The European Council as a crisis manager and fusion driver: assessing the EU’s fiscal response to the COVID-19 pandemic

References

• Bauer, M. W., and S. Becker. 2014. “The Unexpected Winner of the Crisis: The European Commission’s Strengthened Role in Economic Governance.” Journal of European Integration 36 (3): 213–229. doi:10.1080/07036337.2014.885750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach, D., and S. Smeets. 2020. “New Institutionalist Leadership – How the New European Council-dominated Crisis Governance Paradoxically Strengthened the Role of EU Institutions.” Journal of European Integration 42 (6): 837–854. doi:10.1080/07036337.2019.1703966.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickerton, C. J., D. Hodson, and U. Puetter. 2015. “The New Intergovernmentalism: European Integration in the Post-Maastricht Era.” Journal of Common Market Studies 53 (4): 703–722. doi:10.1111/jcms.12212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chazan, G., S. Fleming, V. Mallet, and J. Brunsden. 2020. “Coronavirus Crisis Revives Franco-German Relations.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/69207155-6ca8-43b1-bb08-1385d3656090, April 13.
   Google Scholar
• De la Baume, M., and H. von der Burchard. 2020. “Von der Leyen Threatens EU Recovery Fund without Hungary and Poland.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/the-commission-proposes-eu-recovery-without-hungary-and-poland/, December 2.
   Google Scholar
• Dehousse, R. 2016. “Why Has EU Macroeconomic Governance Become More Supranational?” Journal of European Integration 38 (5): 617–631. doi:10.1080/07036337.2016.1180826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drachenberg, R., and M. Vrijhoeven. 2021. “The Role of the European Council in Negotiating the 2021-27 MFF: Continuity and Change in the Politics of the EU’s Latest seven-year Financial Settlement.” European Parliamentary Research Service, in-depth Analysis. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2021/662611/EPRS_IDA(2021)662611_EN.pdf. April.
   Google Scholar
• Fabbrini, S., and U. Puetter. 2016. “Integration without Supranationalisation: Studying the Lead Roles of the European Council and the Council in post-Lisbon EU Politics.” Journal of European Integration 38 (5): 481–495. doi:10.1080/07036337.2016.1178254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• France Diplomacy. 2020\ . “European Union – French-German Initiative for the European Recovery from the Coronavirus Crisis. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/coming-to-france-your-covid-19-questions-answered/coronavirus-statements/article/european-union-french-german-initiative-for-the-european-recovery-from-the.” 18 May.
   Google Scholar
• Gerring, J. 2017. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson, D. 2021. “The New Intergovernmentalism and the Euro Crisis: A Painful Case?” In Theorising the Crises of the European Union, edited by N. Brack and S. Gürkan, 81–101. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Laffan, B., and A. De Feo, eds. 2020. EU Financing for Next Decade: Beyond the MFF 2021-2027 and the Next Generation EU. San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Lagarde, C. 2020 . “Press Conference: Christine Lagarde, President of the ECB, Luis de Guindos, Vice-President of the ECB. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pressconf/2020/html/ecb.is200312~f857a21b6c.en.html.” March 12.
   Google Scholar
• Lofven, Stefan. 2020. “‘Frugal Four’ Warn Pandemic Spending Must Be Responsible.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/7c47fa9d-6d54-4bde-a1da-2c407a52e471, June 16.
   Google Scholar
• Smeets, S., and D. Beach. 2020. “Intergovernmentalism and Its Implications – New Institutional Leadership in Major EU Reforms.” Journal of European Public Policy 27 (8): 1137–1156. doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1699940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets, S., and D. Beach. 2022. “New Institutional Leadership Goes Viral: EU Crisis Reforms and the Coming about of the Covid Recovery Fund.” European Journal of Political Research, Online First. doi:10.1002/ejpr.12508.
   Google Scholar
• Smeets, S., and N. Zaun. 2021. “What Is Intergovernmental about the EU’s ‘(new) Intergovernmentalist’ Turn? Evidence from the Eurozone and Asylum Crises.” West European Politics 44 (4): 852–872. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1792203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Meyer, B. 2020. “5 Options for Europe to Fight a Coronavirus Recession.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/5-options-finance-ministers-face-fight-coronavirus-recession/, March 30.
   Google Scholar
• Van Middelaar, L. 2021. Pandemonium: Europe’s Covid Crisis. Newcastle upon Tyne: Agenda.
   Google Scholar
• Van Middelaar, L., and U. Puetter. 2021. “The European Council: The Union’s Supreme decision-maker.” In The Institutions of the European Union, edited by D. Hodson, U. Puetter, S. Saurugger, and J. Peterson, 51–77. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Von der Leyen, U. 2020 . “Speech by President von der Leyen at the European Parliament Plenary on the European Coordinated Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_20_532.” March 26.
   Google Scholar
• Werts, J. 2021. The European Council in the Era of Crises. London: John Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Wessels, W. 2016. The European Council. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Wessels, W. 2021. “The European Council as a Transformative Force.” In Europe’s Transformations: Essays in Honour of Loukas Tsoukalis, edited by H. Wallace, N. Koutsiaras, and G. Pagoulatos, 117–131. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wessels, W, L Schramm, and T Kunstein. 2022. The European Council as a Crisis Manager:The Eu’s Fiscal Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, S., and S. Ladi. 2020. “European Union Responses to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Adaptability in Times of Permanent Emergency.” Journal of European Integration 42 (8): 1025–1040. doi:10.1080/07036337.2020.1853120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalan, E. 2020. “Spain Seeks trillion-size Fund in EU Recovery Feud.” Euobserver. https://euobserver.com/health-and-society/148124, April 21.
   Google Scholar