre Byzantinischen Einflüsse”, in Atti del Convegno internazionale sul tema: La civiltà dei Longobardi in Europa: (Roma, 24–26 maggio 1971) (Cividale del Friuli, 27–28 maggio 1971), Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma: 141–155.
  • Wang, H. 2004. Money on the Silk Road. The evidence from Eastern Central Asia to c. AD 800, British Museum Press, London.
  • Ward, R. 1993. Islamic Metalwork, British Museum Press, London.
  • Watt, C.Y. (ed.) 2004. China. Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York/Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Werner, J. 1974. “Nomadische Gürtel bei Persern, Byzantinern und Langobarden”, in Atti del Convegno internazionale sul tema: La civiltà dei Longobardi in Europa (Roma, 24–26 maggio 1971) (Cividale del Friuli, 27–28 maggio 1971), Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome: 109–39.
  • Werner, J. 1984. Der Grabfund von Malaja Perescepina und Kuvrat, Kagan der Bulgaren, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich.
  • Whitehouse, D. and Williamson, A. 1973. “Sasanian Maritime Trade”, Iran 11: 29–50.
  • Yagodin, V.N. and Khodzhaĭov T.K. 1970. Nekropol'drevnego Mizdakhkana, Tashkent.
  • Yagodin, V.N., Betts, A.V.G. and Blau, S. 2007. Ancient Nomads of the Aralo-Caspian Region. The Duana Archaeological Complex. University of Sydney Central Asian Programme, Peeters, Leuven.
  • Yagodin, V.N., Betts, A.V.G. et al. 2009. “Karakalpak-Australian Excavations in Ancient Chorasmia. An Interim Report on the Kazakly-yatkan Wall Paintings: The ‘Portrait’ Gallery”. Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 4: 7–41.
  • Ying, L. 2000/2001. “Some Chinese Sources on the Khazars and Khwarazm”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 11: 339–64.
  • Zwalf, W. 1996. A Catalogue of the Gandhāra Sculpture in the British Museum, British Museum Press, London.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.