EU or Euro Area Crisis? Studying Differentiated Integration as an Idea Structuring Elite Perceptions of the Sovereign Debt and the COVID-19 Crisis

References

• Adler‐Nissen, R. 2016a. “Towards a Practice Turn in EU Studies: The Everyday of European Integration.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 54 (1): 87–103. doi:10.1111/jcms.12329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler‐Nissen, R. 2016b. “The Vocal Euro‐Outsider. The UK in a Two‐Speed Europe.” The Political Quarterly 87 (2): 238–246. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, D., and J. Roos. 2020, 31 March. If Coronavirus Sinks the Eurozone, the ‘Frugal four’ Will Be to Blame. the Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2020/mar/31/solidarity-members-eurozone-coronavirus-dutch-coronabond, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Astra Zeneca. 2020, 13 June. AstraZeneca wird Europa ohne Profit mit bis zu 400 Millionen Dosen des Impfstoffs der Universität Oxford versorgen. https://www.astrazeneca.de/medien/press-releases/2020/astrazeneca-wird-europa-ohne-profit-mit-bis-zu-400-millionen-dosen-des-impfstoffs-der-universitaet-oxford-versorgen.html#, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Barigazzi, J. 2020, 10 April. Crisis Recovery Fund Needed Urgently, Ex-Italian PM Letta Warns. Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/crisis-recovery-fund-needed-urgently-ex-italian-pm-letta-warns/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, T. 2020, 7 April. The economic, political and moral case for a European fiscal policy response to COVID-19. VoxEU. https://voxeu.org/article/economic-political-and-moral-case-european-fiscal-policy-response-COVID-19, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, S. 2011. “Do We Really Need a New ‘Constructivist Institutionalism’ to Explain Institutional Change?” British Journal of Political Science 41 (4): 883–906. doi:10.1017/S0007123411000147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickerton, C. J., D. Hodson, and U. Puetter. 2015. “The New Intergovernmentalism. European Integration in the Post‐Maastricht Era.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 53 (4): 703–722. doi:10.1111/jcms.12212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bofinger, P., S. Dullien, G. Felbermayr, M. Huether, M. Schularik, J. Suedekum, and C. Trebesch. 2020, 21 March. Europa muss jetzt finanziell zusammenstehen. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
   Google Scholar
• Bremer, S., and C. Kallestrup. 2020, 25 May. “Vender tomlen ned: Regeringen afviser Merkel og Macrons plan om milliardfond.” DK. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/vender-tomlen-ned-regeringen-afviser-merkel-og-macrons-plan-om-milliardfond?app_mode=true, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Brunnermeier, M., H. James, and J. Landau. 2016. The Euro and the Battle of Ideas. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvc774qh.
   Google Scholar
• Carnazza, G., and P. Liberati. 2021. “The Asymmetric Impact of the Pandemic Crisis on Interest Rates on Public Debt in the Eurozone.” Journal of Policy Modeling 43 (3): 521–542. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.04.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen, M. 2011. ”Paradigm man vs. the bricoleur: bricolage as an alternative vision of agency in ideational change.” European Political Science Review 3 (1): 147–167. doi:10.1017/S1755773910000342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centeno, M. 2020, 24 March. Remarks by Mário Centeno following the Eurogroup videoconference of 24 March 2020. European Council, . https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/03/24/remarks-by-mario-centeno-following-the-eurogroup-meeting-of-24-march-2020/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Checkel, J. T. 2005. “International Institutions and Socialisation in Europe: Introduction and Framework.” International Organization 59 (4): 801–826. doi:10.1017/S0020818305050289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Conceição-Heldt, E. 2016. “Why the European Commission is Not the “Unexpected winner” of the Euro Crisis. A Comment on Bauer and Becker.” Journal of European Integration 38 (1): 95–100. doi:10.1080/07036337.2015.1101957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danish National Bank. 2017, 10 July. The Banking Union – In Brief . Danish National Bank. https://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/publications/themes/pages/the-banking-union—in-brief.aspx Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Darvas, Z., and G. B. Wolff. 2013, 13 March. Should Non-Euro Area Countries join the Single Supervisory Mechanism? Bruegel. https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/should-non-euro-area-countries-join-single-supervisory-mechanism, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• De Jonge, H. 2020, 3 June. Aankondiging samenwerking Duitsland, Frankrijk, Italië en Nederland voor snelle toegang tot coronavaccin. https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-5df3f08a-af23-42f8-878a-bc58e9ea5055/pdf, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Deters, H., and F. Zardo. 2022. “The European Commission in COVID-19 Vaccine Cooperation: Leadership Vs Coronationalism?” Journal of European Public Policy 30 (6): 1051–1071. doi:10.1080/13501763.2022.2064900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, J., and S. Wheaton. 2021, 27 January. How Europe fell behind on vaccines. Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-coronavirus-vaccine-struggle-pfizer-biontech-astrazeneca/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Di Maio, L. 2020, 30 March. Interview with Georgia Orlandi and Mark Armstrong. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/27/italy-is-at-war-with-a-virus-the-country-s-health-minister-tells-euronews, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlop, C. A., and C. M. Radaelli. 2013. “Systematising Policy Learning: From Monolith to Dimensions.” Political Studies 61 (3): 599–619. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00982.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurogroup 2020, 9 April. Report on the Comprehensive Economic Policy Response to the COVID-19 Crisis. European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/04/09/report-on-the-comprehensive-economic-policy-response-to-the-COVID-19-pandemic/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2020, 19 June. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council and the European Investment Bank: EU Strategy for COVID-19 Vaccines. COM(2020) 245 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0245&from=EN, Last Access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Fabbrini, F. 2022. “The Legal Architecture of the Economic Responses to COVID-19: EMU Beyond the Pandemic.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 60 (1): 186–203. doi:10.1111/jcms.13271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromage, D., and C. Fasone. 2022. “Differentiation and the European Commission.“ In Routledge Handbook on Differentiation in the European Union, edited by B. Leruth, J. Trondal, and S. Gänzle, 216–230. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429054136-16.
   Google Scholar
• German Ministry of Health. 2021, 19 January. Fragen zum Thema Impfstoffe. https://img.welt.de/bin/BMG%20antwortet%20auf%20Impfstofffragen%20von%20der%20SPD.pdf_bn-224606736.pdf, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Glöckler, G., J. Lindner, and M. Salines. 2017. “Explaining the Sudden Creation of a Banking Supervisor for the Euro Area.” Journal of European Public Policy 24 (8): 1135–1153. doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1184296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Germany. 2020. Together for Europe’s Recovery. Programme for Germany’s Presidency of the Council of the European Union. https://www.eu2020.de/blob/2360248/e0312c50f910931819ab67f630d15b2f/06-30-pdf-programm-en-data.pdf, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, E. B. 1958. The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950-1957. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, C. 1999. “Crisis and the Structural Transformation of the State: Interrogating the Process of Change.” The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 1 (3): 317–344. doi:10.1111/1467-856X.00018.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, C. 2016. “Good in a Crisis: The Ontological Institutionalism of Social Constructivism.” New Political Economy 21 (6): 520–535. doi:10.1080/13563467.2016.1158800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay, C., and D. Wincott. 1998. “Structure, Agency and Historical Institutionalism.” Political Studies 46 (5): 951–957. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, D. 2013. “The Little Engine That Wouldn’t. Supranational Entrepreneurship and the Barroso Commission.” Journal of European Integration 35 (3): 301–314. doi:10.1080/07036337.2013.774779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth, D., and L. Quaglia. 2016. The Political Economy of the European Banking Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727927.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Isărescu, M. 2019, 3 April. Opening remarks by Mugur Isărescu, Governor of the National Bank of Romania at the EUROFI High Level Seminar. Bucharest, The European Think Tank Dedicated to Financial Services. https://www.bis.org/review/r190503e.pdf, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, C. B., and J. B. Slapin. 2012. “Institutional Hokey-Pokey: The Politics of Multispeed Integration in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 19 (6): 779–795. doi:10.1080/13501763.2011.610694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juncker, J. C., D. Tusk, J. Dijsselbloem, M. Draghi, and M. Schulz. 2015, 22 June. Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/five-presidents-report-completing-europes-economic-and-monetary-union_en, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Kassim, H. 2023. “The European Commission and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pluri-Institutional Approach.” Journal of European Public Policy 30 (4): 612–634. doi:10.1080/13501763.2022.2140821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leruth, B., S. Gänzle, and J. Trondal. 2019. “Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in the EU After Brexit: Risks versus Opportunities.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 57 (6): 1383–1394. doi:10.1111/jcms.12957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Soir. 2020, 13 June. Maggie De Block juge déraisonnable de négocier un vaccin en dehors de l’initiative européenne. https://www.lesoir.be/307037/article/2020-06-13/maggie-de-block-juge-deraisonnable-de-negocier-un-vaccin-en-dehors-de, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Maas, H., and O. Scholz. 2020, 5 April. A response to the corona crisis in Europe based on solidarity. Federal Foreign Office of Germany. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/maas-scholz-corona/2330904, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Matthijs, M. 2018. “Powerful Rules Governing the Euro: The Perverse Logic of German Ideas.” In Ideas, Political Power, and Public Policy, edited by D. Beland, M. B. Carstensen, and L. Seabrooke, 73–89. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Merkel, A. 2011, 26 October. “Regierungserklärung durch die Bundeskanzlerin zum Europäischen Rat und zum Eurogipfel am 26. Oktober in Brüssel.” German Bundestag. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btp/17/17135.pdf, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Michel, C. 2020, 15 April. Remarks by President Charles Michel at the press conference on the EU response to the coronavirus crisis. European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/04/15/remarks-by-president-charles-michel-at-the-press-conference-on-the-eu-response-to-the-coronavirus-crisis/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Migliorati, M., and P. Genschel. 2022. From Differentiation to Uniformity? Fiscal Burden Sharing During the Eurozone and the COVID-19 Crisis. Presented at the ECPR General Conference, Innsbruck, 22-26 August 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Muggenthaler, P., J. Schroth, and Y. Sun 2021. The heterogeneous economic impact of the pandemic across euro area countries. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2021/html/ecb.ebbox202105_03~267ada0d38.en.html, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Niemann, A. 2006. Explaining Decisions in the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Niemann, A. 2021. “Neofunctionalism.” In The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises, edited by M. Riddervold, J. Trondal, and A. Newsome, 115–133. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5_6.
   Google Scholar
• Niemann, A., and D. Ioannou. 2015. “European Economic Integration in Times of Crisis. a Case of Neofunctionalism?” Journal of European Public Policy 22 (2): 196–218. doi:10.1080/13501763.2014.994021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemann, A., and J. Speyer. 2017. “A Neofunctionalist Perspective on the ‘European Refugee Crisis’: The Case of the European Border and Coast Guard.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56 (1): 23–43. doi:10.1111/jcms.12653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeperkorn, M. 2020, 12 March . Hoekstra stribbelt tegen bij steunpakket EU: ‘Een Nederlandse middelvinger naar het zuiden’. Volkskrant . https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/hoekstra-stribbelt-tegen-bij-steunpakket-eu-een-nederlandse-middelvinger-naar-het-zuiden~b94cd15b/, Last access: 12 April 2023
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, P. 1996. “The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 29 (2): 123–163. doi:10.1177/0010414096029002001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puetter, U., and S. Fabbrini. 2016. “Catalysts of Integration – the Role of Core Intergovernmental Forums in EU Politics.” Journal of European Integration 38 (5): 633–642. doi:10.1080/07036337.2016.1179294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F. 2016. “A differentiated leap forward: spillover, path-dependency, and graded membership in European banking regulation.” West European Politics 39 (3): 483–502. doi:10.1080/01402382.2016.1143244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., and T. Winzen. 2014. ”Instrumental and Constitutional Differentiation in the European Union.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52 (2): 354–370. doi:10.1111/jcms.12103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., and T. Winzen. 2020. Ever Looser Union? Differentiated European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198854333.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., and T. Winzen. 2022. “Cascading opt-outs? The effect of the Euro and migration crises on differentiated integration in the European Union.” European Union Politics 24 (1): 21–41. doi:10.1177/14651165221121720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, V. A. 2008. “Discursive institutionalism: The explanatory power of ideas and discourse.” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 303–326. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, V. A. 2010. “Taking ideas and discourse seriously: explaining change through discursive institutionalism as the fourth ‘new institutionalism’.” European Political Science Review 2 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1017/S175577390999021X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitter, P. C. 1969. “Three neo-functional hypotheses about international integration.” International organization 23 (1): 161–166. doi:10.1017/S0020818300025601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. 2020, 25 March. Eurozone misses a chance to cover its flaws with ‘corona bonds’. Politico Europe, https://www.politico.eu/article/eurozone-flaws-corona-bonds/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Swinkels, M. 2020. “How ideas matter in public policy: a review of concepts, mechanisms, and methods.” International Review of Public Policy 2 (3): 281–316. doi:10.4000/irpp.1343.
   Google Scholar
• Swinkels, M., and F. van Esch. 2022. “Deciding upon the Banking Union: How a joint belief shift instigated deep institutional change in Eurozone governance.” European Policy Analysis 8 (1): 9–32. doi:10.1002/epa2.1137.
   Google Scholar
• Timmermanns, F. 2020, 8 April. EU gaat ten onder als eigenbelang blijft prevaleren. Volkskrant. https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/frans-timmermans-eu-gaat-ten-onder-als-eigenbelang-blijft-prevaleren~b5f4a921/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Van Esch, F. 2014. “Exploring the Keynesian–Ordoliberal Divide. Flexibility and Convergence in French and German Leaders’ Economic Ideas During the Euro-Crisis.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 22 (3): 288–302. doi:10.1080/14782804.2014.937679.
   Google Scholar
• Verdun, A. 2022. “The Greatest of the Small? The Netherlands, the New Hanseatic League and the Frugal Four.” German politics 31 (2): 302–322. doi:10.1080/09644008.2021.2003782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von der Burchard, H., and E. Schaart. 2020, 30 March. Dutch face friendly fire as corona bond bad cops. Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-corona-bond-bad-cops-face-backlash/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Von der Leyen, U. 2020a, 20 March. Interview with Christoph Heinemann. Deutschlandfunk. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/eu-kommissionspraesidentin-von-der-leyen-wir-erleben-einen-100.html, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Von der Leyen, U. 2020b, 21 July. Opening remarks by President von der Leyen at the joint press conference with President Michel following the Special European Council meeting of 17-21 July. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_20_1388, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, A., and E. Schaart 2020, 19 April. How Wopke Hoekstra became Europe’s bond villain. Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/wopke-hoekstra-netherlands-italy-corona-bonds-fight/, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, G. B., and G. Claeys. 2020, 5 June. Is the COVID-19 crisis an opportunity to boost the euro as a global currency?. Bruegel. https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/COVID-19-crisis-opportunity-boost-euro-global-currency, Last access: 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar