542
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Insights from four decades of model development on the Waterloo Moraine: A review

, , &
Pages 149-166 | Received 19 Jan 2014, Accepted 02 Feb 2014, Published online: 23 Jun 2014

References

  • Bajc, A. F., H. A. J. Russell, and D. R. Sharpe. 2014. A three-dimensional hydrostratigraphic model of the Waterloo Moraine area, southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39(2): doi: 10.1080/07011784.2014.914794.
  • Bear, J. 1972. Dynamics of fluids in porous media. New York: American Elsevier.
  • Beckers, J., and E. O. Frind. 2000. Simulating groundwater flow and runoff for the Oro Moraine aquifer system. 1: Model formulation and conceptual analysis. Journal of Hydrology 229: 265–280.
  • Beckers, J., and E. O. Frind. 2001. Simulating groundwater flow and runoff for the Oro Moraine aquifer system. 2: Automated calibration and mass balance calculations. Journal of Hydrology 243: 73–90.
  • Bester, M., E. O. Frind, J. W. Molson, and D. L. Rudolph. 2006. Numerical investigation of road salt impact on an urban well field. Ground Water 44(2): 165–175.
  • Bethke, C. M., and T. M. Johnson. 2002. Paradox of groundwater age. Geology 30(4): 385–388.
  • Blackport, R. J. 1980. A hydrologic response model for excavations in multiaquifer groundwater systems. M.Sc. thesis, University of Waterloo.
  • Blackport, R. J., and L. Dorfman. 2014. Developing science-based policy for protecting the Waterloo Moraine groundwater resource. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39(2): doi: 10.1080/07011784.2014.914803.
  • Blackport, R. J., P. A. Meyer, and P. J. Martin. 2014. Toward an understanding of the Waterloo Moraine hydrogeology. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39(2). doi: 10.1080/07011784.2014.914795.
  • Braess, D., and C. König. 1995. A fast conjugate-gradient algorithm for three-dimensional groundwater flow problems. Bochum, Germany: Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
  • Burnett, R. D., and E. O. Frind. 1987. Simulation of contaminant transport in three dimensions. 1: The alternating direction Galerkin technique. Water Resources Research 23(4): 683–694.
  • Callow, I. 1996. Optimizing aquifer production for multiple well field conditions in Kitchener, Ontario. M.Sc. thesis, University of Waterloo.
  • CH2MHill and S. S. Papadopulos & Associates. 2003. Alder Creek groundwater study. Final Report. Prepared for the Regional Municipality of Waterloo. Kitchener, ON: CH2MHill Canada Ltd.
  • Chorley, D. W., and E. O. Frind. 1978. An iterative quasi three-dimensional finite element model for heterogeneous multi-aquifer systems. Water Resources Research 14(5): 943–952.
  • Cummings, D. I., H. A. J. Russell, and D. R. Sharpe. 2012. Buried-valley aquifers in the Canadian Prairies: Geology, hydrogeology, and origin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49: 987–1004.
  • Daus, A. D., and E. O. Frind. 1985. An Alternating Direction Galerkin Technique for simulation of contaminant transport in complex groundwater systems. Water Resouces Research 21(5): 653–664.
  • Daus, A. D., E. O. Frind, and E. A. Sudicky. 1985. Comparative error analysis in finite element formulations of the advection-dispersion equation. Advances in Water Resources 8(2): 86–95.
  • Diersch, H.-J. G. 2006. FEFLOW – Finite Element Subsurface Flow and Transport Simulation System – Reference Manual, User’s Manual, White Papers – Release 5.3. Berlin: WASY Institute for Water Resources Planning and Systems Research.
  • Evers, S., and D. N. Lerner. 1998. How uncertain is our estimate of a wellhead protection zone? Ground Water 36: 49–57.
  • Fogg, G. E. 1986. Groundwater flow and sand body interconnectedness in a thick, multiple-aquifer system. Water Resources Research 22(5): 679–694.
  • Franke, O. L., T. E. Reilly, D. W. Pollock, and J. W. LaBaugh. 1998. Estimating areas contributing recharge to wells: Lessons from previous studies. US Geological Survey Circular 1174. Denver, CO: US Geological Survey.
  • Frind, E. O. 1970. Theoretical analysis of aquifer response due to dewatering at Welland. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 7(2): 205–2l6.
  • Frind, E. O. 1979. Exact aquitard response functions for multiple aquifer systems. Advances in Water Resources 2: 77–82.
  • Frind, E. O., and J. W. Molson. 2004. A new particle tracking algorithm for finite element grids. Keynote lecture presented at Finite-Element Models, MODFLOW, and More Conference (sponsored by Int. Assoc. of Hydrological Sciences and US Geological Survey), Carlsbad, Czechia, 13–16 Sept. 2004.
  • Frind, E. O., J. W. Molson, and D. L. Rudolph. 2006. Well vulnerability: A quantitative approach for source water protection. Ground Water 44(5): 732–742.
  • Frind, E. O., D. S. Muhammad, and J. W. Molson. 2002. Delineation of three-dimensional capture zones in complex multi-aquifer systems. Ground Water 40(6): 586–589.
  • Frind, E. O., E. A. Sudicky, and S. L. Schellenberg. 1987. Micro-scale modelling in the study of plume evolution in heterogeneous media. Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 1(4): 263–279.
  • Frind, E. O., and M. J. Verge. 1978. Three-dimensional modelling of groundwater flow systems. Water Resources Research 14(5): 844–856.
  • Gelhar, L. W., and C. L. Axness. 1983. Three-dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers. Water Resources Research 19: 161–180.
  • Goode, D. 1996. Direct simulation of groundwater age. Water Resources Research 32(2): 289–296.
  • Harbaugh, A. W., E. R. Banta, M. C. Hill, and M. G. McDonald. 2000. MODFLOW-2000, the US Geological Survey modular ground-water model – User guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process. Open File Report 00-92. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey.
  • International Water Supply Ltd. 1973. Kitchener-Waterloo groundwater evaluation. Report to the Regional Municipality of Waterloo. Barrie, ON: International Water Supply Ltd.
  • Jones, J. P., M. R. Sousa, E. O. Frind, and D. L. Rudolph. 2009. Determining the influence of surface, unsaturated and saturated processes on source water protection strategies: A multi-model study. Presented at GeoHalifax 2009 – 62nd Canadian Geotechnical Conference & 10th Joint CGS/IAH-CNC Groundwater Conference. September 20–24, 2009, Halifax, NS, Canada.
  • Jones, J. P., E. A. Sudicky, and R. G. McLaren. 2008. Application of a fully-integrated surface-subsurface flow model at the watershed-scale: A case study. Water Resources Research 44: W03407. doi:10.1029/2006WR005603.
  • Lemieux, J.-M., E. A. Sudicky, W. R. Peltier, and L. Tarasov. 2008. Simulating the impact of glaciations on continental groundwater flow systems: 2. Model application to the Wisconsinian glaciation over the Canadian landscape. Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface 113(F3): F03018. doi:10.1029/JF000929.
  • Martin, P. J. 1994. Modelling of the North Waterloo multi-aquifer system. M.Sc. thesis, University of Waterloo.
  • Martin, P. J., and E. O. Frind. 1998. Modeling a complex multi-aquifer system: The Waterloo Moraine. Ground Water 36(4): 679–690.
  • McDonald, M. G., and A. W. Harbaugh. 1988. A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model: US Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 6, Chap. A1. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey.
  • McLaren, R. G. 1999. GRIDBUILDER, Version 5.5: A pre-processor for 2D triangular element finite element programs, User’s Guide. Waterloo, ON: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo.
  • Meyer, P. A., M. Brouwers, and P. J. Martin. 2014. A three-dimensional groundwater flow model of the Waterloo Moraine for water resource management. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39(2): doi: 10.1080/07011784.2014.914800.
  • Molson, J. W., J. Beckers, E. O. Frind, and P. J. Martin. 2002. WATFLOW 3D version 4.0, A three-dimensional groundwater/surface water flow model, user’s guide. Waterloo, ON: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo.
  • Molson, J. W., and E. O. Frind. 2004. How old is the water? simulating groundwater age at the watershed scale. In Proceedings of GQ 2004, 4th International Groundwater Quality Conference, Bringing Groundwater Quality Research to the Watershed Scale. Editor N. R. Thomson. Waterloo. Ontario, Canada, 19–22 July 2004. IAHS Publ. 297, pp. 482–485. Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press.
  • Molson, J. W., and E. O. Frind. 2005. WTC: The Waterloo Transport Code, a 3D advective-dispersive mass transport and groundwater age model, User Guide, Version 3.0. Quebec, PQ: Université Laval.
  • Molson, J. W., and E. O. Frind. 2012. On the use of mean groundwater age, life expectancy and capture probability for defining aquifer vulnerability and time-of-travel zones for source water protection. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 127: 76–87.
  • Molson, J. W., P. J. Martin, and E. O. Frind. 1995. WATFLOW Version 1.0: A three-dimensional groundwater flow model, User’s Guide. Waterloo, ON: Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research.
  • Muhammad, D. S. 2000. Methodologies for capture zone delineation for the Waterloo Moraine well fields. M.Sc. thesis, University of Waterloo.
  • Neupauer, R. M., and J. L. Wilson. 1999. Adjoint method for obtaining backward-in-time location and travel time probabilities of a conservative groundwater contaminant. Water Resources Research 35(11): 3389–3398.
  • Neupauer, R. M., and J. L. Wilson. 2005. Backward probability model using multiple observations of contaminant to identify groundwater contamination sources at the Massachusetts Military Reservation. Water Resources Research 41(W02015): 1–14.
  • O’Connor, D. 2002. Report of the Walkerton Inquiry, Part 2. Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. Toronto, ON: Publications Ontario.
  • Pinder, G. F., and J. D. Bredehoeft. 1968. Application of the digital computer for aquifer evaluation. Water Resources Research 4(5): 1069–1093.
  • Pinder, G. F., and E. O. Frind. 1972. Application of Galerkin’s procedure to aquifer analysis. Water Resources Research 8(1): 108–120.
  • Poeter, E. 2007. All models are wrong, how do we know which are useful? – looking back at the 2006 Darcy Lecture Tour. Ground Water 35(4): 390–391.
  • Pollock, D. W. 1988. Semi-analytical computation of pathlines for finite-difference models. Ground Water 26(6): 743–750.
  • Province of Ontario. 2004. Watershed-based source protection planning: A threats assessment framework. Technical Experts Committee Report to the Minister of the Environment. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
  • Province of Ontario. 2006. Clean Water Act. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
  • Radcliffe, A. J. 2000. Physical hydrogeology and the impact of urbanization at the Waterloo west side: A groundwater modelling approach. M.Sc. thesis, University of Waterloo.
  • Rahman, R. 2008. On the implications of various approaches to groundwater source protection. PhD thesis, University of Waterloo.
  • Rahman, R., E. O. Frind, J. W. Molson, and D. L. Rudolph. 2006. Development of well vulnerability maps for multiple wells using backward-in-time transport modeling. Paper presented at 59th Annual CGS and 7th Joint IAH-CNC Groundwater Specialty Conference, Oct. 1–4, 2006. Vancouver, BC, Canada..
  • Rahman, R., E. O. Frind, and D. L. Rudolph. 2010. Assessing the impact of Beneficial Management Practices for controlling nitrate concentrations in well water. In Proceedings, GQ10, Groundwater Quality Management in a rapidly changing world, 7th International Groundwater Quality Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, 13–18 June. Editors M. Schirmer, E. Hoehn and T. Vogt. IAHS Publ. 342, 2011, 326–329. Wallingford, UK: IAH Press.
  • Rudolph, D. L. 1985. A quasi three-dimensional finite element model for steady-state analysis of multiaquifer systems. M.Sc. thesis, University of Waterloo.
  • Rudolph, D. L., and E. A. Sudicky. 1990. Simulation of groundwater flow in complex multiaquifer systems: Performance of quasi three-dimensional technique in the steady-state case. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27: 590–600.
  • Schroeter and Associates. 1996. GAWSER: Guelph All-Weather Sequential Events Runoff Model, Version 6.5, Training Guide and Reference Manual. Guelph, ON: Schroeter and Associates.
  • Sousa, M. R., E. O. Frind, and D. L. Rudolph. 2010. Capture probability maps for addressing uncertainty: Protection vs. mitigation. In Proceedings, GQ10, Groundwater Quality Management in a rapidly changing world, 7th International Groundwater Quality Conference. Zurich, Switzerland, 13–18 June. Editors M. Schirmer, E. Hoehn and T. Vogt. IAHS Publ. 342, 2011, 322–325. Wallingford, UK: IAH Press.
  • Sousa, M. R., E. O. Frind, and D. L. Rudolph. 2013. An integrated approach for addressing uncertainty in the delineation of groundwater management areas. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 148: 12–24.
  • Sousa, M. R., D. L. Rudolph, and E. O. Frind. 2014. Threats to groundwater resources in urbanizing watersheds: The Waterloo Moraine and beyond. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39(2): doi: 10.1080/07011784.2014.914801.
  • Stotler, R. L., S. K. Frape, and L. Labelle. 2014. Insights gained from geochemical studies in the Waterloo Moraine: Indications and implications of anthropogenic loading. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39(2).: doi: 10.1080/07011784.2014.914796.
  • Sudicky, E. A. 1986. A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: Spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and its role in the dispersion process. Water Resources Research 22: 2069–2082.
  • Therrien, R., R. G. McLaren, E. A. Sudicky, and S. M. Panday. 2005. HydroGeoSphere: A Three-dimensional numerical model describing fully-integrated subsurface and surface flow and solute transport. Waterloo, ON, Groundwater Simulations Group, University of Waterloo.
  • Uffink, G. J. M. 1989. Application of Kolmogorov’s backward equation in random walk simulations of groundwater contaminant Transport. In Proceedings, Contaminant transport in groundwater, edited by H. E. Kobus and W. Kinzelbach, 283–289. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Guidelines for delineation of wellhead protection areas. Office of Water, Report EPA 4405-93-001. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. State Source water assessment and protection programs guidance: Final guidance. Office of Water, Report EPA-816-R-97-009. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
  • van der Kamp, G., L. D. Luba, J. A. Cherry, and H. Maathuis. 1994. Field study of a long and very narrow contaminant plume. Ground Water 32(6): 1008–1016.
  • VanderKwaak, J. E., and K. Logue. 2001. Hydrologic response simulations for the R-5 catchment with a comprehensive physics-based model. Water Resources Research 37: 999–1013.
  • Van Leeuwen, M., C. de Stroet, A. Butler, and J. Tompkins. 1998. Stochastic determination of well capture zones. Water Resources Research 34(9): 2215–2233.
  • Veale, B., S. Cooke, G. Zwiers, and M. Neumann. 2014. The Waterloo Moraine: A watershed perspective. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39(2): doi: 10.1080/07011784.2014.914790.
  • Waterloo Hydrogeologic. 2000. Delineation of well field capture zones within the Waterloo Moraine. Final Report to the Regional Municipality of Waterloo. Waterloo, ON: Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc.
  • Wilson, J. L., and J. Liu. 1995. Backward tracking to find the source of pollution. In Waste management: From risk to reduction, edited by R. Bahda et al., 181–199. Albuquerque, NM: EDM Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.