Interannual Variability of the Circulation over the Eastern Canadian Shelf

References

• Barnier , B. , Madec , G. , Penduff , T. , Molines , J-M. , Treguier , A-M. , Le Somer , J. , Beckmann , A. , Biastoch , A. , Böning , C. , Dengg , J. , Derval , C. , Durand , E. , Gulev , S. , Remy , E. , Talandier , C. , Theetten , S. , Maltrud , M. , McLean , J. and De Cuevas , B. 2006 . Impact of partial steps and momentum advection scheme in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution . Ocean Dyn. , 56 : 543 – 567 . doi:10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbourne , E. , deYoung , B. , Narayanan , S. and Helbig , J. 1997 . Comparison of hydrography and circulation on the Newfoundland Shelf during 1990–1993 with the long-term mean . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 54 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 68 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Colbourne , E. and Foote , K. 2000 . Variability of the stratification and circulation on the Flemish Cap during the decades of the 1950s–1990s . J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. , 26 : 103 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , R. , Meincke , J. , Malmberg , S. and Lee , A. 1988 . The “Great Salinity Anomaly” in the northern North Atlantic 1968–1982 . Prog. Oceanogr. , 20 : 130 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drinkwater, K.F.; R.A. Myers, R.G. Pettipas and T.L. Wright. 1994. Climatic data for the Northwest Atlantic: The position of the shelf/slope front and the northern boundary of the Gulf Stream between 50°W and 75°W, 1973–1992. Can. Data Rept. Fish. Ocean. Sci. Report No. 125: 103pp. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Eden , C. , Greatbatch , R. J. and Böning , C. 2004 . Adiabatically correcting an eddy-permitting model using large-scale hydrographic data: Application to the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 34 : 701 – 719 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuglister , F. and Worthington , L. 1951 . Some results of a multiple ship survey of the Gulf Stream . Tellus, , 3 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaspar , P. , Grégoris , P. and Lefevre , J.-M. 1990 . A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic vertical mixing tests at Station Papa and long-term upper ocean study site . J. Geophys. Res. , 96 : 16179 – 16193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatien , M. G. 1976 . A study in the slope water region south of Halifax . J. Fish. Res. Board of Can. , 33 : 2213 – 2217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geshelin, Y.; J. Sheng and R.J. Greatbatch. 1999. Monthly mean climatologies of temperature and salinity in the western North Atlantic. Can. Data Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. Report No. 153, 62 pp. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Gill , A. 1982 . Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics , San Diego : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Greatbatch , R. J. , Sheng , J. , Eden , C. , Tang , L. and Zhai , X. 2004 . The semi-prognostic method . Cont. Shelf Res. , 24 : 2149 – 2165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffies , S. and Hallberg , R. 2000 . Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models . Mon. Weather Rev. , 128 : 2935 – 2946 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachey, H.B.; F.F. Hermann and W.B. Bailey. 1954. The waters of the ICNAF convention area. In Proc. Int. Comm. Northwest Atl. Fish. Ann. Proc. Vol. 4, pp. 67–102. 8 October 1953, Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Han , G. 2007 . Satellite observations of seasonal and interannual changes of sea level and currents over the Scotian Slope . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 37 : 1051 – 1065 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , G. and Tang , C. L. 2001 . Interannual variations of volume transport in the western Labrador Sea based on TOPEX/Poseidon and WOCE data . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 31 : 199 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAN, G. and J.W. LODER. 2003. Three-dimensional seasonal-mean circulation and hydrography on the eastern Scotian Shelf. J. Geophys. Res. 108(C5): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• HAN, G.; Z. LU, Z. WANG, J. HELBIG, N. CHEN and B. DEYOUNG. 2008. Seasonal variability of the Labrador Current and shelf circulation off Newfoundland. J. Geophys. Res. 113: C10013, doi;10.1029/2007JC004376
   Google Scholar
• Hannachi , A. , Jolliffe , I. T. and Stephenson , D. B. 2007 . Empirical orthogonal functions and related techniques in atmospheric science: A review . Int. J. Climatol. , 27 : 1119 – 1152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah , C. G. , Shore , J. A. , Loder , J. W. and Naime , C. E. 2001 . Seasonal circulation on the western and central Scotian Shelf . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 31 : 591 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head , E. and Sameoto , D. 2007 . Inter-decadal variability in zooplankton and phytoplankton abundance on the Newfoundland and Scotian shelves . Deep-Sea Res. , 54 : 2686 – 2701 . doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.08.003
   Google Scholar
• Higginson , S. , Thompson , K. R. , Huang , M. , Véronneau , M. and Wright , D. 2011 . The mean surface circulation of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre: A comparison of estimates derived from new gravity and oceanographic measurements . J. Geophys. Res. , 116 CO8016, A.R. Robinson and K.H. Brink (eds) doi:10.1029/2010JC006877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horel , J. D. 1984 . Complex principal component analysis: Theory and examples . J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. , 23 : 1660 – 1673 .
   Google Scholar
• Joyce , T. M. , Deser , C. and Spall , M. A. 2000 . The relation between decadal variability of subtropical mode water and the North Atlantic Oscillation . J. Clim. , 13 : 2550 – 2569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large , W. and Pond , S. 1981 . Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 11 : 324 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large, W. and S. Yeager. 2004. Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies. Tech. Report TN-460+STR, NCAR, 105 pp. Boulder, Colorado, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Lazier , J. and Wright , D. 1993 . Annual velocity variations in the Labrador Current . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 23 : 659 – 678 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loder , J. W. , Petrie , B. and Gawarkiewicz , G. 1998 . “ The coastal ocean off northeastern North America: A large-scale view. In ” . In The Sea. Vol 11., The Global Coastal Studies. Regional Studies and Syntheses , Edited by: Robinson , A. R. and Brink , K. H. 105 – 133 . USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , D. R. , Ip , J. T.C. , Naime , C. E. and Werner , F. E. 1996 . Comprehensive coastal circulation model with application to the Gulf of Maine . Cont. Shelf Res. , 16 : 875 – 906 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madec, G. 2008. NEMO Reference Manual, Ocean Dynamics Component: NEMO-OPA, Preliminary Version. Note du Pole de modélisation, Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), France, No 27 ISSN: 1288–1619.
   Google Scholar
• Marchesiello , P. , McWilliams , J. and Shchepetkin , A. 2001 . Open boundary conditions for long term integration of regional oceanic models . Ocean Modelling, , 3 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , R. , Petrie , B. , Weidman , C. , Dickson , R. , Loder , J. , Hannah , C. , Frank , K. and Drinkwater , K. 1999 . The 1882 tilefish kill - a cold event in shelf waters off the north-eastern United States? . Fish. Oceanogr. , 8 : 39 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , H. J. 1957 . On the distinctness and origin of the slope water off the Scotian Shelf and its easterly flow south of the Grand Banks . J. Fish. Res. Board Can. , 14 : 4213 – 4239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niiler , P. 2001 . “ The world ocean surface circulation ” . In Ocean Circulation and Climate – Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean , Edited by: Church , J. , Siedler , G. and Gould , J. 193 – 204 . London : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , B. 2007 . Does the North Atlantic Oscillation affect hydrographic properties on the Canadian Atlantic continental shelf? . Atmosphere-Ocean, , 45 : 141 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie , B. and Anderson , C. 1983 . Circulation on the Newfoundland Shelf . Atmosphere-Ocean, , 21 : 207 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , B. , Loder , J. W. , Lazier , J. and Akenhead , S. 1992 . Temperature and salinity variability on the eastern Newfoundland Shelf: The residual field . Atmosphere-Ocean, , 30 : 129 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie , B. and Drinkwater , K. 1993 . Temperature and salinity variability on the Scotian Shelf and the Gulf of Maine 1945–1990 . J. Geophys. Res. , 98 : 20079 – 20089 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickart , R. and Smethie , W. Jr . 1998 . Temporal evolution of the deep western boundary current where it enters the subtropical domain . Deep-Sea Res. , 45 : 1053 – 1083 .
   Google Scholar
• Shadwick , E. , Thomas , H. , Comeau , A. , Craig , S. , Hunt , C. and Salisbury , J. 2010 . Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the Scotian Shelf: seasonal to multi-annual variability . Biogeosciences, , 7 : 3851 – 3867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng , J. and Thompson , K. R. 1996 . A robust method for diagnosing regional shelf circulation from scattered density profiles . J. Geophys. Res. , 101 : 25647 – 25659 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng , J. , Greatbatch , R. J. and Wright , D. G. 2001 . Improving the utility of ocean circulation models through adjustment of the momentum balance . J. Geophys. Res. , 106 : 16711 – 16728 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng , J. and Tang , L. 2003 . A numerical study of circulation in the western Caribbean Sea . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 31 : 3146 – 3163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. C. , Haines , K. , Kanzow , T. and Cunningham , S. 2010 . Impact of hydrographic data assimilation on the modelled Atlantic meridional overturning circulation . Ocean Sci. , 6 : 761 – 774 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P. and Schwing , F. 1991 . Mean circulation and variability on the eastern Canadian continental shelf . Cont. Shelf Res. , 11 : 977 – 1010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. D. , Maltrud , M. E. , Bryan , F. O. and Hecht , M. W. 2000 . Numerical simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean at 1/10° . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 30 : 1532 – 1561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , W. H.F. and Sandwell , D. T. 1997 . Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings . Science, , 277 : 1957 – 1962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , D. 1990 . On open boundary conditions for three dimensional primitive equations ocean circulation models . Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. , 51 : 103 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , A. H. 1996 . North-south shifts of the Gulf Stream: ocean-atmosphere interactions in the North Atlantic . Int. J. Climatol. , 16 : 559 – 583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terradas , J. , Oliver , R. and Bellester , J. L. 2004 . Application of statistical techniques to the analysis of solar coronal oscillations . Astrophys. J. , 614 : 435 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , K. R. , Lazier , J. R.N. and Taylor , R. 1986 . Wind-forced changes in Labrador Current transport . J. Geophys. Res. , 91 : 14261 – 14268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , K. R. , Loucks , R. H. and Trites , R. W. 1988 . Sea surface temperature variability in the shelf-slope region of the northwest Atlantic . Atmosphere-Ocean, , 26 : 292 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , K. R. , Wright , D. G. , Lou , Y. and Demirov , E. 2006 . A simple method for reducing seasonal bias and drift in eddy resolving ocean models . Ocean Modelling, , 13 : 109 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , K. R. , Ohashi , K. , Sheng , J. , Bobanovic , J. and Ou , J. 2007 . Suppressing bias and drift of coastal circulation models through the assimilation of seasonal climatologies of temperature and salinity . Cont. Shelf Res. , 27 : 1303 – 1316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann , R. , Goosse , H. , Madec , G. , Ficheft , T. , Ethe , C. and Duliere , V. 2005 . On the representation of high latitude processes in the ORCA-LIM global coupled sea ice-ocean model . Ocean Modelling, , 8 : 175 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trossman , D. S. , Thompson , L. , Kelly , K. A. and Kwon , Y-O. 2009 . Estimates of North Atlantic ventilation and model water formation for winters 2002–06 . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 39 : 2600 – 2917 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weare , B. C. 1977 . Empirical orthogonal function analysis of Atlantic Ocean surface temperature . Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 103 : 467 – 478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , D. G. , Thompson , K. R. and Lu , Y. 2006 . Assimilating long-term hydrographic information into an eddy-permitting model of the north Atlantic . J. Geophys. Res. , 111 doi:10.1029/2005JC003200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue , H. , Chai , F. and Pettigrew , N. 2000 . A model study of the seasonal circulation in the Gulf of Maine . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 30 : 1111 – 1135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , J. , Sheng , J. , Greatbatch , R. J. , Azetsu-Scott , K. and Jones , E. P. 2006 . Simulation of CFCs in the North Atlantic Ocean using an adiabatically corrected ocean circulation model . J. Geophys. Res. , 111 : C06027 doi:10.1029/2004JC002814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar