History, occurrence, impact, and control of blackleg of rapeseed

References

• Agrios , G. N. 1988 . Plant Pathology. , Third Edition , San Diego, CA : Academic Press Inc. . 803 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Alabouvette , C. and Brunin , B. 1970 . Recherches sur la maladie du colza due à Leptosphaeria maculans> (Desm.) Ces. et de Not. I. — Rôle des restes de culture dans la conservation et la dissémination du parasite . Ann. Phytopathol. , 2 : 463 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , H. S. 1983 . FR1069/1 flowable seed treatment for control of seedborn black leg in rapeseed , Pestic. Res. Rep. 240 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1970 . Études variétales sur le colza d'hiver . Bul. CETIOM , 43 : 16 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1975 . Oilseed rape , UK : United Oilseeds Limited . 29 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1991 . Varieties of grain crops for Saskatchewan 1991 , Saskatchewan Agriculture . ISSN 0382-3601
   Google Scholar
• Assabgui , R. and Hall , R. 1989 . Incidence and severity of blackleg in spring and winter rapeseed in Ontario, 1988 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 69 : 68
   Google Scholar
• Assabgui , R. and Hall , R. 1990 . Incidence, severity, and impact of blackleg in winter rapeseed in Ontario during 1988 and 1989 . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 12 : 332 Abstr.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballinger , D. J. , Salisbury , P. A. , Dennis , J. I. , Kollmorgen , J. F. and Potter , T. D. 1988a . Evaluation of fungicides, applied at sowing, for control of blackleg in rapeseed . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. , 28 : 511 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Ballinger , D. J. , Salisbury , P. A. , Kollmorgen , J. F. , Potter , T. D. and Coventry , D. R. 1988b . Evaluation of rates of flutriafol for control of blackleg of rapeseed . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. , 28 : 517 – 519 .
   Google Scholar
• Barbetti , M. J. 1974 . Rape (Brassica campestris ‘Span’) . Fungic. Nematic. Tests , 30 : 83 #142
   Google Scholar
• Barbetti , M. J. 1975 . Benomyl and carbendazim fail to provide effective control of blackleg in rape . Aust. Plant Pathol. Soc. Newsl. , 4 : 11 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Barbetti , M. J. 1976 . The role of pycnidiospores of Leptosphaeria maculans in the spread of blackleg disease in rape . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. , 16 : 911 – 914 .
   Google Scholar
• Barbetti , M. J. 1982 . Fungicidal control of blackleg infection, 1975 . Fungic. Nematic. Tests , 37 : 168 #340
   Google Scholar
• Berkenkamp , B. and Kirkham , C. 1988 . Disease survey of canola in N.E. Saskatchewan . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 68 : 115 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Berkenkamp , B. and Kirkham , C. 1989 . Canola disease survey in N.E. Saskatchewan, 1988 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 69 : 62
   Google Scholar
• Berkenkamp , B. and Kirkham , C. 1991 . Canola diseases in N.E. Saskatchewan, 1990 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 71 : 94
   Google Scholar
• Bokor , A. , Barbetti , M. J. , Brown , A. G. P. , MacNish , G. C. and Wood , P. McR. 1975 . Blackleg of rapeseed . J. Agric. West. Aust. , 16 : 7 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. G. P. , Barbetti , M. J. and Wood , P. McR. 1975 . Effect of benomyl on ‘blackleg’ disease of rape in Western Australia . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. , 16 : 276 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Brunin , B. and Lacoste , L. 1970 . Recherches sur la maladie du colza due à Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not. II. — Pouvoir pathogène des ascospores . Ann. Phytopathol. , 2 : 477 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• Buonassisi , A. and MacDonald , L. S. 1990 . 1988 and 1989 canola disease survey in British Columbia . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 70 : 62
   Google Scholar
• Cargeeg , L. A. and Thurling , N. 1980a . Contribution of hostpathogen interactions to the expression of the blackleg disease of spring rape (Brassica napus L.) caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not . Euphytica , 29 : 465 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cargeeg , L. A. and Thurling , N. 1980b . Seedling and adult plant resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.) in spring rape (Brassica napus L.) . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 31 : 37 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , R. J. and Evans , E. J. Build up of diseases with intensification of oilseed rape in England . Proc. 5th Int. Rapeseed Conf. Malmö . Sweden. Vol. 1 , pp. 333 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Daebeler , F. , Seidel , D. and Makowski , N. 1987 . Phytosanitäre Gesichtspunkte bei der Gestaltung von Rapsfruchtfolgen . Nachrichtenbl. Pflanzenschutz DDR , 41 : 30 – 32 . Cited from Rev. Plant Pathol. 67:516 (1988). (Abstr. 4730)
   Google Scholar
• Darpoux , H. , Louvet , J. and Ponchet , J. 1957 . Essais de traitement des semences de crucifères contre le Phoma lingam (Tode) Desm. et l'Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) . Sacc. Ann. des Épiph. , 4 : 545 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• Downey , R. K. 1966 . “ Rapeseed botany, production and utilization ” . In Rapeseed meal for livestock and poultry - a review , Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 1257 7 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , I. R. 1988 . Blackleg of canola , Alberta Agriculture Agrifax . Agdex 149/632-3
   Google Scholar
• Evans , I. R. , Kharbanda , P. D. , Harrison , L. and Kaminski , D. 1990 . Blackleg of canola survey in Alberta — 1989 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 70 : 63 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , I. R. , Kharbanda , P. D. , Harrison , L. and Kaminski , D. 1991 . Blackleg of canola survey in Alberta — 1990 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 71 : 98 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Gabrielson , R. L. 1983 . Blackleg disease of crucifers caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Phoma lingam) and its control . Seed Sci. Technol. , 11 : 749 – 780 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , W. , Heidel , W. and Meitzner , V. 1985 . Zum Auftreten der Halsnekrose des Rapses im Besirk Neubrandenburg unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fruchtfolge . Nachrichtenbl. Pflanzenschutz DDR , 39 : 237 – 239 . Cited from Rev. Plant Pathol. 65:274(1986). (Abstr. 2495)
   Google Scholar
• Gladders , P. 1978 . The disease threat to oilseed rape . Arable Farming , 5 : 47 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Gladders , P. and Musa , T. M. The development of Leptosphaeria maculans in winter oilseed rape and its implications for disease control . Proc. 1979 Br. Crop Protection Conf. — Pests and Diseases . pp. 129 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Gladders , P. and Musa , T. M. 1980 . Observations on the epidemiology of Leptosphaeria maculans stem canker in winter oilseed rape . Plant Pathol. , 29 : 28 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , L. 1990a . Canola genetics unleashed . Canola Guide , 109 ( 2A ) : 4 – 8 . Spring 1990
   Google Scholar
• Gray , L. 1990b . Better news on blackleg . Canola Guide , 109 ( 2A ) : 24 – 25 . Spring 1990
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , L. M. 1988 . Rapeseedsol;canola disease survey in the Peace River region in 1987 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 68 : 110
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , L. M. 1989 . Canola disease survey in the Peace River region in 1988 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 69 : 59
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , L. M. 1990 . Canola disease survey in the Peace River region in 1989 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 70 : 65
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , L. M. and Loland , J. 1991 . Canola disease survey in the Peace River region in 1990 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 71 : 100
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , M. P. 1918 . The black-leg disease of cabbage caused by Phoma lingam (Tode) Desmaz . Phytopathology , 8 : 379 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Humpherson-Jones , F. M. 1983 . The occurrence of Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria brassicae and Leptosphaeria maculans in brassica seed crops in south-east England between 1976 and 1980 . Plant Pathol. , 32 : 33 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Humpherson-Jones , F. M. 1986 . The occurrence of virulent pathotypes of Leptosphaeria maculans in brassica seed crops in England . Plant Pathol. , 35 : 224 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpherson-Jones , F. M. and Burchill , R. T. 1982 . Chemical suppression of the sexual stage of Leptosphaeria maculans on oil-seed rape and turnip seed crop straw . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 100 : 281 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesperson , G. D. 1989 . Survey of blackleg, sclerotinia and footrot in Saskatchewan canola crops, 1986 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 69 : 60 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Jesperson , G. D. 1990 . Survey of blackleg and sclerotinia in Saskatchewan canola crops, 1989 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 70 : 69 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaskiw , E. W. 1986 . To evaluate the effects of Rovral Flo has on blackleg when applied foliar to Westar canola, 1986 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 195 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Kharbanda , P. D. 1989a . Seed testing for blackleg of canola , Vegreville : Alberta Environmental Centre . File 220-2-26. 22 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kharbanda , P. D. 1989b . Effectiveness of fungicides to control blackleg of canola/rapeseed . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 11 : 193 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Kharbanda , P. D. and Dahiya , J. S. 1990 . A metabolite of Penicillium verrucosum inhibitory to growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and Rhizoctonia solani . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 12 : 335 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Kharbanda , P. D. , Evans , I. R. , Harrison , L. , Slopek , S. , Huang , H. C. , Kaminski , D. and Tewari , J. P. 1989 . Blackleg of canola survey in Alberta — 1988 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 69 : 55 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Kharbanda , P. D. , Evans , I. R. , Slopek , S. , Howard , R. J. , Harrison , L. , Tewari , J. P. and Huang , H. C. 1988 . Blackleg of canola survey in Alberta — 1987 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 68 : 111 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Kharbanda , P. D. and Stevens , R. 1983 . Noteworthy diseases of cereals and oilseed crops in north eastern Alberta in 1983 . Proc. Plant Pathol. Soc. Alberta , 4 : 43 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkham , C. and Berkenkamp , B. 1990 . Canola diseases in N.E. Saskatchewan, 1989 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 70 : 68
   Google Scholar
• Krüger , W. Über den Befall des Rapses durch Phoma lingam in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Proc. 5th Int. Rapeseed Conf. Malmö . Sweden. Vol. 1 , pp. 338 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Krüger , W. 1979 . Verbreitung der Wurzelhals- und Stengelfäule (verursacht durch Phoma lingam) bei Raps in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd. , 31 : 145 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Krüger , W. 1983 . Bekämpfung von Rapskrankheiten. 1. Verringerung des Befalls mit Phoma lingam bei Raps und Methoden zur Bestimmung der Anfalligkeit von Sorten . Phytopathol. Z. , 108 : 106 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Krüger , W. and Wittern , I. 1985 . Epidemiologische Untersuchungen bei der Wurzelhals- und Stengelfäule des Rapses, verursacht durch Phoma lingam . Phytopathol. Z. , 113 : 125 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacoste , L. , Louvet , J. , Anselme , C. , Alabouvette , C. , Brunin , B. and Pierre , J.-G. 1969 . Rôle de Phoma lingam (Tode) Desm. et de sa forme parfaite, Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not. dans les épidémies de nécrose du collet de colza (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzer) . C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Agric. Fr. , 55 : 981 – 989 .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , D. C. Losses in rapeseed caused by black leg in Victoria, Australia . 2nd Int. Congr. Plant Pathol. Minneapolis . MN. Abstr. 0825
   Google Scholar
• McGee , D. C. 1975 . Studies of blackleg disease of rapeseed in Australia . Proc. Can. Phytopathol. Soc. , 42 : 21 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• McGee , D. C. 1977 . Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.) of rapeseed in Victoria: Sources of infection and relationships between inoculum, environmental factors and disease severity . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 28 : 53 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , D. C. and Emmett , R. W. 1977 . Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.) of rapeseed in Victoria: Crop losses and factors which affect disease severity . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 28 : 47 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , D. C. and Petrie , G. A. 1978 . Variability of Leptosphaeria maculans in relation to blackleg of oilseed rape . Phytopathology , 68 : 625 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee , D. C. and Petrie , G. A. 1979 . Seasonal patterns of ascospore discharge by Leptosphaeria maculans in relation to blackleg of oilseed rape . Phytopathology , 69 : 586 – 589 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. L. and Verma , P. R. 1986 . Efficacy of seed treatment fungicides for control of blackleg of canola, 1986 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 196 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. L. and Verma , P. R. 1988 . Efficacy of seed treatment fungicides for control of blackleg of canola , Pestic. Res. Rep. 193 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. L. and Verma , P. R. 1989a . Efficacy of foliar fungicides for control of blackleg in canola, 1989 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 168 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. L. and Verma , P. R. 1989b . Efficacy of seed dressings for control of blackleg in canola, 1989 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 169 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. L. and Verma , P. R. 1990a . Efficacy of seed dressings for control of blackleg in canola, 1990 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 137 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. L. and Verma , P. R. 1990b . Efficacy of Sportak and HWG 1608 applied as slow release granules, foliar sprays and seed dressings against blackleg of canola, 1990 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 138 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Morrall , R. A. A. , Verma , P. R. and Xi , K. 1988a . Evaluation of flutriafol as a foliar fungicide against blackleg of canola, 1987 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 198 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Morrall , R. A. A. , Xi , K. and Verma , P. R. 1988b . Evaluation of single and multiple applications of prochloraz against blackleg of canola, 1987 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 194 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Nathaniels , N. Q. R. and Taylor , G. S. 1983 . Latent infection of winter oilseed rape by Leptosphaeria maculans . Plant Pathol. , 32 : 23 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , R. and Hall , R. 1987 . Incidence and severity of blackleg in Ontario winter rapeseed . Phytopathology , 77 : 1618 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1973 . Herbicide damage and infection of rape by the blackleg fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 53 : 26 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1978 . Occurrence of a highly virulent strain of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) on rape in Saskatchewan (1975–77) . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 58 : 21 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1979a . Blackleg of rape . Can. Agric. , 24 : 22 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1979b . Prevalence of a highly virulent strain of Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg) in seed samples of rape and turnip rape produced in western Canada in 1976 and 1977 . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 59 : 899 – 901 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1982 . Blackleg of rapeseed (canola) caused by Leptosphaeria maculans: interactions of virulent and weakly virulent strains and implications for biological control . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 4 : 309 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1985a . Yield losses in Saskatchewan rapeseed/canola crops from basal stem cankers of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) in 1982, with notes on other diseases . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 65 : 43 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1985b . Saskatchewan rapeseed/canola disease survey, 1983 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 65 : 47 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1986a . Blackleg and other diseases of canola in Saskatchewan in 1984 and 1985 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 66 : 51 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. 1986b . Consequences of survival of Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg) in canola stubble residue through an entire crop rotation sequence . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 8 : 353 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. , Mortensen , K. and Dueck , J. 1985 . Blackleg and other diseases of rapeseed in Saskatchewan, 1978 to 1981 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 65 : 35 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. and Vanterpool , T. C. 1965 . Diseases of rape and cruciferous weeds in Saskatchewan in 1965 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 45 : 111 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. and Vanterpool , T. C. 1966 . Diseases of rape, mustard and cruciferous weeds in the prairie provinces . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 46 : 117 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. and Vanterpool , T. C. 1968 . Diseases of crucifers in Saskatchewan in 1967 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 48 : 25 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. and Vanterpool , T. C. 1970 . Diseases of rape and other crucifers in Saskatchewan in 1969 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 50 : 106 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrie , G. A. and Vanterpool , T. C. 1974 . Infestation of crucifer seed in western Canada by the blackleg fungus Leptosphaeria maculans . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 54 : 119 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Platford , G. 1985 Manitoba canola survey. Report to the Western Committee on Plant Disease Control . 10th Annual Meeting . Winnipeg..
   Google Scholar
• Platford , R. G. 1988 . Survey of plant diseases of canola in Manitoba in 1987 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 68 : 117 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Platford , R. G. and van den Berg , C. G. A. 1989 . Survey of plant diseases of canola in 1988 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 69 : 63
   Google Scholar
• Rawlinson , C. J. and Muthyalu , G. 1979 . Diseases of winter oilseed rape: occurrence, effects and control . J. Agric. Sci. Camb. , 93 : 593 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlinson , C. J. , Muthyalu , G. and Cayley , G. R. 1984 . Fungicide effects on light leaf spot, canker, crop growth and yield of winter oil-seed rape . J. Agric. Sci. Camb. , 103 : 613 – 628 .
   Google Scholar
• Renard , M. and Brun , H. Screening for resistance to Phoma lingam and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica napus . Proc. Eucarpia ‘Cruciferae 1979’ Conf. Wageningen . The Netherlands. pp. 137 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , N. 1978 . Wesreo — a blackleg resistant rapeseed . J. Agric. West. Aust. , 19 : 42
   Google Scholar
• Roy , N. N. 1989 . Register of Australian oilseed cultivars: Brassica napus (L) var. napus (rapeseed) cv. Wesbarker . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. , 29 : 151
   Google Scholar
• Roy , N. and Reeves , J. 1975 . Breeding better rape and linseed for Western Australia . J. Agric. West. Aust. , 16 : 93 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Salisbury , P. and Hyett , J. 1989a . Register of Australian oilseed cultivars: Brassica napus (L) var. napus (rapeseed) cv. Nindoo . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. , 29 : 151 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Salisbury , P. and Hyett , J. 1989b . Register of Australian oilseed cultivars: Brassica napus (L) var. napus (rapeseed) cv. Taparoo . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. , 29 : 152
   Google Scholar
• Scheibert-Böhm , F. Befall mit Phoma lingam Tode (Desm) von verschiedenen Rapssorten auf unterschiedlichen Standorten in 2 Jahren . Proc. 5th Int. Rapeseed Conf. Malmö . Sweden. Vol. 1 , pp. 168 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Schuster , W. , Scheibert-Böhm , F. and Schlösser , E. 1980 . Untersuchungen zum Befall durch Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm. bei Winterraps . Z. Acker Pflanzenb. , 149 : 433 – 446 . Cited from Rev. Plant Pathol. 60:617 (1981). (Abstr. 6706)
   Google Scholar
• Seidel , D. , Daebeler , F. , Amelung , D. , Engel , K.-H. and Lücke , W. 1984 . Auftreten, Schadwirkung und Bekämpfung von Phoma lingam an Winterraps . Nachrichtenbl. Pflanzenschutz DDR , 38 : 120 – 123 . Cited from Rev. Plant Pathol. 64:133 (1985). (Abstr. 1332)
   Google Scholar
• Sudarmadi and Wallace , H. R. 1984 . Black leg disease of rapeseed , Bienn. Rep. Waite Agric. Res. Inst. 1982–1983 146 Cited from Rev. Plant Pathol. 64:275 (1985). (Abstr. 2774)
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. M. 1984 . “ Weeds, insects, diseases ” . In Canola Growers Manual (updated February 1989) , Winnipeg : Canola Council of Canada . Chapter 10
   Google Scholar
• Tiberghien , G. 1974 . Étude de l'efficacité de quelques fongicides contre Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.: agent de la nécrose du collet du colza. Mémoire de fin d'études , Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Oléagineux Métropolitains . 68 pp.
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , C. G. J. and Platford , R. G. 1990 . Distribution, prevalence and incidence of canola diseases in 1989 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 70 : 71 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , C. G. J. and Platford , R. G. 1991 . Distribution, prevalence and incidence of canola diseases in 1990 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 71 : 92 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Vanterpool , T. C. 1961 . Rape diseases in Saskatchewan in 1961 . Can. Plant Dis. Surv. , 41 : 372 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. 1983 . An evaluation of seed treatment fungicides to control blackleg infection in canola, 1983 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 231 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. and McKenzie , D. L. 1982 . Evaluation of seed treatment fungicides for control of blackleg infection in canola, 1982 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 233 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. and McKenzie , D. L. 1984 . Control of blackleg infection in canola with seed treatment fungicides , Pestic. Res. Rep. 258 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. and McKenzie , D. L. 1985 . Control of blackleg infection in canola with seed treatment fungicides, 1985 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 248 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. and McKenzie , D. L. 1987 . Efficacy of seed dressing fungicides for control of blackleg of canola, 1987 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 203 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. , McKenzie , D. L. and Gugel , R. 1983a . Field evaluation of seed treatment and foliar applied fungicides for the control of blackleg in canola, 1983 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 233 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. , McKenzie , D. L. and Kaminski , D. 1983b . Effectiveness of fungicide seed treatments in controlling blackleg infection in canola, 1983 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 232 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. R. , McKenzie , D. L. and Kaminski , D. A. 1984 . Comparative efficacy of seed treatment fungicides in controlling blackleg infection in canola , Pestic. Res. Rep. 259 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , P. McR. and Barbetti , M. J. 1977 . The role of seed infection in the spread of blackleg of rape in Western Australia . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. , 17 : 1040 – 1044 .
   Google Scholar
• Wratten , N. and Mailer , R. J. 1989 . Register of Australian oilseed cultivars: Brassica napus L. var, napus (rapeseed) cv. Eureka . Aust. J. Exp. Agric. , 29 : 602
   Google Scholar
• Xi , K. , Kutcher , H. R. , Westcott , N. D. , Morrall , R. A. A. and Rimmer , S. R. 1991 . Effect of seed treatment and fertilizer coated with flutriafol on blackleg of canola (oilseed rape) in western Canada . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 13 : 336 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi , K. and Morrall , R. A. A. 1988a . Evaluation of single, dual and multiple applications of foliar fungicides against blackleg of canola, 1988 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 196 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Xi , K. and Morrall , R. A. A. 1988b . Evaluation of early-season applications of foliar fungicides against blackleg of canola, 1988 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 197 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Xi , K. , Morrall , R. A. A. , Gugel , R. K. and Verma , P. R. 1991 . Latent infection in relation to the epidemiology of blackleg of spring rapeseed . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 13 : 321 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi , K. , Morrall , R. A. A. and Verma , P. R. 1986 . Efficacy of foliar-applied fungicides against blackleg of rapeseed . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 8 : 356 Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Xi , K. , Morrall , R. A. A. and Verma , P. R. 1988 . Evaluation of flutriafol as a seed treatment and fertilizer coating against blackleg of canola, 1988 , Pestic. Res. Rep. 195 Ottawa : Agriculture Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Xi , K. , Morrall , R. A. A. , Verma , P. R. and Westcott , N. D. 1989 . Efficacy of seed treatment and fertilizer coating with flutriafol against blackleg of canola . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 11 : 199 Abstr.
   Google Scholar