1,026
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

Climate and water availability indicators in Canada: Challenges and a way forward. Part I – Indicators

, &
Pages 133-145 | Received 30 Jan 2014, Accepted 08 Sep 2014, Published online: 16 Apr 2015

References

  • Abdul Aziz, O. I., and D. H. Burn. 2006. Trends and variability in the hydrological regime of the Mackenzie River Basin. Journal of Hydrology 319(1–4): 282–294.
  • Adamowski, K., and C. Bocci. 2001. Geostatistical regional trend detection in river flow data. Hydrological Processes 15(18): 3331–3341.
  • Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). 2012. Drought watch. http://www4.agr.gc.ca/DW-GS/current-actuelles.jspx?lang=eng&jsEnabled=true (accessed August, 2013).
  • Akinremi, O. O., S. M. McGinn, and A. G. Barr. 1996. Evaluation of the Palmer Drought Index on the Canadian prairies. Journal of Climate 9(5): 897–905.
  • Assani, A. A., S. Charron, M. Matteau, M. Mesfioui, and J.-F. Quessy. 2010. Temporal variability modes of floods for catchments in the St. Lawrence watershed (Quebec, Canada). Journal of Hydrology 385(1–4): 292–299.
  • Assani, A. A., R. Landry, and M. Laurencelle. 2012. Comparison of interannual variability modes and trends of seasonal precipitation and streamflow in Southern Quebec (Canada). River Research and Applications 28(10): 1740–1752.
  • Baier, W., J. B. Boisvert, and J. A. Dyer. 2000. The Versatile Soil Moisture Budget (VB) reference manual [Computer program]. ECORC Contribution No. 001553. Ottawa: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre.
  • Barrow, E. 2010. Hydroclimate data for the Prairies: An analysis of possibilities. http://www.parc.ca/rac/fileManagement/upload/Hydroclimate%20Data%20for%20the%20Prairies%20An%20analysis%20of%20Possibilities.PDF (accessed July, 2013).
  • Barry, R. G., and R. J. Chorley. 1987. Atmosphere, weather and climate. 5th ed. London and New York: Methuen, 460 pp.
  • Beven, K. 2003. Surface runoff generation. In Handbook of weather, climate and water: Atmospheric chemistry, hydrology and societal impacts, ed. T. D. Potter and B. R. Colman. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
  • Bond, W., D. O’Farrell, G. Ironside, B. Buckland, and R. Smith. 2005. Environmental indicators and state of the environment reporting: An overview for Canada. Background paper to an Environmental Indicators and State of the Environment Reporting Strategy, 2004–2009. Gatineau, Quebec: Knowledge Integration Strategies Division, Environment Canada.
  • Bonsal, B. R., R. Aider, P. Gachon, and S. Lapp. 2013. An assessment of Canadian prairie drought: Past, present, and future. Climate Dynamics 41: 501–516.
  • Brabets, T. P., and M. A. Walvoord. 2009. Trends in streamflow in the Yukon River Basin from 1944 to 2005 and the influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Hydrology 371(1–4): 108–119.
  • Brimley, B., J. F. Cantin, K. D. Harvey, M. Kowalchuk, P. Marsh, T. B. M. J. Ouarda, B. Phinney, et al. 1999. Establishment of the Reference Hydrometric Basin Network (RHBN) for Canada. Environment Canada Research Report. Ottowa: Environment Canada, 47 pp.
  • Bruce, J. P., and R. H. Clark. 1966. Introduction to hydrometeorology, 319. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Burn, D. H. 1994. Hydrologic effects of climate change in West–Central Canada. Journal of Hydrology 160(1–4): 53–70.
  • Burn, D. H. 2008. Climatic influences on streamflow timing in the headwaters of the Mackenzie River Basin. Journal of Hydrology 352: 225–238.
  • Burn, D. H., J. M. Cunderlik, and A. Pietroniro. 2004. Hydrological trends and variability in the Liard River basin. Hydrological Sciences Journal 49(1): 53–67.
  • Burn, D. H., L. Fan, and G. Bell. 2008. Identification and quantification of streamflow trends on the Canadian Prairies. Hydrological Sciences Journal 53(3): 538–549.
  • Burn, D. H., and M. A. Hag Elnur. 2002. Detection of hydrologic trends and variability. Journal of Hydrology 255(1–4): 107–122.
  • Burn, D. H., J. Hannaford, G. A. Hodgkins, P. H. Whitfield, R. Thorne, and T. Marsh. 2012. Reference hydrologic networks II. Using reference hydrologic networks to assess climate-driven changes in streamflow. Hydrological Sciences Journal 57(8): 1580–1593.
  • Burn, D. H., and N. M. Hesch. 2006. A comparison of trends in potential and pan evaporation for the Canadian Prairies. Canadian Water Resources Journal 31(3): 173–184.
  • Burn, D. H., M. Sharif, and K. Zhang. 2010. Detection of trends in hydrological extremes for Canadian watersheds. Hydrological Processes 24(13): 1781–1790.
  • Cohen, S., G. Koshida and L. Mortsch, 2015. Climate and water availability indicators: Challenges and a way forward. Part III – Future scenarios. Canadian Water Resources Journal 40(2): doi: 10.1080/07011784.2015.1006021.
  • Council of Canadian Academies. 2013. Water and agriculture in Canada: Towards sustainable management of water resources. The expert panel on sustainable management of water in the agricultural landscapes of Canada. Ottawa: Council of Canadian Academies, 262 pp.
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC). 2012. SPEI base: A global 0.5- degree gridded SPEI dataset. http://sac.csic.es/spei/database.html (accessed May, 2014).
  • Cunderlik, J. M., and D. H. Burn. 2004. Linkages between regional trends in monthly maximum flows and selected climatic variables. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 9(4): 246–256.
  • Cunderlik, J. M., and T. B. M. J. Ouarda. 2009. Trends in the timing and magnitude of floods in Canada. Journal of Hydrology 375(3–4): 471–480.
  • Déry, S. J., M. A. Hernández-Henríquez, J. E. Burford, and E. F. Wood. 2009a. Observational evidence of an intensifying hydrological cycle in northern Canada. Geophysical Research Letters 36(13): L13402.
  • Déry, S. J., K. Stahl, R. D. Moore, P. H. Whitfield, B. Menounos, and J. E. Burford. 2009b. Detection of runoff timing changes in pluvial, nival and glacial rivers of western Canada. Water Resources Research 45(4): W04426.
  • Déry, S. J., M. Stieglitz, E. C. McKenna, and E. F. Wood. 2005. Characteristics and trends of river discharge into Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays, 1964–2000. Journal of Climate 18: 2540–2557.
  • Déry, S. J., and E. F. Wood. 2005. Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada. Geophysical Research Letters 32(10): L10401.
  • Dunn, G., and K. Bakker. 2009. Canadian approaches to water security: An inventory of indicators. Vancouver: UBC Program on Water Governance, Vancouver, 39 pp.
  • Ehsanzadeh, E., and K. Adamowski. 2010. Trends in timing of low stream flows in Canada: Impact of autocorrelation and long-term persistence. Hydrological Processes 24(8): 970–980.
  • Environment Canada. 2004. Threats to water availability in Canada. NWRI Scientific Assessment Report Series Number 3 and ACSD Science Assessment Series No. 1. Burlington, VT: Environment Canada, 128 pp.
  • Environment Canada. 2008. The Canadian National Report on Systematic Observations for Climate. National activities with respect to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Implementation Plan. Prepared for submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Meteorological Service of Canada, Ottawa. 62 pp.
  • Environment Canada. 2011. Data sources and methods for the Water Availability Indicator. http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=en&n=F242AD28-1 (accessed August, 2013).
  • Environment Canada. 2012a. Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI). http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/ (accessed August, 2013).
  • Environment Canada. 2012b. Canada Water Act. Report for April 2010 to March 2011. Gatineau: Environment Canada, 55 pp. http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/7B28B364-7306-4BD4-A471-93054B3CC164/CanadaWaterActAnnualReportApril2010March2011.pdf (accessed August, 2014).
  • Environment Canada. 2014a. National climate data archive. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/ (accessed May, 2014).
  • Environment Canada. 2014b. HYDAT database. http://ec.gc.ca/rhc-wsc/default.asp?lang=En&n=9018B5EC-1 (accessed May, 2014).
  • Falloon, P., R. Betts, A. Wiltshire, R. Dankers, C. Mathison, D. McNeall, P. Bates, and M. Trigg. 2011. Validation of river flows in HadGEM1 and HadCM3 with the TRIP river flow model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 12(6): 1157–1180.
  • Fekete, B. M., C. J. Vörösmarty, and W. Grabs. 2002. High-resolution fields of global runoff combining observed river discharge and simulated water balances. Global Biochemical Cycles 16(3): 1–6.
  • Fernandes, R., V. Korolevych, and S. Wang. 2007. Trends in land evapotranspiration over Canada for the period 1960–2000 based on in situ climate observations and a land surface model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 8(5): 1016–1030.
  • Gan, T. Y. 1998. Hydroclimatic trends and possible climatic warming in the Canadian Prairies. Water Resources Research 34(11): 3009–3015.
  • Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC). 2013. Global runoff data centre. http://grdc.bafg.de (accessed June, 2014).
  • Global Water System Project (GWSP). 2014. GWSP Digital Water Atlas. http://atlas.gwsp.org (accessed June, 2014).
  • Government of Canada. 2009. Report of the Interdepartmental Working Group on Assessing Water Availability in Canada. Draft discussion report. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 43 pp.
  • Haddeland, I., D. B. Clark, W. Franssen, F. Ludwig, F. Voß, N. W. Arnell, N. Bertrand, et al. 2011. Multimodel estimate of the global terrestrial water balance: Setup and first results. Journal of Hydrometeorology 12(5): 869–884.
  • Harvey, K. D., P. J. Pilon and T. R. Yuzyk. 1999. Canada’s reference hydrometric basin network (RHBN). In Partnerships in water resource management: Proceedings of the CWRA 52nd Annual Conference 55–64. Victoria, BC: Canadian Water Resources Association.
  • Heim, R. R. 2002. A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 83(8): 1149–1165.
  • Hutchinson, M. 2004: ANUSPLIN version 4.3. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. https://researchers.anu.edu.au/publications/38018. (accessed August, 2014).
  • Hydrologic Atlas of Canada. 1978. Water balance, derived from precipitation and evapotranspiration [map]. Plate 25. Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Environment Canada, Supply and Services Canada. http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/geogratis/en/option/select.do;jsessionid=869166676EEF7388892399EB40D66EA8?id=29A33AD7-6CD3-DD8B-ECE4-6BD7C07C562A (accessed April, 2013).
  • Khaliq, M. N. T., B. M. J. Ouarda, P. Gachon, and L. Sushama. 2008. Temporal evaluation of low-flow regimes in Canadian rivers. Water Resources Research 44: W08436.
  • Kite, G. W., and K. D. Harvey, eds. 1992. Using hydrometric data to detect and monitor climate change. In Proceedings of NHRI Symposium No. 8, April, 1991. Saskatoon: National Hydrologic Research Institute. 247 p.
  • Lawford, R. G. 1992. Hydrologic indicators of climatic change: Issue or opportunity? In Using hydrometric data to detect and monitor climatic change, ed. G. W. Kite and K. D. Harvey, 9–20. Saskatoon: Environment Canada, National Hydrology Research Institute.
  • MacLean, A. J., B. A. Tolson, F. R. Seglenieks, and E. Soulis. 2010. Multiobjective calibration of the MESH hydrological model on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7: 2121–2155.
  • McCabe, G. J. Jr., and D. M. Wolock. 1997. Climate change and the detection of trends in annual runoff. Climate Research 8: 129–134.
  • McClelland, J. W., S. J. Déry, B. J. Peterson, R. M. Holmes, and E. F. Wood. 2006. A pan-arctic evaluation of changes in river discharge during the latter half of the 20th century. Geophysical Research Letters 33(6): L06715.
  • McKee, T. B., N. J. Doesken, and J. Kleist. 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to timescales. Paper presented at: 8th conference on applied climatology 17–22 January 1993, Anaheim, CA. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.
  • Mekis, É., and L. A.Vincent. 2008. Changes in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices related to droughts in Canada. In 17th Conference on Applied Climatology. Paper 8.3. Whistler, BC: Canada, American Meteorological Society.
  • Mekis, É., and L. A. Vincent. 2011. An overview of the second generation adjusted daily precipitation dataset for trend analysis in Canada. Atmosphere–Ocean 49(2): 163–177.
  • Millett, B., W. C. Johnson, and G. Guntenspergen. 2009. Climate trends of the North American Prairie Pothole Region 1906–2000. Climatic Change 93: 243–267.
  • Mitosek, H. T. 1992. Occurrence of climate variability and change within the hydrological time series: A statistical approach. Report prepared for the World Climate Programme – Project A2, CP-92-05. Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA.
  • Monk, W. A., D. L. Peters, and D. J. Baird. 2012. Assessment of ecologically relevant hydrological variables influencing a cold-region river and its delta: The Athabasca River and the Peace–Athabasca Delta, Northwestern Canada. Hydrological Processes 26: 1827–1839.
  • Monk, W. A., D. L. Peters, R. A. Curry, and D. J. Baird. 2011. Quantifying trends in indicator hydroecological variables for regime-based groups of Canadian rivers. Hydrological Processes 25: 3086–3100.
  • Mortsch, L., S. Cohen, and G. Koshida, 2015. Climate and water availability indicators: Challenges and a way forward. Part II – Historic trends. Canadian Water Resources Journal 40(2): doi: 10.1080/07011784.2015.1006024
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2009. Managing water for all: An OECD perspective on pricing and financing. Paris: OECD.
  • Pietroniro, A., V. Fortin, N. Kouwen, C. Neal, R. Turcotte, B. Davison, D. Verseghy, et al. 2007. Development of the MESH modelling system for hydrological ensemble forecasting of the Laurentian Great Lakes at the regional scale. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 1279–1294.
  • Richards, W., and E. Burridge. 2006. Historical drought detection and evaluation using the Standardized Precipitation Index and gridded data. In Government of Canada's Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Program, Project 932 Canadian Agricultural Adaptations to 21st Century Droughts: Preparing for Climate Change. Saskatoon: Environment Canada, 8 pp.
  • Rood, S. B., G. M. Samuelson, J. K. Weber, and K. A. Wywrot. 2005. Twentieth-century decline in streamflows from the hydrographic apex of North America. Journal of Hydrology 306(1–4): 215–233.
  • Rood, S. B., J. Pan, K. M. Gill, C. G. Franks, G. M. Samuelson, and A. Shepherd. 2008. Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: Changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests. Journal of Hydrology 349(3–4): 397–410.
  • Sauchyn, D. J. 2010. Prairie climate trends and variability. In The new normal: The Canadian Prairies in a changing climate, ed. D. J. Sauchyn, H. Diaz and S. Kulshreshtha, 32–40. Regina: CPRC Press.
  • Schindler, D. W. and W. F. Donahue. 2006. Inaugural article: An impending water crisis in Canada’s western prairie provinces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(19): 7210–7216.
  • Sheffield, J., E. F. Wood, and M. L. Roderick. 2012. Little change in global drought over the past 60 years. Nature 491: 435–438.
  • Shuttleworth, W. J., and J. S. Wallace. 1985. Evaporation from sparse crops: An energy combination theory. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 111: 839–855.
  • Stannard, D. I. 1993. Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor Evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland. Water Resources Research 29(5): 1379–1392.
  • Statistics Canada. 2010. Human activity and the environment: Freshwater supply and demand in Canada. Catalogue no. 16-201E. Ottawa: Minister of Industry, Government of Canada.
  • Steinemann, A., M. J. Hayes, and L. Cavalcanti. 2005. Drought indicators and triggers. In Drought and water crises: Science, technology and management issues, ed. D. A. Wilhite, 71–92. New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
  • St. George, S. 2007. Streamflow in the Winnipeg River basin, Canada: Trends, extremes and climate linkages. Journal of Hydrology 332(3–4): 396–411.
  • St. Jacques, J. M., D. J. Sauchyn, and Y. Zhao. 2010. Northern Rocky Mountain streamflow records: Global warming trends, human impacts or natural variability? Geophysical Research Letters 37(6): LO6407.
  • Swansburg, E., N. N. El-Jabi, D. Caissie, and G. Chaput. 2004. Hydrometeorological trends in the Miramichi River, Canada: Implications for Atlantic salmon growth. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24(2): 561–576.
  • Thornthwaite, C. W., and J. R. Mather. 1957. Instructions and tables for computing possible evapotranspiration and the water balance. In Publications in climatology, Vol. X, No. 3, 185–311. Centerton, NJ: Drexel Institute of Technology.
  • Tremblay, L., M. Larocque, F. Anctil, and C. Rivard. 2011. Teleconnections and interannual variability in Canadian groundwater levels. Journal of Hydrology 410: 178–188.
  • Vörösmarty, C. J., E. M. Douglas, P. A. Green, and C. Revenga. 2005. Geospatial indicators of emerging water stress: An application to Africa. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 34(3): 230–236.
  • Wen, L. 2012. Monthly–seasonal–annual Soil Moisture Anomaly Percentage Index (SMAPI) maps. http://www.meteo.mcgill.ca/~leiwen/vic/prairies/month-seasonal-annual/ (accessed January, 2013).
  • Wen, L., C. A. Lin, Z. Wu, G. Lu, J. Pomeroy, and Y. Zhu. 2011. Reconstructing sixty- year (1950–2009) daily soil moisture over the Canadian Prairies using the Variable Infiltration Capacity model. Canadian Water Resources Journal 36(1): 83–102.
  • Whitfield, P. H. and C. Spence. 2011. Estimates of Canadian Pacific coast runoff from observed streamflow data. Journal of Hydrology 410(3–4): 141–149.
  • Woo, M. and R. Thorne. 2003. Comment on “Detection of hydrologic trends and variability” by Burn, D. H. and Hag Elnur, M. A. 2002. Journal of Hydrology 255: 107–122. Journal of Hydrology 277(1–2): 150–160.
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2009. Experts agree on a universal drought index to cope with climate risks. http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_872_en.html (accessed April, 2013).
  • Zhang, X., K. D. Harvey, W. D. Hogg, and T. R. Yuzyk. 2001. Trends in Canadian streamflow. Water Resources Research 37(4): 987–998.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.