Sensitivity of Northwest North Atlantic Shelf Circulation to Surface and Boundary Forcing: A Regional Model Assessment

References

• Anderson, C., & Smith, P. C. (1989). Oceanographic observations on the Scotian shelf during CASP. Atmosphere-Ocean, 27, 130–156. doi: 10.1080/07055900.1989.9649331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnier, B., & Ferry, N. (2011). GLobal Ocean Reanalyses and Simulations: GLORYS2V1 product scientific and technical notice for users. Technical notice version 1. Mercator-Ocean, Ramonville-Saint-Ange, France.
   Google Scholar
• Barnier, B., Madec, G., Penduff, T., Molines, J.-M., Treguier, A.-M., Le Sommer, J., … De Cuevas, B. (2006). Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy permitting resolution. Ocean Dynamics, 56, 543–567. doi:10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, J. A. (2005). Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131(613), 3583–3604. doi: 10.1256/qj.05.105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., … Vitart, F. (2011). The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137, 553–597. doi:10.1002/qj.828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Godfrey, J. S., Wick, G. A., Edson, J. B., & Young, G. S. (1996). Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 1295–1308. doi: 10.1029/95JC03190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Rogers, D. P., Edson, J. B., & Young, G. S. (1996). Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for tropical ocean global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 3747–3764. doi: 10.1029/95JC03205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisheries and Oceans Canada. (2011). Hydrographic data: Stations and sections of AZMP [Data]. Retrieved from http://www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/isdm-gdsi/azmp-pmza/hydro/index-eng.html
   Google Scholar
• Fisheries and Oceans Canada. (2015). Canadian station inventory and data download. Retrieved from http://www.isdm-gdsi.gc.ca/isdm-gdsi/twl-mne/maps-cartes/inventory-inventaire-eng.asp
   Google Scholar
• Geshelin, Y., Sheng, J., & Greatbatch, R. J. (1999). Monthly mean climatologies of temperature and salinity in the western North Atlantic. Canadian Data Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences, 153, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada: Bedford Institute of Oceanography.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2015). Wateroffice: Historical hydrometric data search [Data]. Retrieved from the Water Survey of Canada website http://wateroffice.ec.gc.ca/search/search_e.html?sType=h2oArc
   Google Scholar
• Griffies, S. M., Winton, M., & Samuels, B. L. (2004). The Large and Yeager (2004) dataset and CORE. CORE release notes. Retrieved from http://data1.gfdl.noaa.gov/nomads/forms/mom4/CORE/doc.html
   Google Scholar
• Guo, L., Perrie, W., Long, Z., Chassé, J., Zhang, Y., & Huang, A. (2013). Dynamical downscaling over the Gulf of St. Lawrence using the Canadian Regional Climate Model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 51(3), 265–283. doi:10.1080/07055900.2013.798778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidvogel, D. B., Arango, H., Budgell, W. P., Cornuelle, B. D., Curchitser, E., Di Lorenzo, E., … Wilkin, J. (2008). Regional ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: Model formulation and skill assessment. Journal of Computational Physics, 227, 3595–3624. doi:10.1016/i.jcp.2007.06.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, G. (2000). Three-dimensional modeling of tidal currents and mixing quantities over the Newfoundland shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 11407–11422. doi: 10.1029/2000JC900033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, G. (2005). Wind-driven barotropic circulation off Newfoundland and Labrador. Continental Shelf Research, 25, 2084–2106. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2005.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, G., & Loder, J. W. (2003). Three-dimensional seasonal-mean circulation and hydrography on the eastern Scotian shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 1–21. doi:10.1029/2002JC001463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, G., Lu, Z., Wang, Z., Helbig, J., Chen, N., & de Young, B. (2008) Seasonal variability of the Labrador Current and shelf circulation off Newfoundland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, C10013. doi:10.1029/2007JC004376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce, T. M., Deser, C., & Spall, M. A. (2000). The relation between decadal variability of subtropical model water and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 13, 2550–2569. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2550:TRBDVO>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, K. A., Podesta, G. P., & Evans, R. (2001). Overview of the NOAA/NASA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Pathfinder algorithm for sea surface temperature and associated matchup database. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C5), 9179–9197. doi: 10.1029/1999JC000065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large, W. G., & Yeager, S. G. (2004). Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies. CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Technical Note: NCAR/TN-460+STR. Boulder, CO: NCAR.
   Google Scholar
• Lazier, J. R. N., & Wright, D. G. (1993). Annual variations in the Labrador Current. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 23, 659–678. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0659:AVVITL>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W. T., Katsaros, K. B., & Businger, J. A. (1979). Bulk parameterization of the air-sea exchange of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 36, 1722–1735. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1722:BPOASE>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loder, J. W., Petrie, B., & Gawarkiewicz, G. (1998). The coastal ocean off northeastern North America: A large-scale view. In A. R. Robinson & K. H. Brink (Eds.), The sea. Vol 11, The global coastal ocean: Regional studies and syntheses (pp. 105–133). New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Marchesiello, P., McWilliams, J. C., & Shchepetkin, A. F. (2001). Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional ocean models. Ocean Modelling, 3, 1–20. doi: 10.1016/S1463-5003(00)00013-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesinger, F., DiMego, G., Kalnay, E., Mitchell, K., Shafran, P. C., Ebisuzaki, W., … Shi, W. (2006). North American regional reanalysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 343–360. doi:10/1175/BAMS-87-3-343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlowicz, R. (2011). T_Tide harmonic analysis toolbox. Retrieved from https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/~rich/#T_Tide
   Google Scholar
• Pawlowicz, R., Beardsley, B., & Lentz, S. (2002). Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE. Computers and Geosciences, 28, 929–937. doi: 10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie, B., & Buckley, J. (1996). Transport and freshwater flux of the Labrador Current in flemish pass. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 28335–28342. doi: 10.1029/96JC02779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie, B. D., & Drinkwater, K. (1993). Temperature and salinity variability on the Scotian Shelf and in the Gulf of Maine 1945–1990. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 20079–20089. doi: 10.1029/93JC02191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, D. T., Verron, J., & Roubaud, M. C. (1998). A singular evolutive extended Kalman filter for data assimilation in oceanography. Journal of Marine Systems, 16(3), 323–340. doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(97)00109-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therriault, J.-C., Petrie, B., Pepin, P., Gagnon, J., Gregory, D., Helbig, J., … Sameoto, D. (1998). Proposal for a Northwest Atlantic zonal monitoring program. Canadian Technical Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences, 194. Retrieved from http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/224076.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, K. R., Loucks, R. H., & Trites, R. W. (1988). Sea surface temperature variability in the shelf-slope region of the northwest Atlantic. Atmosphere-Ocean, 26, 292–299. doi: 10.1080/07055900.1988.9649304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranchant, B., Testut, C.-E., Renault, L., Ferry, N., Birol, F., & Brasseur, P. (2008). Expected impact of the future SMOS and Aquarius Ocean surface salinity missions in the Mercator Ocean operational systems: New perspectives to monitor the ocean circulation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 1476–1487. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2007.06.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umlauf, L., & Burchard, H. (2003). A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models. Journal of Marine Research, 61, 235–265. doi: 10.1357/002224003322005087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urrego-Blanco, J., & Sheng, J. (2012). Interannual variability of the circulation over the eastern Canadian Shelf. Atmosphere-Ocean, 50, 277–300. doi:10.1080/07055900.2012.680430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, J. C., Sherwood, C. R., Arango, H. G., & Signell, R. P. (2005). Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method. Ocean Modelling, 8, 81–113. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin, J. L., & Hunter, E. J. (2013). An assessment of the skill of real-time models of Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118, 2919–2933. doi:10.1002/jgrc.20223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., & Sheng, J. (2013). Estimation of extreme sea levels over the eastern continental shelf of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118, 6253–6273. doi:10.1002/2013JC009160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar