NOTES AND REFERENCES
- This paper was presented at the Symposium on Culture and Models of Society held in Burgos on July 3–7, 1979.
- Stephen Mennell, Cultural Policy in towns, Strasbourg, Council of Europe. 1976. (Also published in French, German, Dutch, Spanish and Finnish). The fourteen towns were: Akureyri (Iceland); Annecy (France); Apeldoorn (Netherlands); Bologna (Italy); La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland); Esbjerg (Denmark); Exeter (UK); Luneburg (FRG); Krems (Austria); Örebro (Sweden); Stavanger (Norway); Tampere (Finland); Namur and Turnhout (Belgium).
- “Prospective du développement culturel”, Futuribles, numéro hors-série, Octobre, 1973.
- James Simpson, Final Report of the Project on Socio-Cultural Animation: Audit and Legacy. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, document CCC/DC(76)106, 1976, p. 1.
- See H.L. Wilensky, “Mass Society and Mass Culture — Interdependence or Independence?”, American Sociological Review 29(2) 1964: 173–97.
- Z.A. Bauman, Culture as Praxis, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973 chapter 1.
- The difficulties of speaking of cultural “needs” are discussed in my paper “Theoretical Considerations on Cultural ‘Needs’”, Sociology 13(2) 1979; 235–57.
- Simpson, op. cit., p. 3
- Department of the Environment (Great Britain): Leisure and the Quality of Life: A Report on Four Local Experiments, 2 vols., London: H.M.S.O., 1977.
- See Mennell, Cultural Policy in Towns, pp. 114–116.
- Greta Billing and Dagfinn As, Cultural Decentralisation in Norway, Council of Europe doc. CCC I DC (76) 55, Strasbourg 1976.
- Cultural Policy in Towns, pp. 127–135.
- Joffre Dumazedier and Aline Ripert, Loisir et Culture, Paris, Seuil, 1966.
- Cultural Policy in Towns, pp. 116–119.
- Leif Wilhelmson and Lennart Rosenlund, Unity and Diversity in Nordic Cultural Life. Copenhagen: Secretariat for Nordic Cultural Co-operation, 1976.
- F.M.M. Lewes and S.J. Mennell, Leisure, Culture and Local Government, Exeter, University of Exeter, 1976. A summary appears in Cultural Policy in Towns, pp. 56–63.
- See for example Lord Redcliffe-Maud, Support for the Arts, London, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976.
- See Stephen Mennell, The Decentralisation of Cultural Promotion, Council of Europe, doc. CCC/DC (76) 55, Strasbourg 1976.
- Norbert Elias, The Civilising Process: The History of Manners, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1978, chapter 1. (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, vol. I; La Civilisation des Mœurs, Paris, Calmann-Levy.)
- Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1950, London, Chatto and Windus, 1958.
- For an early argument for their significance, see Alfred Willener, The Action-Image of Society, London, Tavistock Publications, 1970.
- J. Simpson, op. cit., p. 5.
- R.A. Dahl, Who Governs?, New Haven, Yale University Press 1961.
- P. Bachrach and M.S. Baratz, Power and Poverty, New York, Oxford University Press, 1970.
- Herbert Gans, Popular Culture and High Culture, New York, Basic Books, 1974.
- Ibid., p. xi.
- Ibid., pp. 12–13.
- Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, London Heinemann, 1973, p. 178.
- See Cultural Policy in Towns.
- Some other Marxist thinkers go even further, of course — notably Althusser and Poulantzas with their brand of “structural super-determinism”.