Empirical modelling of maximum weekly average stream temperature in British Columbia, Canada, to support assessment of fish habitat suitability

References

• Allen D., W. Dietrich, P. Baker, F. Ligon, and B. Orr. 2007. “Development of a Mechanistically Based, Basin-Scale Stream Temperature Model: Applications to Cumulative Effects Modeling.” In Proceedings of the Redwood Region Forest Science Symposium: What Does The Future Hold? Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-194, edited by R. B. Standiford, G. A. Giusti, Y. Valachovic, W. J. Zielinski, and M. J. Furniss, 11–24. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Bilby , R. E. 1984 . Characteristics and Frequency of Cool-Water Areas in a Western Washington Stream . Journal of Freshwater Ecology , 2 : 593 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. E. , Hannah , D. M. and Milner , A. M. 2006 . Hydroclimatological Influences on Water Column and Streambed Thermal Dynamics in an Alpine River System . Journal of Hydrology , 325 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caissie , D. 2006 . The Thermal Regime of Rivers: A Review . Freshwater Biology , 51 : 1389 – 1406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. D. , Carsel , R. J. , McCutcheon , S. C. and Nutter , W. L. 1998a . Stream Temperature Simulation of Riparian Areas: I. Watershed-Scale Model Development . Journal of Environmental Engineering , 124 : 304 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. D. , McCutcheon , S. C. , Norton , D. J. and Nutter , W. L. 1998b . Stream Temperature Simulation of Riparian Areas: II. Model Application . Journal of Environmental Engineering , 124 : 316 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , C. , Jones , N. E. and Allin , L. 2010 . Linking the Thermal Regimes of Streams in the Great Lakes Basin, Ontario, to Landscape and Climate Variables . River Research and Applications , 26 : 221 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , E. , Webb , B. W. and Ladle , M. 1999 . Microthermal Gradients and Ecological Implications in Dorset Rivers . Hydrological Processes , 13 : 423 – 438 .
   Google Scholar
• Daigle , A. , St-Hilaire , A. , Peters , D. and Baird , D. 2010 . Multivariate Modelling of Water Temperature in the Okanagan Watershed . Canadian Water Resources Journal , 35 : 237 – 258 . doi: 10.4296/cwrj3503237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , B. , Church , M. and Ham , D. 2002 . Scaling and Regionalization of Flood Flows in British Columbia, Canada . Hydrological Processes , 16 : 3245 – 3263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, B., and R. D. Moore. 2010. “Regional Hydrology.” In Compendium of Forest Hydrology and Geomorphology in British Columbia Land Management Handbook 66, edited by R. G. Pike, T. E. Redding, R. D. Moore, R. D. Winkler, and K. D. Bladon, 85–110. Victoria and Kamloops, BC: BC Ministry of Forests and Range Research Branch, and FORREX Forest Research Extension Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , J. G. , McCormick , J. H. , Goodno , B. E. , O’Brien , D. G. , Stefan , H. G. , Hondzo , M. and Scheller , R. M. 1995 . A Field Information-Based System for Estimating Fish Temperature Tolerances . Fisheries , 20 : 10 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , J. G. and Scheller , R. M. 1996 . Effects of Climate Warming on Fish Thermal Habitat in Streams of the United States . Limnology and Oceanography , 41 : 1109 – 1115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebersole , J. L. , Liss , W. J. and Frissel , C. A. 2003 . Thermal Heterogeneity, Stream Channel Morphology, and Salmonid Abundance in Northeastern Oregon Streams . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science , 60 : 1266 – 1280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , B. , Sullivan , P. J. and Lembo , A. J. Jr. 2003 . Predicting Stream Temperatures: Geostatistical Model Comparison Using Alternative Distance Metrics . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science , 60 : 344 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , R. , Montgomery , S. and Austin , T. A. 1998 . Quantifying the Effects of Stream Discharge on Summer River Temperature . Hydrological Sciences Journal , 43 : 885 – 904 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann , A. and Wang , T. 2005 . Models of Climatic Normals for Genecology and Climate Change Studies in British Columbia . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 128 : 211 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hey , R. D. and Thorne , C. K. 1986 . Stable Channels with Mobile Gravel Beds . Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 112 : 671 – 689 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockey , J. B. , Owens , I. F. and Tapper , N. J. 1982 . Empirical and Theoretical Models to Isolate the Effect of Discharge on Summer Water Temperatures in the Hurunui River . Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) , 21 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Holtby , L. B. 1988 . Effects of Logging on Stream Temperatures in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, and Associated Impacts on the Coho Salmon (Oncorhyncus Kisutch) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science , 45 : 502 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrachowitz , M. , Soulsby , C. , Imholt , C. , Malcolm , I. A. and Tetzlaff , D. 2010 . Thermal Regimes in a Large Upland Salmon River: A Simple Model to Identify the Influence of Landscape Controls and Climate Change on Maximum Temperatures . Hydrological Processes , 24 : 3374 – 3391 .
   Google Scholar
• Isaak , D. J. and Hubert , W. A. 2001 . A Hypothesis About Factors That Affect Maximum Summer Stream Temperatures Across Montane Landscapes . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 37 : 351 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaak , D. J. , Luce , C. H. , Rieman , B. E. , Nagel , D. E. , Peterson , E. E. , Horan , D. L. , Parkes , S. and Chandler , G. L. 2010 . Effects of Climate Change and Wildfire on Stream Temperatures and Salmonid Thermal Habitat in a Mountain River Network . Ecological Applications , 20 : 1350 – 1371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelleher , C. , Wagener , T. , Gooseff , M. , McGlynn , B. , McGuire , K. and Marshall , L. 2011 . Investigating Controls on the Thermal Sensitivity of Pennsylvania Streams . Hydrological Processes , 26 : 771 – 785 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , T. E. , Lamphera , D. W. , McCanne , D. R. , Webb , A. S. , Krieter , J. P. and Conroy , W. D. 2000 . Regional Assessment of Stream Temperatures Across Northern California and Their Relationship to Various Landscape-Level and Site-Specific Attributes , Arcata , CA : Humboldt State University Foundation Forest Science Project .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , T. D. 2012 . Controls of Summer Stream Temperature in the Pacific Northwest . Journal of Hydrology , 475 : 323 – 335 . doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellina , E. , Moore , R. D. , Hinch , S. G. , Macdonald , J. S. and Pearson , G. 2002 . Stream Temperature Responses to Clear-Cut Logging in British Columbia: The Moderating Influences of Groundwater and Headwater Lakes . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science , 59 : 1886 – 1900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohseni , O. and Stefan , H. G. 1999 . Stream Temperature/Air Temperature Relationship: A Physical Interpretation . Journal of Hydrology , 218 : 128 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohseni , O. , Stefan , H. G. and Erickson , T. R. 1998 . A Nonlinear Regression Model for Weekly Stream Temperatures . Water Resources Research , 34 : 2685 – 2692 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , R. D. 2006 . Stream Temperature Patterns in British Columbia, Canada, Based on Routine Spot Measurements . Canadian Water Resources Journal , 31 : 41 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , R. D. , Spittlehouse , D. and Story , A. 2005a . Riparian Microclimate and Stream Temperature Response to Forest Harvesting: A Review . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 41 : 813 – 834 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , R. D. , Sutherland , P. , Gomi , T. and Dhakal , A. 2005b . Thermal Regime of a Headwater Stream Within a Clearcut, Coastal British Columbia, Canada . Hydrological Processes , 19 : 2591 – 2608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D., D. L. Spittlehouse, P. Whitfield, and K. Stahl. 2010. “Weather and Climate.” In Compendium of Forest Hydrology and Geomorphology in British Columbia. Land Management Handbook 66, edited by R. G. Pike, T. E. Redding, R. D. Moore, R. D. Winkler, and K. D. Bladon, 47–84. Victoria and Kamloops, BC: BC Ministry of Forests and Range Research Branch, and FORREX Forest Research Extension Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Morrill , J. C. , Bales , R. C. and Conklin , M. H. 2005 . Estimating Stream Temperature from Air Temperature: Implications for Future Water Quality . Journal of Environmental Engineering , 131 : 139 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelitz , M. A. , MacIsaac , E. A. and Peterman , R. M. 2007 . A Science-Based Approach for Identifying Temperature-Sensitive Streams for Rainbow Trout . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 27 : 405 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelitz, M. A., R. D. Moore, and E. Parkinson. 2008. Developing a Framework to Designate ‘Temperature Sensitive Streams’ in the B.C. Interior. Final Report Prepared by ESSA Technologies Ltd., University of British Columbia, and BC Ministry of Environment for BC Forest Science Program. Vancouver, BC: PricewaterhouseCoopers.
   Google Scholar
• Neter , J. , Kutner , M. H. , Nachtsheim , C. J. and Wasserman , W. 1996 . Applied Linear Statistical Models , 4th , New York : WCB McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , E. E. and Ver Hoef , J. M. 2010 . A Mixed-Model Moving-Average Approach to Geostatistical Modeling in Stream Networks . Ecology , 91 : 644 – 651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2013. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Reese-Hansen L., M. Nelitz, and E. Parkinson. 2012. Designating Temperature Sensitive Streams (TSS) in British Columbia: A Discussion Paper Exploring the Science, Policy, and Climate Change Considerations Associated with a TSS Designation Procedure. Victoria, BC: BC Ministry of Environment, Fisheries Management, Report RD# 123.
   Google Scholar
• Richards , J. , Moore , R. D. and Forrest , A. L. 2012 . Late-Summer Thermal Regime of a Small Proglacial Lake . Hydrological Processes , 26 : 2687 – 2695 . doi: 10.1002/hyp.8360
   Google Scholar
• Richter , A. and Kolmes , S. A. 2005 . Maximum Temperature Limits for Chinook, Coho, and Chum Salmon, and Steelhead Trout in the Pacific Northwest . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 13 : 23 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruesch , A. S. , Torgersen , C. E. , Lawler , J. J. , Olden , J. D. , Peterson , E. E. , Volk , C. J. and Lawrence , D. J. 2012 . Projected Climate-Induced Habitat Loss for Salmonids in the John Day River Network, Oregon, USA . Conservation Biology , 26 : 873 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz, J. G. 2001. “The Variability in Stream Temperatures in the Wenatchee National Forest and their Relationship to Physical, Geological, and Land Management Factors.” M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Division of Forest Management and Engineering, College of Forest Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Scott , M. C. , Helfman , G. S. , McTammany , M. E. , Benfield , E. F. and Bolstad , P. V. 2002 . Multiscale Influences on Physical and Chemical Stream Conditions across Blue Ridge Landscapes . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 38 : 1379 – 1392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons , D. B. and Albertson , M. L. 1963 . Uniform Water Conveyance Channels in Alluvial Material . Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers , 128 ( 1 ) : 65 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Spittlehouse , D. 2006 . ClimateBC: Your Access to Interpolated Climate Data for BC . Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin , 99 : 16 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Stahl , K. and Moore , R. D. 2006 . Influence of Watershed Glacier Coverage on Summer Streamflow in British Columbia, Canada . Water Resources Research , 42 : W06201 doi: 10.1029/2006WR005022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl , K. , Moore , R. D. , Floyer , J. A. , Asplin , M. G. and McKendry , I. G. 2006 . Comparison of Approaches for Spatial Interpolation of Daily Air Temperature in a Large Region with Complex Topography and Highly Variable Station Density . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 139 : 224 – 236 . doi: 10.10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , K. , Martin , D. J. , Cardwell , R. D. , Toll , J. E. and Duke , S. 2000 . An Analysis of the Effects of Temperature on Salmonids of the Pacific Northwest with Implications for Selecting Temperature Criteria , Portland , OR : Sustainable Ecosystems Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, K., J. Tooley, J. E. Caldwell, and P. Knudsen. 1990. Evaluation of Prediction Models and Characterization of Stream Temperature Regimes in Washington. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Report No. TFW-WQ3-90-006. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Tague , C. , Farrell , M. and Grant , G. 2007 . Hydrogeologic Controls on Summer Stream Temperatures in the McKenzie River Basin, Oregon . Hydrological Processes , 21 ( 24 ) : 3288 – 3300 . doi: 10.1002/hyp.6538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannote , R. L. and Sweeney , B. W. 1980 . Geographic Analysis of Thermal Equilibria: A Conceptual Model for Evaluating the Effect of Natural and Modified Thermal Regimes on Aquatic Insect Communities . The American Naturalist , 115 : 667 – 695 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , T. , Hamann , A. , Spittlehouse , D. L. and Murdock , T. Q. 2012 . ClimateWNA-High-Resolution Spatial Climate Data for Western North America . Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , 51 : 16 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , B. W. , Clack , P. D. and Walling , D. E. 2003 . Water-Air Temperature Relationships in a Devon River System and the Role of Flow . Hydrological Processes , 17 : 3069 – 3084 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , B. W. and Nobilis , F. 1997 . Long-Term Perspective on the Nature of the Air-Water Temperature Relationship: A Case Study . Hydrological Processes , 11 : 137 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehrly , K. E. , Brenden , T. O. and Wang , L. 2009 . A Comparison of Statistical Approaches for Predicting Stream Temperatures across Heterogeneous Landscapes . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 45 : 986 – 997 . doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00341.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehrly , K. E. , Wang , L. and Mitro , M. 2007 . Field-Based Estimates of Thermal Tolerance Limits for Trout: Incorporating Exposure Time and Temperature Fluctuation . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 136 : 365 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehrly, K. E., M. J. Wiley, and P. W. Seelbach. 1998. Landscape-Based Models that Predict July Thermal Characteristics of Lower Michigan Rivers. Lansing, MI: State of Michigan, Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Division Research Report Number 2037.
   Google Scholar
• Wehrly , K. E. , Wiley , M. J. and Seelbach , P. W. 2003 . Classifying Regional Variation in Thermal Regime Based on Stream Fish Community Patterns . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 132 : 18 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh , H. H. and Hodgson , G. R. 2008 . Amphibians as Metrics of Critical Biological Thresholds in Forested Headwater Streams of the Pacific Northwest . Freshwater Biology , 53 : 1470 – 1488 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.01963.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh , H. H. , Hodgson , G. R. , Harvey , B. C. and Roche , M. E. 2001 . Distribution of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Relation to Water Temperatures in Tributaries of the Mattole River, California . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 21 : 464 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar