A methodology for identifying ecologically significant groundwater recharge areas

References

• Annear, T., I. Chrisholm, H. Beecher, A. Locke, P. Aarrestad, C. Coomer, C. Estes, et al. 2004. Instream flows for riverine resource stewardship. Rev ed. Cheyenne, WY: Instream Flow Council.
   Google Scholar
• AquaResource. 2011. Orangeville, Mono and Amaranth tier three water budget and local area risk assessment. Submitted to the CTC Source Water Protection Region and the Ministry of Natural Resources, May. Breslau, ON: AquaResource Inc., 139 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, P. J. 1988. Quaternary geology of the eastern half of the Elmvale area, Simcoe County. In Summary of field work and other activities. Miscellaneous Paper 141, 405–406. Ontario Geological Survey. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Batelaan, O., F. De Smedt, and L. Triest. 2003. Regional groundwater discharge: Phreatophyte mapping, groundwater modelling and impact analysis of land-use change. Journal of Hydrology 275(1): 86–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty, S. J., D. L. Morgan, F. J. McAleer, and A. R. Ramsay. 2010. Groundwater contribution to baseflow maintains habitat connectivity for Tandanus bostocki (Teleostei: Plotosidae) in a south-western Australian river. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 19(4): 595–608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckers, J., and E. Frind. 2000. Simulating groundwater flow and runoff for the Oro Moraine aquifer system. Part I. Model formulation and conceptual analysis. Journal of Hydrology 229(3–4): 265–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, A. K., and J. E. P. Dodge. 2011. Three-dimensional modelling of surficial deposits in the Barrie–Oro Moraine area of southern Ontario. Groundwater Resources Study 11. Sudbury, ON: Ontario Geological Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Buxton, H. T., T. E. Reilly, D. W. Pollock, and D. A. Smolensky. 1991. Particle tracking analysis of recharge areas on Long Island, New York. Groundwater 29(1): 63–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. J., and D. F. Putnam. 1984. The physiography of southern Ontario. Special Volume 2. Ontario Geological Survey, 270 pp. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Curry, R. A., D. A. Scruton, and K. D. Clarke. 2002. The thermal regimes of brook trout incubation habitats and evidence of changes during forestry operations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32(7): 1200–1207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DHI-WASY. 2010. FEFLOW 6 finite element subsurface flow & transport simulation system user manual. Berlin: DHI-WASY GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Earthfx Inc. 2012. Barrie, Lovers, and Hewitt Creeks: Ecologically significant groundwater recharge area assessment and sensitivity analysis. Final report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, June. Toronto, ON: Earthfx Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Earthfx Inc. 2013a. Tier 2 water budget analysis and water quantity stress assessment for the Oro North and South and Hawkestone Creeks subwatersheds. Final report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, May. Toronto, ON: Earthfx Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Earthfx Inc. 2013b. Ecologically significant groundwater recharge area assessment for the Oro North, Oro South, and Hawkestone Creeks subwatersheds. Final report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, September. Toronto, ON: Earthfx Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Earthfx Inc. 2014a. Ecologically significant groundwater recharge area delineation in the Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority area. Final report submitted to Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority, May. Toronto, ON: Earthfx Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Earthfx Inc. 2014b. Tier 3 water budget and local area risk assessment for the region of York municipal systems: Risk assessment report. Final report submitted to Regional Municipality of York, July. Toronto, ON: Earthfx Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Earthfx Inc. 2014c. Tier 2 water budget, climate change, and ecologically significant groundwater recharge area assessment for the Ramara Creeks, Whites Creek and Talbot River subwatersheds. Final report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, October. Toronto, ON: Earthfx Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Eckhardt, K. 2008. A comparison of baseflow indices which were calculated with seven different baseflow separation methods. Journal of Hydrology 352: 168–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry. 1979. Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Gehrels, J., and G. Mulamoottil. 1990. Hydrologic processes in a southern Ontario wetland. Hydrobiologia 208: 221–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GENIVAR Inc. 2013. Tier 2 water budget and ecologically significant groundwater recharge area assessment for the Black River and Georgina Creeks subwatersheds. Final report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, January. Newmarket, ON: GENIVAR Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Golder and Associates Ltd. 2014. Midland and Penetanguishene tier three water budget and local area risk assessment. Report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, February. Barrie, ON: Golder Associates Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Harbaugh, A. W., and M. G. McDonald. 1996. User’s documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the US Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model. Open-FileReport 96–485. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi, M., and D. O. Rosenberry. 2002. Effects of ground water exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface water. Groundwater 40(3): 309–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holysh, S. and R. Gerber, R. 2014. Groundwater knowledge management for southern Ontario: An example from the Oak Ridges Moraine. Canadian Water Resources Journal/Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques 39(2): 240–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. J., J. F. Walker, W. R. Selbig, S. M. Westenbroek, and R. S. Regan. 2013. Simulation of climate-change effects on streamflow, lake water budgets, and stream temperature using GSFLOW and SNTEMP, Trout Lake Watershed, Wisconsin. United States Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5159. 1st ed. Reston, VA: United States Department of the Interior, USGS.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington, J. L., and R. G. Niswonger. 2012. Role of surface-water and groundwater interactions on projected summertime streamflow in snow dominated regions: An integrated modeling approach. Water Resources Research 48(11): doi:10.1029/2012WR012319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhof, J. G., J. Fitzgibbon, and W. K. Annable. 1996. A hierarchical evaluation system for characterizing watershed ecosystems for fish habitat. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(S1): 312–326.
   Google Scholar
• Johansen, O. M., J. B. Jensen, and M. L. Pedersen. 2014. From groundwater abstraction to vegetative response in fen ecosystems. Hydrological Processes 28(4): 2396–2410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuglerová, L., R. Jansson, A. Ågren, H. Laudon, and B. Malm-Renöfält. 2014. Groundwater discharge creates hotspots of riparian plant species richness in a boreal forest stream network. Ecology 95(3): 715–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority (LSRCA). 2014. Guidance for the protection and restoration of significant groundwater recharge areas (SGRAs) in the Lake Simcoe watershed. Guidance Document, Version 1.1, February. Newmarket, ON: Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Leavesley, G. H., R. W. Lichty, B. M. Troutman, and L. G. Saindon. 1983. Precipitation-runoff modeling system: User’s manual. United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83–4238. 1st ed. Denver, CO: United States Department of the Interior.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm, I. A., C. Soulsby, A. F. Youngson, D. M. Hannah, I. S. McLaren, and A. Thorne. 2004. Hydrological influences on hyporheic water quality: Implications for salmon egg survival. Hydrological Processes 18(9): 1543–1560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markstrom, S. L., R. G. Niswonger, R. S. Regan, D. E. Prudic, and P. M. Barlow. 2008. GSFLOW: Coupled ground-water and surface-water flow model based on the integration of the precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS) and the modular ground-water flow model (MODFLOW-2005). United States Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6–D1. 1st ed. Reston, VA: United States Department of the Interior, USGS.
   Google Scholar
• Matrix Solutions Inc. 2013a. City of Barrie tier three water budget and local area risk assessment. Final report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, July. Breslau, ON: AquaResource: A Division of Matrix Solutions Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Matrix Solutions Inc. 2013b. Innisfil Creeks subwatershed: Tier two water budget & water quantity stress assessment and ecologically significant groundwater recharge area assessment. Final report submitted to Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, February. Breslau, ON: AquaResource: A Division of Matrix Solutions Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Matrix Solutions Inc. 2014. Halton Hills tier three water budget and local area risk assessment report. Final report submitted to Halton Region. Breslau, ON: Matrix Solutions Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Matula, S., G. B. Mekonnen, K. Báťková, and K. Nešetřil. 2014. Simulations of groundwater-surface water interaction and particle movement due to the effect of weir construction in the sub-watershed of the river Labe in the town of Děčín. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(11): 7755–7770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menció, A., and J. Mas-Pla. 2010. Influence of groundwater exploitation on the ecological status of streams in a Mediterranean system (Selva Basin, NE Spain). Ecological Indicators 10(5): 915–926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, D. M., and H. L. Bateman. 2012. Linking stream flow and groundwater to avian habitat in a desert riparian system. Ecological Applications 22(7): 1973–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, M. L., and L. F. Konikow. 2000. Documentation of a computer program to simulate lake-aquifer interaction using the MODFLOW ground-water flow model and the MOC3D solute-transport model. United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4167. 1st ed. Tallahassee, FL: United States Department of the Interior, USGS.
   Google Scholar
• Modica, E., H. T. Buxton, and L. N. Plummer. 1998. Evaluating the source and residence times of groundwater seepage to streams, New Jersey Coastal Plain. Water Resources Research 34(11): 2797–2810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, J. E., and J. V. Sutcliffe. 1970. River flow forecasting through conceptual models, Part I - A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology 10: 282–290.
   Google Scholar
• Niswonger, R. G., K. K. Allander, and A. E. Jeton. 2014. Collaborative modelling and integrated decision support system analysis of a developed terminal lake basin. Journal of Hydrology 517: 521–537. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niswonger, R. G., S. Panday, and I. Motomu. 2011. MODFLOW-NWT, A newton formulation for MODFLOW-2005. United States Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6–A31. 1st ed. Reston, VA: United States Department of the Interior, USGS.
   Google Scholar
• Niswonger, R. G., and D. E. Prudic. 2005. Documentation of the streamflow-routing (SFR2) package to include unsaturated flow beneath streams: A modification to SFR1. United States Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6–A13. 1st ed. Reston, VA: United States Department of the Interior, USGS.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Geological Survey (OGS). 2010. Surficial geology of southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release: Data 128–Revised. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR). 2008. Southern Ontario Land Resource Information System (SOLRIS) V.1.2. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE). 2009. Lake Simcoe protection plan. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 45 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Partington, D., P. Brunner, S. Frei, C. T. Simmons, A. D. Werner, R. Therrien, H. R. Maier, G. C. Dandy, and J. H. Fleckenstein. 2013. Interpreting streamflow generation mechanisms from integrated surface-subsurface flow models of a riparian wetland and catchment. Water Resources Research 49: 5501–5519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock, D. W. 2012. User guide for MODPATH Version 6–A particle-tracking model for MODFLOW. United States Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6–A41. 1st ed. Reston, VA: United States Department of the Interior, USGS.
   Google Scholar
• Power, G., R. S. Brown, and J. G. Imhof. 1999. Groundwater and fish – insights from northern North America. Hydrological Processes 13(3): 401–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, B. D., J. V. Baumgartner, J. Powell, and D. P. Braun. 1996. A method for assessing hydrologic alteration within ecosystems. Conservation Biology 10: 1163–1174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock, G., and H. Kupfersberger. 2002. Numerical delineation of transient capture zones. Journal of Hydrology 269(3): 134–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roulet, N. T. 1990. Hydrology of a headwater basin wetland: Groundwater discharge and wetland maintenance. Hydrological Processes 4: 387–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, D. T., J. M. Wilkinson, and L. L. Orzol. 1998. Use of a ground-water flow model with particle tracking to evaluate ground-water vulnerability. Clark County, WA: United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2488, 63 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Tallaksen, L. M., and H. A. J. van Lanen. 2004. Hydrological drought: Processes and estimation methods for streamflow and groundwater. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Tanvir Hassan, S. M., M. W. Lubczynski, R. G. Niswonger, and Z. Su. 2014. Surface-groundwater interactions in hard rocks in Sardon catchment of western Spain: An integrated modeling approach. Journal of Hydrology 517: 390–410. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigg, M. A., P. G. Cook, and P. Brunner. 2014. Groundwater fluxes in a shallow seasonal wetland pond: The effect of bathymetric uncertainty on predicted water and solute balances. Journal of Hydrology. 517: 901–912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrdoljak, S. M., and R. C. Hart. 2007. Groundwater seeps as potentially important refugia for freshwater fishes on the Eastern Shores of Lake St Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science 32(2): 125–132.
   Google Scholar
• Waco, K. E., and W. W. Taylor. 2010. The influence of groundwater withdrawal and land use changes on brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) thermal habitat in two coldwater tributaries in Michigan. USA. Hydrobiologia 650(1): 101–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wand, M. P., and M. C. Jones. 1993. Comparison of smoothing parameterizations in bivariate kernel density estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association 88(422): 520–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, R. H., and S. A. Leake. 2006. Ground-water surface-water interactions and long-term change in riverine riparian vegetation in the southwestern United States. Journal of Hydrology 320(3): 302–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolfenden, L. R., and T. Nishikawa. 2014. Simulation of groundwater and surface-water resources of the Santa Rosa Plain watershed, Sonoma County, California. United States Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5052. 1st ed. Reston, VA: United States Department of the Interior, USGS.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, C., and G. D. Bennett. 1995. Applied contaminant transport modeling: Theory and practice. 1st ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar