References

• Agisoft. 2018. “Agisoft metashape professional.” http://www.agisoft.com/downloads/installer/.
   Google Scholar
• Barazzetti, L., Previtali, M., and Roncoroni, F. 2017. “Fisheye lenses for 3D modeling: Evaluations and considerations.” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W3, pp. 79–84. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-79-2017
   Google Scholar
• Bauwens, S., Fayolle, A., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Ndjele, L.M., Mengal, C., and Lejeune, P. 2017. “Terrestrial photogrammetry: A non-destructive method for modelling irregularly shaped tropical tree trunks.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 8(No. 4): 460–471. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeron, Y., Engelmark, O., Harvey, B., Morin, H., and Sirois, L. 1998. “Key issues in disturbance dynamics in boreal forests: Introduction.” Journal of Vegetable Science, Vol. 9(No. 4): 464–468.
   Google Scholar
• Bergeron, Y., Chen, H.Y.H., Kenkel, N.C., Leduc, A.L. and Macdonald, S.E. 2014. “Boreal mixedwood stand dynamics: Ecological processes underlying multiple pathways.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 90(No. 02): 202–213. doi:10.5558/tfc2014039.
   Google Scholar
• Berveglieri, A., Tommaselli, A.M.G., Liang, X., and Honkavaara, E. 2017b. “Vertical optical scanning with panoramic vision for tree trunk reconstruction.” Sensors, Vol. 17(No. 12): 2791. doi:10.3390/s17122791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berveglieri, A., Tommaselli, A., Liang, X., and Honkavaara, E. 2017a. “Photogrammetric measurement of tree stems from vertical Fisheye images.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 32(No. 8): 737–747. doi:10.1080/02827581.2016.1273381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, J.P., Flannigan, M.D., Maynard, D.G., Thompson, I.D., and Volney, W.J.A. 2013. “An introduction to Canada’s boreal zone: Ecosystem processes, health, sustainability, and environmental issues.” Environmental Reviews, Vol. 21(No. 4): 207–226. doi:10.1139/er-2013-0040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, R.M., and Honkala. B.H. 1990. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Eitel, J.U.H., Vierling, L.A., and Magney, T.S. 2013. “A lightweight, low cost autonomously operating terrestrial laser scanner for quantifying and monitoring ecosystem structural dynamics.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 180: 86–96. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.05.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 2010. “Global forest resources assessment 2010: Main report.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1757e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Forsman, M., Börlin, N., and Holmgren, J. 2016. “Estimation of tree stem attributes using terrestrial photogrammetry with a camera rig.” Forests, Vol. 7(No. 12): 61–20. doi:10.3390/f7030061.
   Google Scholar
• Goodbody, T.R.H., Coops, N.C., Marshall, P.L., Tompalski, P., and Crawford, P. 2017. “Unmanned aerial systems for precision forest inventory purposes: A review and case study.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 93(No. 01): 71–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, R., Scholes, R.J., and Ash, N. 2005. “Ecosystems and human well- being: Current state and trends. Vol. 1. In Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Series, edited by R. Hassan, R. Scholes, and N. Ash. London, UK: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heinzel, J., and Huber, M.O. 2016. “Detecting tree stems from volumetric TLS data in forest environments with rich understory.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 9(No. 1): 9. doi:10.3390/rs9010009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S. 1994. Ecologically Based Individual Tree Volume Estimation for Major Alberta Tree Species. Edmonton: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.
   Google Scholar
• Iglhaut, J., Cabo, C., Puliti, S., Piermattei, L., O’Connor, J., and Rosette, J. 2019. “Structure from motion photogrammetry in forestry: A review.” Current Forestry Reports, Vol. 5(No. 3): 155–168. doi:10.1007/s40725-019-00094-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawchuk, M.A., and Cumming, S.G. 2009. “Disturbance history affects lightning fire initiation in the mixedwood boreal forest: Observations and simulations.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257(No. 7): 1613–1622. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.019.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, X., and Hyyppä, J. 2013. “Automatic stem mapping by merging several terrestrial laser scans at the feature and decision levels.” Sensors, Vol. 13(No. 2): 1614–1634. doi:10.3390/s130201614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., Jaakkola, A., Wang, Y., Hyyppä, J., Honkavaara, E., Liu, J., and Kaartinen, H. 2014. “The use of a hand-held camera for individual tree 3D mapping in forest sample plots.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 6(No. 7): 6587–6603. doi:10.3390/rs6076587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., Hyyppä, J., Kaartinen, H., Lehtomäki, M., Pyörälä, J., Pfeifer, N., Holopainen, M., et al. 2018. “International benchmarking of terrestrial laser scanning approaches for forest inventories.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 144(June): 137–179. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., Kankare, V., Hyyppä, J., Wang, Y., Kukko, A., Haggrén, H., Yu, X., et al. 2016. “Terrestrial laser scanning in forest inventories.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 115: 63–77. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., Wang, Y., Jaakkola, A., Kukko, A., Kaartinen, H., Hyyppä, J., Honkavaara, E., and Liu, J. 2015. “Forest data collection using terrestrial image-based point clouds from a handheld camera compared to terrestrial and personal laser scanning.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 53(No. 9): 5117–5132. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2015.2417316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas, H.G., Bienert, A., Scheller, S., and Keane, E. 2008. “Automatic forest inventory parameter determination from terrestrial laser scanner data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29(No. 5): 1579–1593. doi:10.1080/01431160701736406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRoberts, R.E., Tomppo, E.O., and Naesset, E. 2010. “Advances and emerging issues in national forest inventories.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 25(No. 4): 368–381. doi:10.1080/02827581.2010.496739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikita, T., Janata, P., and Surový, P. 2016. “Forest stand inventory based on combined aerial and terrestrial close-range photogrammetry.” Forests, Vol. 7(No. 12): 165–114. doi:10.3390/f7080165.
   Google Scholar
• Mokroš, M., Liang, X., Surový, P., Valent, P., Čerňava, J., Chudý, F., Tunák, D., Saloň, Š., and Merganič, J. 2018. “Evaluation of close-range photogrammetry image collection methods for estimating tree diameters.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 7(No. 3): 93. doi:10.3390/ijgi7030093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskal, L.M., and Zheng, G. 2011. “Retrieving forest inventory variables with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in urban heterogeneous forest.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4(No. 1): 1–20. doi:10.3390/rs4010001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulverhill, C., Coops, N.C., Tompalski, P., Bater, C.W., and Dick, A.R. 2019. “The utility of terrestrial photogrammetry for assessment of tree volume and taper in boreal mixedwood forests.” Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 76(No. 3). doi:10.1007/s13595-019-0852-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naesset, E. 2002. “Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 80(No. 1): 88–99. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00290-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natural Regions Committee. 2006. Natural regions and subregions of Alberta. Compiled by DJ Downing WW Pettapiece Government of Alberta Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada. 2018. The State of Canada’s Forests 2018. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Piermattei, L., Karel, W., Wang, D., Wieser, M., Mokroš, M., Surový, P., Koreň, M., Tomaštík, J., Pfeifer, N., and Hollaus, M. 2019. “Terrestrial structure from motion photogrammetry for deriving forest inventory data.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 11(No. 8): 950. doi:10.3390/rs11080950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pueschel, P., Newnham, G., Rock, G., Udelhoven, T., Werner, W., and Hill, J. 2013. “The influence of scan mode and circle fitting on tree stem detection, stem diameter and volume extraction from terrestrial laser scans.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 77: 44–56. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reutebuch, S.E., Andersen, H.-E., and McGaughey R.J., 2005. “Light detection and ranging (LIDAR): An emerging tool for multiple resource inventory.” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 103(No. 6): 286–292. doi:10.1093/jof/103.6.286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICOH. 2017. “RICOH THETA S.” https://theta360.com/en/about/theta/s.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-García, C., Montes, F., Ruiz, F., Cañellas, I., and Pita, P. 2014. “Stem mapping and estimating standing volume from stereoscopic hemispherical images.” European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 133(No. 5): 895–904. doi:10.1007/s10342-014-0806-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenger, A., Harou, P., and Navrud, S. 2009. “Valuing environmental goods and services derived from the forests.” Journal of Forest Economics, Vol. 15(No. 1–2): 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jfe.2008.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strimbu, B.M., Qi, C., and Sessions, J. 2019. “Accurate geo-referencing of trees with no or inaccurate terrestrial location devices.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 11(No. 16): 1877. doi:10.3390/rs11161877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, J.C., Stepper, C., Tompalski, P., Coops, N., Wulder, M., White, J.C., Stepper, C., Tompalski, P., Coops, N.C., and Wulder, M.A. 2015. “Comparing ALS and image-based point cloud metrics and modelled forest inventory attributes in a complex coastal forest environment.” Forests, Vol. 6(No. 12): 3704–3732. doi:10.3390/f6103704.
   Google Scholar
• White, J.C., Coops, N.C., Wulder, M.A., Vastaranta, M., Hilker, T., and Tompalski, P. 2016. “Remote sensing technologies for enhancing forest inventories: A review.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 42(No. 5): 619–641. doi:10.1080/07038992.2016.1207484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulder, M.A., Bater, C.W., Coops, N.C., Hilker, T., and White, J.C. 2008. “The role of LiDAR in sustainable forest management.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 84(No. 6): 807–826. doi:10.5558/tfc84807-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar