Characterization of the toxicity of cerato-ulmin, the toxin of Dutch elm disease

References

• Claydon , N. , Elgersma , D. M. and Grove , J. F. 1980 . The phytotoxicity of some phenolic metabolic products of Ophiostoma ulmi to Ulmus sp . Neth. J. Plant. Pathol. , 86 : 229 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Damann , K. E. Jr. , Gardner , J. M. and Scheffer , R. P. 1974 . An assay for Helminthosporium victoriaeioxin based on induced leakage of electrolytes from oat tissue . Phytopathology , 64 : 652 – 654 .
   Google Scholar
• Dimond , A. E. , Plumb , G. H. , Stoddard , E. M. and Horsfall , J. G. 1949 . An evaluation of chemotherapy and vector control by insecticides for combating Dutch elm disease , Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn., New Haven, Bull. 531 69 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ipsen , J. D. and Abul-Hajj , Y. J. 1982 . Fluorescent antibody technique as a means of localizing Ceratocystis ulmi toxins in elm . Can. J. Bot. , 60 : 724 – 729 .
   Google Scholar
• Krywienczyk , J. , Takai , S. and Mathieson , B. A. 1979 . Ceratoulmin, a wilting toxin of Ceratocystis ulmi: Development of antiserum against the toxin . Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan , 45 : 745 – 747 .
   Google Scholar
• Landis , W. R. and Hart , J. H. 1972 . Physiological changes in pathogen-free tissue of Ulmus americana induced by Ceratocystis ulmi . Phytopathology , 62 : 909 – 913 .
   Google Scholar
• Nordin , J. H. and Strobel , G. A. 1981 . Structural and immunochemical studies on the phytotoxic peptidorhamnomannan of Ceratocystis ulmi . Plant Physiol. , 67 : 1208 – 1213 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pusey , L. and Wilson , G. L. 1981 . Toxin production and pathogenicity of Ceratocystis ulmi . J. Arbor. , 7 : 258 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Rebel , H. 1969 . Phytotoxinsof Ceratocystis ulmi. Isolation and structure investigation , The Netherlands : Univ. Utrecht . Ph.D. Thesis, 77 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Richards , W. C. and Takai , S. 1973 . Novel technique for isolating microstructures present in shake cultures of the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi . Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 443 – 444 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards , W. C. , Takai , S. , Lin , D. , Hiratsuka , Y. and Asina , S. 1982 . An abnormal strain of Ceratocystis ulmi incapable of producing external symptoms of Dutch elm disease . Eur. J. For. Pathol. , 12 : 193 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , B. R. 1966 . Transpiration of elm seedlings as influenced by inoculation with Ceratocystis ulmi . For. Sci. , 12 : 44 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Russo , P. S. , Blum , F. D. , Ipsen , J. D. , Abul-Hajj , Y. J. and Miller , W. G. 1981 . The solubility and surface activity of the Ceratocystis ulmi toxin cerato-ulmin . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 19 : 113 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Russo , P. S. , Blum , F. D. , Ipsen , J. D. , Abul-Hajj , Y. J. and Miller , W. G. 1982 . The surface activity of the phytotoxin ceratoulmin . Can. J. Bot. , 60 : 1414 – 1422 .
   Google Scholar
• Salemink , C. A. , Rebel , H. , Kerling , L. C. P. and Tchernoff , V. 1965 . Phytotoxin isolated from liquid cultures of Ceratocystis ulmi . Science , 149 : 202 – 203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheffer , R. J. and Elgersma , D. M. 1981 . Detection of a phytotoxic glycopeptide produced by Ophiostoma ulmi in elm by enzyme-linked immuno-specific assay (ELISA) . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 18 : 27 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , K. J. , Slater , J. A. and Takai , S. 1979 . Cerato-ulmin — a wilting toxin of Dutch elm disease fungus . Phytochemistry , 18 : 235 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strobel , G. , Van Alfen , N. , Hapner , K. D. , McNeil , M. and Albersheim , P. 1978 . Some phytotoxic glycopeptides from Ceratocystis ulmi, the Dutch elm disease pathogen . Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , 538 : 60 – 75 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takai , S. 1974 . Pathogenicity and cerato-ulmin production in Ceratocystis ulmi . Nature , 252 : 124 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai , S. 1978 . Cerato-ulmin, a wilting toxin of Ceratocystis ulmi: Cultural factors affecting cerato-ulmin production by the fungus . Phytopathol. Z. , 91 : 147 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Takai , S. 1980 . Relationship of the production of the toxin cerato-ulmin to synnemata formation, pathogenicity, mycelial habit and growth of Ceratocystis ulmi isolates . Can. J. Bot. , 58 : 658 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Takai , S. and Richards , W. C. 1978 . Cerato-ulmin, a wilting toxin of Ceratocystis ulmi: Isolation and some properties of cerato-ulmin from the culture of C. ulmi . Phytopathol. Z. , 91 : 129 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai , S. and Kondo , E. S. 1979 . Seasonal development of Dutch elm disease in white elms in central Ontario, Canada. 1. Following wound inoculation . Can. J. Bot. , 57 : 341 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• Takai , S. and Hiratsuka , Y. 1984 . Scanning electron microscope observations of internal symptoms of white elm following Ceratocystis ulmi infection and cerato-ulmin treatment . Can. J. Bot. , 62 : 1365 – 1371 .
   Google Scholar
• Takai , S. , Richards , W. C and Stevenson , K. J. 1983 . Evidence for the involvement of the Ceratocystic ulmi toxin, ceratoulmin, in the development of Dutch elm disease . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 23 : 275 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Takai , S. , Krywienczyk , J. , Hiratsuka , Y. and Richards , W. C. 1979 . A highlight of biological studies of cerato-ulmin with a special emphasis on pathotoxic features . Proc. Can. Phytopathol. Soc. , 46 : 71 (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Takai , S. , Richards , W. C. , Hiratsuka , Y. and Stevenson , K. J. 1979 . “ Cerato-ulmin, a semipathotoxin of Ceratocystis ulmi ” . In Recognition and specificity in plant host-parasite interactions , Edited by: Daly , J. M. and Uritani , Ikuzo . 147 – 151 . Baltimore : Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Tokyo, and Univ. Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Takai , S. , Krywienczyk , J. , Richards , W. C. and Mathieson , B. 1981 . In vivo production of cerato-ulmin (CU) in white elm wood by Ceratocystis ulmi . Phytopathology , 71 : 260 (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Van Alfen , N. K. and Turner , N. C. 1975 . Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi toxin on water relations of elm (Ulmus americana) . Plant Physiol. , 55 : 312 – 316 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Alfen , N. K. and MacHardy , W. E. 1978 . “ Symptoms and host-pathogen interactions ” . In Dutch elm disease perspectives after 60 years , Exp. Stn. Search (Agriculture) 8 Edited by: Sinclair , W. A. and Campana , R. J. 20 – 25 . Cornell Univ. Agric. . 52 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. L. 1970 . What we don't know about some shade tree diseases . Arborists , 35 : 9 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Zentmyer , G. A. 1942 . Toxin formation by Ceratostomella ulmi . Science , 95 : 512 – 513 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar