929
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Clubroot in Australia: the history and impact of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica crops and research efforts directed towards its control

&
Pages 66-84 | Accepted 20 Nov 2013, Published online: 06 Mar 2014

References

  • ABS. 2007. Ausstats, 7112.0 Selected agricultural commodities, Australia, Preliminary, 2005–2006. Table 3, Vegetables, Production – Year ended 30 June 2006, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, Australia; [revised 2007 Jul 26; cited 2013 Apr 17]. Available from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/7112.02005-06
  • ABS. 2012. Ausstats, 7501.0 Value of Principal Agricultural Commodities Produced, Australia, Preliminary, 2011–2012 Year ended 30 June 2012, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, Australia; [revised 2012 Nov 15; cited 2013 Apr 17]. Available from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/7501.0main ± features32011-12
  • Agarwal A. 2009. Interactions of Plasmodiophora Brassicae with Arabidopsis Thaliana [dissertation] Geelong (Australia): Deakin University.
  • Agarwal A, Kaul V, Faggian R, Cahill DM. 2009. Development and use of a model system to monitor clubroot disease progression with an Australian field population of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Aust Plant Path. 38:120–127.
  • Agarwal A, Kaul V, Faggian R, Rookes JE, Ludwig-Müller J, Cahill DM. 2011. Analysis of global host gene expression during the primary phase of the Arabidopsis thaliana-Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction. Funct Plant Biol. 38:462–478.
  • Ausveg. 2012. Industry statistics, the domestic industry, detailed data by vegetable. Ausveg, National peak industry body for vegetable and potato growers, Australia; [revised 2012 Aug 24; cited 2013 Apr 17 ]. Available from http://www.ausveg.businesscatalyst.com/resources/statistics/domestic-industry/detailed-data.html
  • Badi A, Lawrie AC, Donald EC. 2010. Genetic diversity of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Australia. In: Stirling GR, editor. Proceedings of the 6th Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium; 2010 Aug 9–11. Twin Waters, Queensland, Australia; p. 32.
  • Barr DJS. 1992. Evolution of kingdoms of organisms from the perspective of a mycologist. Mycologia. 84:1.
  • Braselton JP. 1995. Current status of the Plasmodiophorids. Crit Rev Microbiol. 21:263–275.
  • Cavalier-Smith T. 1993. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiol Rev. 57:953–994.
  • Cavalier-Smith T. 2002. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Micr. 52:297–354.
  • Chambers SC. 1977. Studies on some populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woron) in Victoria. Research project series No. 20 (Agdex 637). Victoria (Australia): Department of Agriculture.
  • Colhoun J. 1958. Club root disease of brassicas caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. Phytopathological Paper No. 3. Kew: Commonwealth Mycol Instit.
  • Cristen O, Evans E, Nielsson C, Haldrup C. 1999. Oilseed rape cropping systems in NW Europe. In Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress; 1999 Sept 26–29; Canberra, Australia.
  • Crute IR, Gray AR, Crisp P, Buczacki ST. 1980. Variation in Plasmodiophora brassicae and resistance to clubroot disease in brassicas and allied crops – a critical review. Plant Breed Abst. 50:91–104.
  • Davies JML. 1986. Diseases of Oilseed rape. In: Scarisbrick DH, Daniels RW, editors. Oilseed Rape London: Collins; p. 195–236.
  • Diederichsen E, Frauen M, Linders EGA, Hatakeyama K, Hirai M. 2009. Status and perspectives of clubroot resistance breeding in crucifer crops. J Plant Growth Regul. 28:265–281.
  • Dixon GR, Craig MA, Burgess PJ, Thomas J. 1994. MTF 651: a new soil-applied fungicide for the control of plasmodial fungi. Proc Brighton Conf. 1994:541–548.
  • Donald EC. 2005. The influence of abiotic factors and host plant physiology on the survival and pathology of Plasmodiophora Brassicae of Vegetable Brassicas [dissertation]. Melbourne (Australia): Melbourne University.
  • Donald E, Porter I. 2003. Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) an imminent threat to the Australian canola industry. Proceedings of the 13th biennial Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas; 2003 Sept 8–12;Tamworth (Australia): State of New South Wales, NSW Agriculture.
  • Donald EC, Porter IJ. 2004. A sand solution culture technique used to observe the effect of calcium and pH on root hair and cortical stages of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Aust Plant Pathol. 33:585–589.
  • Donald EC, Porter IJ. 2009. Integrated control of clubroot. J Plant Growth Regul. 28:289–303.
  • Donald EC, Porter IJ, Lancaster RA. 2001. Band incorporation of fluazinam (Shirlan) into soil to control clubroot of vegetable brassica crops. Aust J Exp Agr. 41:1223–1226.
  • Donald EC, Lawrence JM, Porter IJ. 2002. Evaluation of a fluorescent staining technique as an indicator of pathogenicity of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Aust Plant Pathol. 31:373–379.
  • Donald EC, Czerniakowski B, Porter IJ. 2004a. Optimising a diagnostic test for clubroot. Final report for project VG03022. Sydney (Australia): Horticulture Australia Limited.
  • Donald EC, Lawrence JM, Porter IJ. 2004b. Influence of particle size and application method on the efficacy of calcium cyanamide for control of clubroot of vegetable brassicas. Crop Prot. 23:297–303.
  • Donald EC, Cross SJ, Lawrence JM, Porter IJ. 2006a. Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the cause of clubroot, in Australia. Ann Appl Biol. 148:239–244.
  • Donald EC, Porter IJ, Faggian R, Lancaster RA. 2006b. An integrated approach to the control of clubroot in vegetable brassica crops. Acta Hortic. 706:283–300.
  • Donald EC, Jaudzems G, Porter IJ. 2008. Pathology of cortical invasion by Plasmodiophora brassicae in clubroot resistant and susceptible Brassica oleracea hosts. Plant Pathol. 57:201–209.
  • Emmett RW, Edwards J, Porter IJ, Donald C. 2012. Economic Evaluation of Clubroot R & D, an Evaluation of Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Case Study. Victoria (Australia): Department of Primary Industries.
  • Faggian R, Parsons S. 2002. A Rapid Diagnostic Test for Clubroot Final Report for Project VG99008. Sydney (Australia): Horticultural Research and Development Corporation.
  • Faggian R, Strelkov SE. 2009. Detection and measurement of Plasmodiophora brassicae. J Plant Growth Regul. 28:282–288.
  • Faggian R, Bulman SR, Lawrie AC, Porter IJ. 1999a. Specific PCR primers for the detection of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil and water. Phytopathology. 89:392–397.
  • Faggian R, Donald C, Porter IJ, Lawrie AC. 1999b. The use of molecular techniques to investigate the genetic variation of Australian clubroot isolates. Proceedings of the 12th Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference; 1999 Sept 27–30; Canberra (Australia).
  • Faggian R, Donald C, Porter IJ, Lawrie AC. 1999c. Epidemiology of recent clubroot outbreaks using PCR to trace sources of inoculums. In: Proceedings of the 12th Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference; 1999 Sept 27–30; Canberra (Australia).
  • Faggian R, Kaul V, Donald C, Porter IJ, Kennedy R, Wakeham A. 2007. On Farm Diagnostic Kits for Brassica Diseases Final Report for Project VG04059. Sydney (Australia): Horticulture Australia Limited.
  • Goeche F, Wiese J, Núnez A, Labes A, Imhoff JF, Neuhauser S. 2012. A novel phytomyxean parasite associated with galls on the bull-kelp Durvillaea antartica (Chamisso) Hariot. PLoS ONE. 7:e45358. doi:10.1371/Journal.pone0045358
  • Howard RJ, Strelkov SE, Harding MW. 2010. Clubroot of cruciferous crops – new perspectives on an old disease. Can J Plant Pathol. 32:43–57.
  • Humpherson-Jones FM. 1993. Effect of surfactants and fungicides on clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) of brassicas. Ann Appl Biol. 122:457–465.
  • Jones DR, Ingram DS, Dixon GR. 1982. Factors affecting tests for differential pathogenicity in populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Plant Pathol. 31:229–238.
  • Kageyama K, Asano T. 2009. Life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae. J Plant Growth Regul. 28:203–211.
  • Karling JS. 1942. The Plasmodiophorales. 1st ed. New York: J. S. Karling.
  • Karling JS. 1968. The Plasmodiophorales. 2nd ed. New York: J. S. Hafner Publishing Company.
  • Khangura RK, Wright DG. 2012. First report of clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae on canola in Australia. Plant Dis. 96:1075.
  • Kobayashi I, Murdoch LJ, Kunoh H, Hardham AR. 1995. Cell biology of early events in the plant resistance response to infection by pathogenic fungi. Can J Bot. 73:S418–S425.
  • Köle AP, Gielink AJ. 1961. Electron microscope observations on the flagella of the zoosporangial zoospores of Plasmodiophora brassicae and Spongospora subterranea. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Series C. Biol. Medical Sci.. 64:157–161.
  • Kong Kaw Wa SL. 2009. Discovering clubroot resistance genes in Brassica vegetable crops [dissertation]. Melbourne (Australia): RMIT University.
  • Lamb CJ, Lawton MA, Dron M, Dixon RA. 1989. Signals and transduction mechanisms for activation of plant defenses against microbial attack. Cell. 56:215–224.
  • Lovelock DA. 2013. Salicylic acid and its role in defence against Plasmodiophora brassicae [dissertation]. Geelong (Australia): Deakin University.
  • Lovelock DA, Donald EC, Conlan XA, Cahill DA. 2013. Salicylic acid suppression of clubroot in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italic) caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae. Aust Plant Pathol. 42:141–153.
  • Ludwig-Müller J, Prinsen E, Rolfe SA, Scholes JD. 2009. Metabolism and plant hormone action during clubroot disease. J Plant Growth Regul. 28:229–244.
  • MacFarlane I. 1952. Factors affecting the survival of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. in the soil and its assessment by a host test. Ann Appl Biol. 39:239–256.
  • Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian M, Chapman DJ. 1989. Handbook of Protoctista. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
  • McAlpine D. 1891. Report on clubroot of cauliflowers, cabbages, turnips and other Brassica plants. Department of Agriculture Victoria, Bulletin 14:36–44.
  • Mithen R, Magrath R. 1992. A contribution to the life history of Plasmodiophora brassicae: secondary plasmodia development in root galls of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mycol Res. 96:877–885.
  • Myers DF, Campbell RN. 1985. Lime and the control of clubroot of crucifers: effects of pH, calcium, magnesium, and their interactions. Phytopathology. 75:670–673.
  • Naiki T, Kageyama K, Ikegami H. 1978. The relation of spore density of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. to the root hair infection and club formation in Chinese cabbage (studies on the clubroot of cruciferous plant II). Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn. 44:432–439.
  • Porter IJ, Merriman PR. 1985. Evaluation of soil solarization for control of root diseases of row crops in Victoria. Plant Pathol. 34:108–118.
  • Porter IJ, Merriman PR, Keane PJ. 1991. Soil solarization combined with low rates of soil fumigants controls clubroot of cauliflowers, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. Aust J Exp Agric. 31:843–851.
  • Porter IJ, Cross SJ, Asirifi N, Morgan W. 1994. Integrated Management of Clubroot of Crucifers: survey and Pilot Studies. Final report for project VG306. Sydney (Australia): Horticultural Research and Development Corporation.
  • Porter IJ, Donald EC, Lancaster R. 1997. Integrated strategies to control and prevent the spread of clubroot. Final report for project VG431. Sydney, (Australia): Horticultural Research and Development Corporation.
  • Porter IJ, Donald EC, Cross SJ. 1998. Field evaluation of fluazinam against clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) of cruciferous vegetable crops. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars No. 19. Ann Appl Biol. 132(Supplement):12–13.
  • Porter IJ, Donald EC, Lancaster R, Faggian R. 2004. Integration of classical and molecular approaches to successfully control clubroot of crucifers. In: Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Foundation for Plant Pathology & British Society for Plant Pathology Presidential Meeting; 2004 Sept 5–10; Aberdeen (UK).
  • Porter IJ, Cross SJ, Donald EC. 2005. Integrated control of clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae, of crucifers – A model system for soilborne pathogens. 15th Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference Handbook; 2005 Sept 26–29; Geelong (Australia).
  • Porter IJ, Donald EC, Minchinton E. 2007. IPM gap analysis for vegetable pathology. Final report for project VG06092. Sydney (Australia): Horticulture Australia Limited.
  • Porter I, Mattner S, Edwards J, Brett R, Riches D, Hall C, Guijarro B, Fridman M, Fisher P, O’Halloran N, Engleitner S, Partington D. 2010. Benchmarking soil health for improved crop health, quality and yields in the temperate Australian vegetable industries. Final report for project VG7008. Sydney (Australia): Horticulture Australia Limited.
  • Ransom LM, Collins D, Taylor PA, Baker A. 1991. A new weapon to beat clubroot. 8th Australasian Plant Pathology Conference; Sydney (Australia). [Abstr.].
  • Rod J, Havel J. 1992. Assessment of oilseed rape resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae). Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars No. 13. Ann Appl Biol. 132(Supplement):106–107.
  • Rouxel F, Regnault Y. 1985. Comparaison de la réceptivité des sols à la hernie des crucifères: application à l’évaluation des risques sur quelques sols à culture de colza oléagineuz. Premières Journées d’Études sur les maladies des plantes. Versailles (France): ANPP.
  • Scholze P, Lalorny M, Drippe R. 2002. A comparative study of reaction to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) by inoculating plants with single races or a race mixture. J Plant Dis Prot. 109:217–226.
  • Shinoda H, Murakami K, Goto I. 2003. An improved method for measurement of the resting spore density of Plasmodiophora brassicae from infested soils. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 74:287–297.
  • Siemens J, Keller I, Sarx J, Kunz S, Schuller A, Nagel W, Schmulling T, Parniske M, Ludwig-Muller J. 2006. Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis clubroots indicate a key role for cytokinins in disease development. Mol Plant-Microbe Inter. 19:480–494.
  • Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T. 1988. A method for assessing the pathogenic activity of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae by fluorescence microscopy. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 54:466–475.
  • Thornton CR, Groenhof AC, Forrest R, Larnotte R. 2004. A one-step, immunochromatographic lateral flow device specific to Rhizoctonia solani and certain related species, and its use to detect and quantify R. solani in soil. Phytopathology. 94:280–288.
  • Tommerup IC, Ingram DS. 1971. The life-cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. in Brassica tissue cultures and intact roots. New Phytol. 70:327–332.
  • Toxopeus H, Dixon GR, Mattusch P. 1986. Physiological specialization in Plasmodiophora brassicae: an analysis by international experimentation. Trans Brit Mycol Soc. 87:279–287.
  • Wakeham A, Faggian R, Kennedy R. 2008. Development and validation of ‘in field’ detection kits for the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. J Plant Pathol. 90:425.
  • Walker JC. 1935. Calcium cyanamide in relation to control of clubroot in cabbage. J Agric Res. 51:183–189.
  • Wallenhammar AC. 1996. Prevalence of Plasmodiophora brassicae in a spring oilseed rape growing area in central Sweden and factors influencing soil infestation levels. Plant Pathol. 45:710–719.
  • Watson AG, Baker KF. 1969. Possible gene centres for resistance in Brassica to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Econ Bot. 23:245–252.
  • Webster MA, Dixon GR. 1991a. Calcium, pH and inoculum concentration influencing colonization by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Mycol Res. 95:65–73.
  • Webster MA, Dixon GR. 1991b. Boron, pH and inoculum concentration influencing colonization by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Mycol Res. 95:74–79.
  • Williams PH. 1966. A system for the determination of races of Plasmodiophora brassicae that infect cabbage and rutabaga. Phytopathology, 56:624–626.
  • Woronin M. 1878. Plasmodiophora brassicae, Urheber de Kohlpflanzen-Hernie. Jb Wiss Bot. 11:548–574.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.