3,762
Views
90
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Flood processes in Canada: Regional and special aspects

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 7-30 | Received 13 Apr 2015, Accepted 08 Dec 2015, Published online: 29 Jan 2016

References

  • Ahmair, H., E. Blais, and J. Grehuk. 2016. The 2014 flood event in the Assiniboine River Basin: Causes, assessment and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Alberta Transportation. 2004. Guidelines on extreme flood analysis. Civil Projects Branch, Transportation and Civil Engineering Division, Edmonton: Alberta Transportation, 87 pp. + appendices.
  • Alila, Y. 2000. Regional rainfall depth-duration-frequency equations for Canada. Water Resources Research 36: 1767–1778.
  • Ashton, G. D. 1986. River and lake ice engineering, 485. Littleton, CO: Water Resources Publications.
  • Beltaos, S., and B. Burrell. 2010. Ice-jam model testing: Matapedia River case studies, 1994 and 1995. Cold Regions Science and Technology 60: 29–39.
  • Beltaos, S., and B. C. Burrell. 2015. Hydroclimatic aspects of ice jam flooding near Perth-Andover, New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42: 686–695.
  • Blais, E., S. Clark, K. Dow, B. Rannie, T. Stadnyk, and L. Wazney. 2016. Background to flood control measures in the Red and Assiniboine River Basins. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Blais, E., J. Greshuk, and T. Stadnyk. 2016. The 2011 flood event in the Assiniboine River Basin: Causes, assessment and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Bobanović, J., K. R. Thompson, S. Desjardins, and H. Ritchie. 2006. Forecasting storm surges along the east coast of Canada and the north-eastern United States: The storm of 21 January 2000. Atmosphere-Ocean 44: 151–161.
  • Brooks, G.F., S. G. Evans, and J. J. Clague. 2001. Flooding. In A synthesis of natural geological hazards in Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 548, ed. G.R.Brooks, 101–143. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada.
  • Brown, D. M., G. A. McKay, and L. J. Chapman. 1968. The climate of southern Ontario. Climatological Studies No. 5. Toronto: Meteorological Branch, Department of Transport, 50 pp.
  • Bruce, E. L. 1939. The Canadian Shield and its geographic effects. The Geographical Journal 93: 230–239. doi:10.2307/1788358.
  • Burn, D. H., J. M. Cunderlik, and A. Pietroniro. 2004. Hydrological trends and variability in the Liard River basin. Hydrological Sciences Journal 49: 53–67.
  • Burn, D. H., and P. H. Whitfield. 2016. Changes in floods and flood processes in Canada. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Buttle, J. M. 2011. Streamflow response to headwater reforestation in the Ganaraska River basin, southern Ontario, Canada. Hydrological Processes 25: 3030–3041.
  • Buttle, J. M., and P. M. Lafleur. 2007. Anatomy of an extreme event: The July 14–15, 2004, Peterborough rainstorm. Canadian Water Resources Journal 32: 59–74.
  • Byrne, J. M., A. Berg, and I. Townshend. 1999. Linking observed and general circulation model upper air circulation patterns to current and future snow runoff for the Rocky Mountains. Water Resources Research 35: 3793–3802.
  • Caissie, D., and N.El-Jabi. 1993. Characterization of floods in Canada. In Extreme hydrological events: Precipitation, floods, and droughts. IAHS Publication No. 213, ed. Z. W.Kundzewicz, D. Rosbjerg, S. P. Simonovic, and K. Takeuchi, 325–332. Wallingford, UK; IAHS Pres.
  • Caissie, D., and S. Robichaud. 2009. Towards a better understanding of the natural flow regimes and streamflow characteristics of rivers of the Maritime Provinces. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2843, Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, viii + 53 pp.
  • Cantafio, L. J., and M. C. Ryan. 2014. Quantifying baseflow and water-quality impacts from a gravel-dominated alluvial aquifer in an urban reach of a large Canadian river. Hydrogeology Journal 22: 957–970.
  • Carey, S. K., and M.-K. Woo. 1999. Hydrology of two slopes in subarctic Yukon, Canada. Hydrological Processes 13: 2549–2562.
  • Castonguay, S. 2007. The production of flood as natural catastrophe: Extreme events and the construction of vulnerability in the drainage basin of the St. Francis River (Quebec), mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century. Environmental History 12: 820–844.
  • Church, M. 1988. Floods in cold climates. In Flood geomorphology, eds. V.R. Baker, R.C. Kochel and P.C. Patton, 205–229. New York, NY: John Wiley.
  • Cloutier, C.-A., T. Buffin-Bélanger, and M. Larocque. 2014. Controls of groundwater floodwave propagation in a gravelly floodplain. Journal of Hydrology 511: 423–431.
  • Cogley, J. G., and S. B. McCann. 1976. An exceptional storm and its effects in the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic and Alpine Research 8: 105–110.
  • Crawford, B., P. Chandler, M. Horita, L. Neil, B.Snyder, and B. Chan. 2000. Evaluation of the risk of erosion and flooding along coastal British Columbia. Paper presented at the 34th Annual CMOS Congress, Victoria, BC, 29 May to 2 June, 2000.
  • Cunderlik, J. M., and T. M. B. J. Ouarda. 2009. Trends in the timing and magnitude of floods in Canada. Journal of Hydrology 375: 471–480.
  • Danard, M., A. Munro, and T. Murty. 2003. Storm surge hazard in Canada. Natural Hazards 28: 407–434.
  • Department of Environment and Lands. 1992. Water resources atlas of Newfoundland. St. John’s, NL: Water Resources Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 76 pp. + appendices.
  • Desloges, J. R., and M. Church. 1992. Geomorphic implications of glacier outburst flooding: Noeick River valley, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 551–564.
  • Desloges, J. R., and J. S. Gardner. 1984. Process and discharge estimation in ephemeral channels, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21: 1050–1060.
  • Dettinger, M. 2011. Climate change, atmospheric rivers, and floods in California: A multimodel analysis of storm frequency and magnitude changes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 47: 514–523.
  • Devito, K. J., I. F. Creed, and C. J. D. Fraser. 2005. Controls on runoff from a partially harvested, aspen-forested headwater catchment, Boreal Plain, Canada. Hydrological Processes 19: 3–25.
  • Dingman, S. L. 2002. Physical hydrology. 2nd ed, 646. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Dugan, H. A., S. F. Lamoureux, M. J. Lafreniere, and T. Lewis. 2009. Hydrological and sediment yield response to summer rainfall in a small high Arctic watershed. Hydrological Processes 23: 1514–1526.
  • Dumanski, S., J. W. Pomeroy, and C. J. Westbrook. 2015. Hydrological regime changes in a Canadian Prairie basin. Hydrological Processes 29: 3893–3904. doi:0.1002/hyp.10567.
  • Eaton, B., M. Church, and D. Ham. 2002. Scaling and regionalization of flood flows in British Columbia, Canada. Hydrological Processes 16: 3245–3263.
  • Edwards, R. J. G. 1997. A review of hydrogeological studies for the Cardiff Bay Barrage. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 30: 49–61.
  • Elliott, J. A., B. M. Toth, R. J. Granger, and J. W. Pomeroy. 1998. Soil moisture storage in mature and replanted sub-humid boreal forest stands. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78: 17–27.
  • Essery, R., L. Li, and J. W. Pomeroy. 1999. Blowing snow fluxes over complex terrain. Hydrological Processes 13: 2423–2438.
  • Fang, X., and J. W. Pomeroy. 2008. Drought impacts on Canadian prairie wetland snow hydrology. Hydrological Processes 22: 2858–2873.
  • Fang, X., and J. W. Pomeroy. 2009. Modelling blowing snow redistribution to prairie wetlands. Hydrological Processes 23: 2557–2569.
  • Fang, X., J. W. Pomeroy, C. J. Westbrook, X. Guo, A. G. Minke, and T. Brown. 2010. Prediction of snowmelt-derived streamflow in a wetland dominated prairie basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14: 991–1006.
  • Fisheries and Environment Canada. 1978. The hydrological atlas of Canada. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
  • Ford, J. D. 1924. Floods in the southern parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan during 1923, 85. Calgary: Department of the Interior, Dominion Water Power Branch.
  • Fortier, C., A. Assani, M. Mesfioui, and A. G. Roy. 2011. Comparison of the interannual and interdecadal variability of heavy flood characteristics upstream and downstream from dams in inversed hydrologic regime: Case study of the Matawin River (Québec, Canada). River Research and Applications 27: 1277–1289.
  • Geertsema, M., and J. J. Clague. 2005. Jokulhlaups at Tulsequah Glacier, northwestern British Columbia. The Holocene 15: 310–316.
  • Gerard, R. L., and K. S. Davar. 1995. Introduction. In River ice jams, ed. S. Beltaos, 1–28. Highlands Ranch CO: Water Resources Publications.
  • Gingras, D., and K. Adamowski. 1995. The impact of El Nino Southern Oscillation on central Canadian floods and droughts. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22: 834–837.
  • Gingras, D., K. Adamowski, and P. J. Pilon. 1994. Regional flood equations for the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Water Resources Bulletin 30: 55–67.
  • Godwin, R. B., and F.R.J.Martin. 1975. Calculation of gross and effective drainage areas for the Prairie Provinces. In Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrology Symposium–1975, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 11–14 August 1975, 219–223. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada.
  • Gouvernement du Québec. 2003. Vegetation zones and bioclimatic domains in Québec. http://www.mern.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/forest/publications/zone-a.pdf (accessed September, 2015).
  • Granger, R. J., and D. M. Gray. 1989. Evaporation from natural non-saturated surfaces. Journal of Hydrology 111: 21–29.
  • Granger, R. J., D. M. Gray, and G. E. Dyck. 1984. Snowmelt infiltration to frozen prairie soils. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21: 669–677.
  • Granger, R. J., and J. W. Pomeroy. 1997. Sustainability of the western Canadian boreal forest under changing hydrological conditions. 2: Summer energy and water use. In Sustainability of water resources under increasing uncertainty. IAHS Publication No. 240, ed. D. Rosjberg, N. Boutayeb, A. Gustard, Z. Kundzewicz, and P. Rasmussen, 243–250. Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press.
  • Gray, D. M. 1970. Handbook on the principles of hydrology: With special emphasis directed to Canadian conditions in the discussions, applications and presentation of data, 591. New York: Water Information Center.
  • Gray, D. M., P. G. Landine, and R. J. Granger. 1985. Simulating infiltration into frozen Prairie soils in stream flow models. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22: 464–474.
  • Gray, D. M., J. W. Pomeroy, and R. J. Granger. 1986. Prairie snowmelt runoff. In Proceedings, water research themes, conference commemorating the official opening of the National Hydrology Research Centre, 49–68. Saskatoon: Canadian Water Resources Association.
  • Gray, D. M., and T. D. Prowse. 1993. Snow and floating ice. In Handbook of hydrology, ed. D. R. Maidment, 7.1–7.58. New York: McGraw–Hill.
  • Guo, Y., and Z. Zhuge. 2008. Analytical probabilistic flood routing for urban stormwater management purposes. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35: 487–499.
  • Hall, M. J. 1984. Urban Hydrology, 299. London: Elsevier.
  • Harder, P., J. W. Pomeroy, and C. J. Westbrook. 2015. Hydrological resilience of a Canadian Rockies headwaters basin subject to changing climate, extreme weather, and forest management. Hydrological Processes. 29: 3905–3924. doi:10.1002/hyp.10596.
  • Harper, J. R., R. F. Hernry, and G. G. Stewart. 1988. Maximum storm surge elevations in the Tuktoyaktuk region of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Arctic 41: 48–52.
  • Hayashi, M., G. van der Kamp, and R. Schmidt. 2003. Focused infiltration of snowmelt water in partially frozen soil under small depressions. Journal of Hydrology 270: 214–229.
  • Hogg, W. D., and D. A. Carr. 1985. Rainfall frequency atlas for Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Centre.
  • Hoover, O. H. 1929. Floods in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan during 1929, 89. Calgary: Department of the Interior, Dominion Water Power and Reclamation Service.
  • Hudon, C. 1997. Impact of water level fluctuations on St. Lawrence River aquatic vegetation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 2853–2865.
  • Hughes, A. G., T. Vounaki, D. W. Peach, A. M. Ireson, C. R. Jackson, A. P. Butler, J. P. Bloomfield, J. Finch, and H. S. Wheater. 2011. Flood risk from groundwater: Examples from a Chalk catchment in southern England. Journal of Flood Risk Management 4: 143–155.
  • Huntington, T. G. 2006. Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis. Journal of Hydrology 319: 83–95.
  • Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction. 2012. Telling the weather story. Report prepared for the Insurance Bureau of Canada. Toronto, ON: Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, 67 pp.
  • Irvine, K. N., and J. J. Drake. 1987. Spatial analysis of snow- and rain-generated highflows in southern Ontario. The Canadian Geographer 31: 140–149.
  • Irwin, R. W., and H. R. Whiteley. 1983. Effects of land drainage on stream flow. Canadian Water Resources Journal 8: 88–103.
  • Jacobs GIBB Ltd. 2006. Making space for water: Groundwater flood records collation, monitoring and risk assessment, extended report (chalk aquifers). Technical Report HA5. Bristol: Environment Agency, 110 pp.
  • Jakob, M., and M. Church. 2011. The trouble with floods. Canadian Water Resources Journal 36: 287–292.
  • Jakob, M., J.J.Clague, and M.Church. 2016. Rare and dangerous: Recognizing extraordinary events in stream channels. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Jakob, M., and P. Jordan. 2001. Design flood estimates in mountain streams the need for a geomorphic approach. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28: 425–439.
  • Javelle, P., T. B. M. J. Ouarda, and B. Bobée. 2003. Spring flood analysis using the flood-duration–frequency approach: Application to the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Hydrological Processes 17: 3717–3736.
  • Jordan, P., and S. A. Covert. 2009. Debris flows and floods following the 2003 wildfires in southern British Columbia. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 15: 217–234.
  • Jung, M., T. P. Burt, and P. D. Bates. 2004. Toward a conceptual model of floodplain water table response. Water Resources Research 40: doi:10.1029/2003WR002619.
  • Kane, D. L., L. D. Hinzman, R. E. Gieck, J. P. McNamara, E. K. Youcha, and J. A. Oatley. 2008. Contrasting extreme runoff events in areas of continuous permafrost, Arctic Alaska. Hydrology Research 39: 287–298.
  • Kane, D. L., J. P. McNamara, D. Yan, P. Q. Olsson, and R. E. Gieck. 2003. An extreme rainfall/runoff event in Arctic Alaska. Journal of Hydrometeorology 4: 1220–1228.
  • Kovacs, P., S. Guilbault, and D. Sandink. 2014. Cities adapt to extreme rainfall: Celebrating local leadership, 104. Toronto: Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction.
  • Kunkel, K. E., K. Andsager, and D. R. Easterling. 1999. Long-term trends in extreme precipitation events over the conterminous United States and Canada. Journal of Climate 12: 2515–2527.
  • LaBaugh, J. W., T. C. Winter, and D. O. Rosenberry. 1998. Hydrologic functions of prairie wetlands. Great Plains Research 8: 17–37.
  • Leclerc, M., and Y. Secretan. 2016. La crue exceptionnelle du Saguenay en 1996 et ses conséquences géomorphologiques [The huge 1996 Saguenay flood: Geomorphological consequences]. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Leith, R. M., and P. H. Whitfield. 2000. Some effects of urbanization on streamflow records in a small watershed in the lower Fraser Valley, BC. Northwest Science 74: 69–75.
  • Leopold, L. B. 1968. Hydrology for urban land planning: A guidebook on the hydrologic effects of urban land use. United States Geological Survey Circular 554. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey, 18 pp.
  • Lesack, L. F. W., and P. Marsh. 2010. River-to-lake connectivities, water renewal, and aquatic habitat diversity in the Mackenzie River Delta. Water Resources Research 46: W12504. doi:10.1029/2010WR009607.
  • Loukas, A., L. Vasiliades, and N. R. Dalezios. 2000. Flood producing mechanisms identification in southern British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Hydrology 227: 218–235.
  • Lyle, T., and T. Mills. 2016. Assessing Coastal Flood Risk in a Changing Climate for the City of Vancouver. Canadian Water Resources Journal doi.
  • MacNider-Taylor, S., S. T. Buffin-Bélanger, D. Arseneault, and B. Hétu. 2009. On the use of dendrochronology to analyze ice jam occurrences at a fluvial transition on the Ouelle River, Quebec. In Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, ed. S. Beltaos, 284–299. St. John's: Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment.
  • Mailhot, A., I. Beauregard, G. Talbot, D. Caya, and S. Biner. 2012. Future changes in intense precipitation over Canada assessed from multi-model NARCCAP ensemble simulations. International Journal of Climatology 32: 1151–1163.
  • Marsalek, J., and H. Schreier. 2009. Overview of the theme issue. Innovation in stormwater management in Canada: The way forward. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 44: v–x.
  • Marsalek, J., and W. E. Watt. 1984. Design storms for urban drainage design. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 11: 574–584.
  • Marsh, P., and L. F. W. Lesack. 1996. The hydrologic regime of perched lakes in the Mackenzie Delta: Potential responses to climate change. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 849–856.
  • Marsh, P., and J. W. Pomeroy. 1996. Meltwater fluxes at an arctic forest–tundra site. Hydrological Processes 10: 1383–1400.
  • Marsh, P., and T. Schmidt. 1993. Influence of a Beaufort Sea storm surge on channel levels in the Mackenzie Delta. Arctic 46: 35–41.
  • Martin, F. R. J. 2001. Addendum no. 8 to Hydrology Report #104. Regina: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada PFRA Technical Service, 109 pp.
  • McCabe, G. J., L. E. Hay, and M. P. Clark. 2007. Rain-on-snow events in the western United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88: 319–328.
  • McRae, R., and S. Watt. 2006. Great Lakes hazard planning: Experience from southeastern Ontario. The Great Lakes Geographer 13: 1–13.
  • Mekis, É., and W. D. Hogg. 1999. Rehabilitation and analysis of Canadian daily precipitation time series. Atmosphere-Ocean 37: 53–85.
  • Melone, A. M. 1985. Flood producing mechanisms in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Water Resources Journal 10: 46–64.
  • Milrad, S., E. H. Atallah, and J. R. Gyakum. 2009. Dynamical and precipitation structures of poleward-moving tropical cyclones in eastern Canada, 1979–2005. Monthly Weather Review 137: 836–851.
  • Milrad, S., J. Gyakum, and E. Atallah. 2015. A meteorological analysis of the 2013 Alberta Flood: Antecedent large-scale flow pattern and synoptic-dynamic characteristics. Monthly Weather Review 143: 2817–2841.
  • Moin, S. M. A., and M. A. Shaw. 1985. Regional flood frequency analysis for Ontario streams. Volume 1. Single station analysis and index method. Burlington: Canada/Ontario Flood Damage Reduction Program, Water Planning and Management Branch, Inlands Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, 126 pp. + appendices.
  • Monk, W. A., D. L. Peters, R. A. Curry, and D. J. Baird. 2011. Quantifying trends in indicator hydroecological variables for regime-based groups of Canadian rivers. Hydrological Processes 25: 3086–3100.
  • Moore, R. D., A. S. Hamilton, and J. Scibek. 2002. Winter streamflow variability, Yukon Territory, Canada. Hydrological Processes 16: 763–778.
  • Morgan, A., B. Branfireun, and F. Csillag. 2004. An evaluation of the contributions of urbanization and climatic change to runoff characteristics in the Laurel Creek watershed, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Water Resources 29: 171–182.
  • Mortsch, L., S. Cohen, and G. Koshida. 2015. Climate and water availability indicators in Canada: Challenges and a way forward. Part II – Historic trends. Canadian Water Resources Journal 40: 146–159.
  • Murty, T. S., S. Venkatesh, M. B. Danard, and M. I. El-Sabh. 1995. Storm surges in Canadian waters. Atmosphere-Ocean 33: 359–387.
  • Neiman, P. J., L. J. Schick, F. M. Ralph, M. Hughes, and G. A. Wick. 2013. Flooding in western Washington: The connection to atmospheric rivers. Journal of Hydrometeorology 12: 1337–1358.
  • Newbury, R. W., G. K. McCullough, and R. E. Hecky. 1984. The Southern Indian Lake impoundment and Churchill River diversion. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41: 548–557.
  • Newton, B., and B. C. Burrell. 2016. The April–May 2008 flood event in the Saint John River basin: Causes, assessment and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1984. Water quantity resources of Ontario, 71. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
  • Osborn, J., and C. Ryan. 2014. Ironies and issues float to surface after great flood. Calgary Herald, 2 May, p. A13.
  • Ouranos. 2010. Québec’s climate and projected changes. http://adaptation.ouranos.ca/en/adaptation/portrait/climate/ (accessed September, 2015).
  • Peck, A., P. Prodanovic, and S. P. Simonovic. 2012. Rainfall intensity duration frequency curves under climate change: City of London, Ontario, Canada. Canadian Water Resources Journal 37: 177–189.
  • Peters, D., D. Caissie, W. A. Monk, S. B. Rood, and A. St-Hilaire. 2016. An ecological perspective on floods in Canada. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Peters, D., T. D. Prowse, A. Pietroniro, and R. Leconte. 2006. Flood hydrology of the Peace-Athabasca delta, northern Canada. Hydrological Processes 20: 4073–4096.
  • Pietroniro, A., R. Halliday, N. Kouwen, D. H. Burn, C. Lin, and S.Figliuzzi. 2004. Floods. In Threats to water availability in Canada, ed. Ottawa: Environment Canada, 27–33.
  • Pietroniro, A., T. Prowse, L. Hamlin, N. Kouwen, and R. Soulis. 1996. Application of a grouped response unit hydrological model to a northern wetland region. Hydrological Processes 10: 1245–1261.
  • Pohl, S., and P. Marsh. 2006. Modelling the spatial–temporal variability of spring snowmelt in an arctic catchment. Hydrological Processes 20: 1773–1792.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., and R. J. Granger. 1997. Sustainability of the western Canadian boreal forest under changing hydrological conditions. I: Snow accumulation and ablation. In Sustainability of water resources under increasing uncertainty. IAHS Publication No. 240, ed. D. Rosjberg, N. Boutayeb, A. Gustard, Z. Kundzewicz, and P. Rasmussen, 237–242. Wallingford, UK; IAHS Press.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., R. J. Granger, A. Pietroniro, J. E. Elliott, B. Toth, and N. Hedstrom. 1997a. Hydrological pathways in the Prince Albert model forest: Final report. NHRI Contribution Series No. CS-97007, 153 pp. + appendices. Prince Albert, SK: Prince Albert Model Forest Association.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., D. M. Gray, N. R. Hedstrom, and J. R. Janowicz. 2002. Physically based estimation of seasonal snow accumulation in the boreal forest. Proceedings of the Eastern Snow Conference 58: 93–108.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., P. Marsh, and D. M. Gray. 1997. Application of a distributed blowing snow model to the Arctic. Hydrological Processes 11: 1451–1464.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., J. Parviainen, N. Hedstrom, and D. M. Gray. 1998. Coupled modelling of forest snow interception and sublimation. Proceedings of the Eastern Snow Conference 55: 101–114.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., K. R. Shook, X. Fang, S. Dumanski, C. Westbrook, and T. Brown. 2014. Improving and testing the Prairie Hydrological Model at Smith Creek Research Basin. Centre for Hydrology Report No. 14, 102 pp. Saskatoon, SK: Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., R. Stewart, and P. H. Whitfield. 2016. The 2013 flood event in the Bow and Oldman River basins: Causes, assessment, and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journal doi.
  • Pomeroy, J. W., B. Toth, R. J. Granger, N. R. Hedstrom, and R. L. H. Essery. 2003. Variation in surface energetics during snowmelt in complex terrain. Journal of Hydrometeorology 4: 702–716.
  • Prevost, M., R. Barry, J. Stein, and A. Plamondon. 1991. Snowmelt modelling in a balsam fir forest: Comparison between an energy balance model and other simplified models. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1–10.
  • Prowse, T. D., and T. C. Carter. 2002. Significance of ice-induced storage to spring runoff: A case study of the Mackenzie River. Hydrological Processes 16: 779–788.
  • Prowse, T. D., C. Furgal, B. R. Bonsal, and D. L. Peters. 2009. Climate impacts on northern Canada: Regional background. Ambio 38: 248–256.
  • Public Safety Canada. 2014. The Canadian Disaster Database. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/cndn-dsstr-dtbs/index-eng.aspx (accessed March, 2014).
  • Rannie, B. 2016. The 1997 flood event in the Red River basin: Causes, assessment, and damage. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Riboust, P., and F. Brissette. 2016. Analysis of Lake Champlain/Richelieu River’s historical 2011 flood. Canadian Water Resources Journal doi.
  • Roberge, A., J. R. Gyakum, and E. H. Atallah. 2009. Analysis of intense poleward water vapor transports into high latitudes of western North America. Weather and Forecasting 24: 1732–1747.
  • Robins, N. S., and J. W. Finch. 2012. Groundwater flood or groundwater-induced flood? Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 45: 119–122.
  • Roehr, D., and Y. Kong. 2010. Runoff reduction effects of green roofs in Vancouver, BC, and Shanghai, PR China. Canadian Water Resources Journal 35: 53–68.
  • Rood, S. B., L. A. Goater, J. M. Mahoney, C. M. Pearce, and D. G. Smith. 2007. Floods, fire, and ice: Disturbance ecology of riparian cottonwoods. Canadian Journal of Botany 85: 1019–1032.
  • Roy, E., J. Rousselle, and J. Lacroix. 2003. Flood Reduction Program (FRDP) in Québec. Case study of the Chaudière River. Natural Hazards 28: 387–345.
  • Saad, C. 2014. Analyse hydrométéorologique multivariée et modélisation déterministe des crues de la rivière Richelieu. Mémoire de maîtrise, INRS-ETE: Québec . 146 pp.
  • Saad, C., A. St-Hilaire, P. Gachon, and S. El Adlouni. 2016. The 2011 flood event in the Richelieu River basin: Causes, assessment and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journal.
  • Sandink, D., P. Kovacs, G. Oulahen, and G. McGillivray. 2010. Making floods insurable for Canadian homeowners: A discussion paper. Toronto: Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction & Swiss Reinsurance Company.
  • Sangal, B. P., and R. W. Kallio. 1977. Magnitude and frequency of floods in southern Ontario. Technical Bulletin Series No. 99. Ottawa: Water Planning and Management Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, 336 pp.
  • Shook, K. 2016. The 2005 flood events in the Saskatchewan River Basin: Causes, assessment and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journaldoi.
  • Shook, K., and J. W. Pomeroy. 2012. Changes in the hydrological character of rainfall on the Canadian prairies. Hydrological Processes 26: 1752–1766.
  • Shook, K., J. W. Pomeroy, C. Spence, and L. Boychuk. 2013. Storage dynamics simulations in prairie wetland hydrology models: Evaluation and parameterization. Hydrological Processes 27: 1875–1889.
  • Shook, K., J. Pomeroy, and G. van der Kamp. 2015. The transformation of frequency distributions of winter precipitation to spring streamflow probabilities in cold regions: Case studies from the Canadian Prairies. Journal of Hydrology 521: 395–409.
  • Smirnov, V. V., and G. W. K. Moore. 2001. Short-term and seasonal variability of the atmospheric water vapor transport through the Mackenzie River basin. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2: 441–452.
  • Smith, D. G. 1980. River ice processes: Thresholds and geomorphologic effects in northern and mountain rivers. In Thresholds in Geomorphology, eds. D.R. Coates and J.D. Vitek, 323–343. London: Allen and Unwin.
  • Spence, C. 2010. A paradigm shift in hydrology: Storage thresholds across scales influence catchment runoff generation. Geography Compass 4 (7): 819–833.
  • Spry, C. M., K. E. Kohfeld, D. M. Allen, D. Dunkley, and K. Lertzman. 2014. Characterizing Pineapple Express storms in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Water Resources Journal 39: 302–323.
  • Srivastav, R. K., A. Schardong, and S. P. Simonovic. 2014. Equidistance quantile matching method for updating IDF curves under climate change. Water Resources Management 28: 2539–2562. doi:10.1007/s11269-014-0626-y.
  • Stadnyk, T., K. Dow, L. Wazney, and E. Blais. 2016. The 2011 flood event in the Red River Basin: Causes, assessment and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journal doi.
  • Statistics Canada. 2014. Population, urban and rural, by province and territory (Canada). http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo62a-eng.htm (accessed March, 2015).
  • St-Laurent, D., M. Mesfioui, and G. Evin. 2009. Hydroclimatic variability and relation with flood events (Southern Québec, Canada). Water Resources 36: 43–56.
  • Stone, D. A., A. J. Weaver, and F. W. Zwiers. 2000. Trends in Canadian precipitation intensity. Atmosphere-Ocean 38: 321–347.
  • Toop, D. C., and N. N.de la Cruz. 2002. Hydrogeology of the Canmore Corridor and Northwestern Kananaskis Country, Alberta. Report to Western Economic Partnership Agreement, Western Economic Diversification Canada. Edmonton: Alberta Environment, Hydrogeology Section.
  • Trebitz, A. S. 2006. Characterizing seiche and tide-driven daily water level fluctuations affecting coastal ecosystems of the Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32: 102–116.
  • Urquizo, N., J. Bastedo, T. Bridges, and H. Shear, ed. 2000. Ecological assessment of the Boreal Shield ecozone. Indicators and Assessment Office, Environmental Conservation Service. Ottawa: Environment Canada, 71 pp.
  • van der Kamp, G., and M. Hayashi. 2009. Groundwater–wetland ecosystem interaction in the semiarid glaciated plains of North America. Hydrogeology Journal 17: 203–214.
  • van der Kamp, G., M. Hayashi, and D. Gallen. 2003. Comparing the hydrology of grassed and cultivated catchments in the semi-arid Canadian prairies. Hydrological Processes 17: 559–575.
  • Viviroli, D., B. Schädler, P. Schmocker-Fackel, M. Weiler, and J. Seibert. 2012. On the risk of obtaining misleading results by pooling streamflow data for trend analyses. Water Resources Research 48: doi:10.1029/2011WR011690.
  • von de Wall, S. 2011. An assessment of the river ice break-up season in Canada. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, British Columbia.
  • von de Wall, S., L. P. de Rham, and T. D. Prowse. 2009. Open water and ice-induced extreme water levels on Canadian rivers. In Proceedings of the 17th International Northern Research Basins Symposium and Workshop, Iqaluit-Pangnirtung-Kuujjaq, NU, August 12-18, 2009, ed. K. L. Young, and W. Quinton, 337–347. Toronto: York University.
  • von de Wall, S., L. P. de Rham, and T. D. Prowse. 2010. The river ice break-up season in Canada: Variations in water levels and timing. Proceedings of the Eastern Snow Conference 67: 5–15.
  • Waller, D. H. 1976. Problems and possibilities in urban drainage. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 3: 392–401.
  • Water Survey of Canada (WSC). 2014. Archived hydrometric database. http://www.wsc.ec.gc.ca/applications/H2O/ (accessed July, 2014).
  • Watt, W. E., K. W. Lathem, C. R. Neill, T. L. Richards, and J. Rousselle (ed). 1989. Hydrology of floods in Canada: A guide to planning and design. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada. 245 pp.
  • Watt, W. E., and J. Marsalek. 2013. Critical review of the evolution of the design storm event concept. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40: 105–113.
  • Wazney, L., and S. P. Clark. 2016. The 2009 flood event in the Red River Basin: Causes, assessment and damages. Canadian Water Resources Journal doi.
  • Webster, T. L., D. L. Forbes, S. Disckie, and R. Shreenan. 2004. Using topographic LiDAR to map flood risk from storm-surge events for Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 30: 64–76.
  • Webster, T. L., D. L. Forbes, E. MacKinnon, and D. Roberts. 2006. Flood-risk mapping for storm-surge events and sea-level rise using LiDAR for southwest New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 32: 194–211.
  • Whitfield, P. H. 2012. Floods in future climates: A review. Journal of Flood Risk Management 5: 336–365.
  • Whitfield, P. H., J. Y. Wang, and A. J. Cannon. 2003. Modelling future streamflow extremes: Floods and low flows in Georgia Basin, British Columbia. Canadian Water Resources Journal 28: 633–656.
  • Woo, M.-K. 1983. Hydrology of a drainage basin in the Canadian High Arctic. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73: 577–596.
  • Woo, M.-K., D. L. Kane, S. K. Carey, and D. Yang. 2008. Progress in permafrost hydrology in the new millennium. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 19: 237–254.
  • Woo, M.-K., and C. Liu. 1994. Mountain hydrology of Canada and China: A case study in comparative hydrology. Hydrological Processes 8: 573–587.
  • Woo, M.-K., and J. Sauriol. 1980. Channel development in snow-filled valleys, Resolute, NWT, Canada. Geografiska Annaler 62A: 37–56.
  • Woo, M.-K., and P. R. Waylen. 1984. Areal prediction of annual floods generated by two distinct processes. Hydrological Sciences Journal 29: 75–88.
  • Woo, M.-K., and K. L. Young. 2006. High Arctic wetlands: Their occurrence, hydrological characteristics, and sustainability. Journal of Hydrology 320: 432–450.
  • Xiong, S. Y., Z. X. Xiong, and P. W. Wang. 1996. Soil salinity in the irrigated area of the yellow river in Ningxia, China. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 10: 95–101.
  • Zhang, X., W. D. Hogg, and É. Mekis. 2001. Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation events over Canada. Journal of Climate 14: 1923–1936.
  • Zhang, X., L. A. Vincent, W. D. Hogg, and A. Niitsoo. 2000. Temperature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th century. Atmosphere-Ocean 38: 395–429.
  • Zimmer, C. A., I. W. Heathcote, H. R. Whiteley, and H. Schroeter. 2007. Low-impact-development practices for stormwater: Implications for urban hydrology. Canadian Water Resources Journal 32: 193–212.
  • Zwiers, F. W., and V. V. Kharin. 1998. Changes in the extremes of the climate simulated by CCC GCM2 under CO2 doubling. Journal of Climate 11: 2200–2222.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.