Forecasting diseases caused by Sclerotinia spp. in eastern Canada: fact or fiction?

References

• Abawi , G. S. and Grogan , R. G. 1975 . Source of primary inoculum and effects of temperature and moisture on infection of beans by Whetzelinia sclerotiorum . Phytopathology , 65 : 300 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abawi , G. S. and Grogan , R. G. 1979 . Epidemiology of diseases caused by Sclerotinia species . Phytopathology , 69 : 899 – 904 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , P. B. and Ayers , W. A. 1979 . Ecology of Sclerotinia species . Phytopathology , 69 : 896 – 899 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrios , G. N. 1997 . Plant pathology. , 4th ed , San Diego, Calif : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Andaloro , J. T. and Rose , K. B. Review of the 1981 pest management program on snap beans . New York State Processing Vegetable Conference . February 23–24 1982 , Rochester, N.Y.. pp. 41 – 43 . Geneva, N.Y. : New York State Agricultural Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Boland , G. J. and Hall , R. 1987 . Epidemiology of white mold of white bean in Ontario . Can. J. Plant Pathol , 9 : 218 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boland , G. J. and Hall , R. 1988a . Relationships between the spatial pattern and number of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and stem rot of soybean . Plant Pathol. (London) , 37 : 329 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boland , G. J. and Hall , R. 1988b . Numbers and distribution of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in relation to white mold of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) . Can. J. Bot. , 66 : 247 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Boland , G. J. and Hall , R. 1994 . Index of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 16 : 93 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bom , M. and Boland , G. J. 2000a . Evaluation of disease forecasting variables for sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of canola . Can. J. Plant Sci , 80 : 889 – 898 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bom , M. and Boland , G. J. 2000b . Evaluation of polyclonal-antibody-based immunoassays for detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on canola petals, and prediction of stem rot . Can. J. Microbiol. , 46 : 723 – 729 .
   Google Scholar
• Caesar , A. J. and Pearson , R. C. 1983 . Environmental factors affecting survival of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Phytopathology , 73 : 1024 – 1030 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbyshire , D. M. and Crisp , A. F. 1978 . Studies on treatments to prolong storage life of carrots . Exp. Hortic. , 30 : 23 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillard , H. R. and Hunter , J. E. 1986 . Association of common ragweed with Sclerotinia rot of cabbage in New York State . Plant Dis. , 70 : 26 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow , R. L. , Porter , D. M. and Powell , N. L. 1988 . Effect of environmental factors on Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotinia blight of peanut . Phytopathology , 78 : 672 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlayson , J. E. , Rimmer , S. R. and Pritchard , M. K. 1989 . Infection of carrots by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 11 : 242 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geary , J. R. 1978 . Host-parasite interactions between the cultivated carrot (Daucus carota) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary , East Anglia, , UK : University of East Anglia . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Gugel , R. K. and Morrall , R. A. A. 1986 . Inoculum-disease relationships in sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed in Saskatchewan . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 8 : 89 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , R. and Mwiindilila , C. N. 1987 . Prediction of white mold in white bean in Ontario . Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. , 30 : 24 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , R. and Mwiindilila , C. N. 1989 . Prediction of white mold in white bean and snap bean . Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. , 32 : 107 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , R. and Mwiindilila , C. N. 2000 . Pathosystem parameters associated with severe white mold of white bean . Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. , 43 : 154 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , R. J. , Garland , J. A. and Seaman , W. L. , eds. 1994 . Diseases and pests of vegetable crops of Canada: an illustrated compendium , Ottawa, Ont : The Canadian Phytopathological Society and the Entomological Society of Canada. M.O.M. Printing Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. and Petzoldt , C. 1987 . “ Improvement of a forecasting system for while mold of snap beans using apothecia counts and soil sampling for sclerotia ” . In Integrated pest management , Ithaca, N.Y : New York State Integrated Pest Management Program. Cornell University . Abstracts of 1986 projects. [Abstr.]
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. E. , Pearson , R. C. , Seem , R. C. , Smith , C. A. and Palumbo , D. R. 1984 . Relationship between soil moisture and occurrence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold disease on snap beans . Prot. Ecol. , 7 : 269 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamaux , I. and Spire , D. 1994 . Development of a polyclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the early detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in rapeseed petals . (London) Plant Pathol. , 43 : 847 – 862 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamaux , I. , Gelie , B. and Lamarque , C. 1995 . Early stages of rapeseed petals and leaves by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed by scanning electron microscopy . Plant Pathol. (London) , 44 : 22 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kora , C. 2003 . Etiology, epidemiology and management of sclerotinia rot of carrot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary , Guelph, Ont : University of Guelph . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Kora , C. , McDonald , M. R. and Boland , G. J. 2003 . Sclerotinia rot of carrot: an example of phenological adaptation and bicyclic development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Plant Dis. , 87 : 456 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kora , C. , McDonald , M. R. and Boland , G. J. 2005a . Occurrence of fungal pathogens of carrots on wooden boxes used for storage . Plant Pathol. (London) , In press
   Google Scholar
• Kora , C. , McDonald , M. R. and Boland , G. J. 2005b . Epidemiology of sclerotinia rot of carrot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , In press
   Google Scholar
• Kora , C. , McDonald , M. R. and Boland , G. J. 2005c . Lateral clippings of canopy influences microclimate and development of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in carrots . Plant Dis. , In press
   Google Scholar
• Langston , D. B. Jr. , Phipps , P. M. and Stipes , R. J. 2002 . An algorithm for predicting outbreaks of sclerotinia blight of peanut and improving the timing of fungicide sprays . Plant Dis. , 86 : 118 – 126 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lefol , C. and Morrall , R. A. A. 1996 . Immunofluorescent staining of sclerotinia ascospores on canola petals . Can. J. Plant Pathol , 18 : 237 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , K. J. and Fry , W. E. 1986 . Plant disease epidemiology: population dynamics and management , Vol. 1 , New York : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Melzer , M. S. and Boland , G. J. 1994 . Epidemiology of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia minor . Can. J. Plant Pathol , 16 : 170 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzer , M. S. , Smith , E. A. and Boland , G. J. 1997 . Index of plant hosts of Sclerotinia minor . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 19 : 272 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrall , R. A. A. and Dueck , J. 1982 . Epidemiology of sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed in Saskatchewan . Can. J. Plant Pathol , 4 : 161 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton , J. G. and Hall , R. 1989 . Factors determining the efficacy of chemical control of white mold in white bean . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 11 : 297 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwiindilila , C. N. and Hall , R. 1990 . Prediction of white mold in common bean in Ontario . Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. , 33 : 49 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food . 2004 . Vegetable production recommendations. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food , Toronto, Ont : Queen's Printer for Ontario . Publication 363
   Google Scholar
• Petzoldt , C. H. and Hunter , J. Use of apothecia counts to forecast white mold and testing of possible gray mold forecasting strategies . New York State Processing Vegetable Conference . February 23–24 1988 , Canandaigua, N.Y.. pp. 44 – 47 . Ithaca, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University .
   Google Scholar
• Petzoldt , C. H. , Hunter , J. and Fabry , K. White mold forecasting system for snap beans . New York State Processing Vegetable Conference . February 18–20 1986 , Canandaigua, N.Y.. pp. 21 – 25 . Geneva, N.Y : New York State Agricultural Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Petzoldt , C. , Hunter , J. and Ludwig , J. Forecasting and control of white and gray mold . New York State Processing Vegetable Conference . February 18–20 1986 , Canandaigua, N.Y.. pp. 4 – 11 . Ithaca, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University .
   Google Scholar
• Petzoldt , C. H. , Pederson , L. H. , Koplinka-Loehr , C. and Haining Cowles , M. 1998 . Snap bean pest management. A guide to regular field monitoring in New York. , 5th ed. , Cornell University and New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets . Publication 105c
   Google Scholar
• Phan , C. T. , Hsu , H. and Sarkar , S. K. 1973 . Physical and chemical changes occurring in the carrot root during storage . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 53 : 635 – 641 .
   Google Scholar
• Phipps , P. M. 1995 . An assessment of environmental conditions preceding outbreaks of Sclerotinia blight of peanut in Virginia . Peanut Sci. , 22 : 90 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Phipps , P. M. , Deck , S. H. and Walker , D. H. 1997 . Weather-based crop and disease advisories for peanut in Virginia . Plant Dis , 81 : 236 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Plantsystems . 2004 . Justify my sprays. PLANT-Plus. Decision support systems , UK : Plantsystems, Wisbech and Emneth . [online]. [cited 17 May 2004].
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard , M. K. , Boese , D. E. and Rimmer , S. R. 1992 . Rapid cooling and field applied fungicides for reducing losses in storage carrots caused by cottony soft rot . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 14 : 177 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdy , L. H. 1979 . Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, history, diseases and symptomatology, host range, geographic distribution, and impact . Phytopathology , 69 : 875 – 880 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , K. B. , Andaloro , J. T. and Hunter , J. E. 1983 . Evaluation of a white mold forecasting scheme in a snap bean pest management program . Phytopathology , 73 : 373
   Google Scholar
• Stelfox , D. , Williams , J. R. , Soehngen , U. and Topping , R. C. 1978 . Transport of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ascospores by rapeseed pollen in Alberta . Plant Dis. Rep. , 62 : 576 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu , J. C. 1989 . Modes of primary infection caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in navy bean . Microbios , 57 : 85 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Turkington , T. K. and Morrall , R. A. A. 1993 . Use of petal infestation to forecast sclerotinia stem rot of canola: the influence of inoculum variation over the flowering period and canopy density . Phytopathology , 83 : 682 – 689 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkington , T. K. , Morrall , R. A. A. and Baker , R. J. 1988 . Sample sizes in relation to forecasting sclerotinia stem rot of canola . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 10 : 159 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkington , T. K. , Morrall , R. A. A. and Gugel , R. K. 1991a . Use of petal infestation to forecast sclerotinia stem rot of canola: evaluation of early bloom sampling, 1985–90. Can . J. Plant Pathol. , 13 : 50 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkington , T. K. , Morrall , R. A. A. and Rude , S. V. 1991b . Use of petal infestation to forecast sclerotinia stem rot of canola: the impact of diurnal and weather-related inoculum fluctuations . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 13 : 347 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walcz , I. , Pacsa , A. S. , Emody , L. and Szabo , L. G. 1985 . Detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in sunflower by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 85 : 485 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• Willetts , H. J. and Wong , J. A.-L. 1980 . The biology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, and S. minor with emphasis on specific nomenclature . Bot. Rev. , 46 : 101 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. R. and Stelfox , D. 1979 . Dispersal of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in relation to sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed . Plant Dis. Rep. , 63 : 395 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadoks , J. C. and Schein , R. D. 1979 . Epidemiology and plant disease management , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar