Maori, Pakeha and New Zealander: Ethnic and national identity among New Zealand studentsFootnote¹

The authors wish to thank the principals, staff and students of Fairfield College, Hillcrest High School and Ngaruawahia High School, for their cooperation and participation in the survey. The research was supported by a grant from the University of Waikato Psychology Research Fund.

References

• Brown , P. G. 1983 . An investigation of official ethnic statistics , (Occasional paper 5) Wellington : Department of Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Maori Affairs . 1962 . Integration of Maori and Pakeha. , Wellington : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Statistics . 1992 . 1991 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings: Hamilton City. , Wellington : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Graves , T. D. 1985 . “ Would you want your daughter to marry one? ” . In Patterns of social behaviour: New Zealand and the South Pacific , (Psychology Research Series No. 17 Edited by: Thomas , D. R. , Graves , N. B. and Graves , T. D. 171 – 179 . Hamilton, , New Zealand : University of Waikato .
   Google Scholar
• Graves , T. D. and Graves , N. B. 1985 . “ As others see us: New Zealanders’ images of themselves and migrant groups ” . In Patterns of social behaviour: New Zealand and the South Pacific , (Psychology Research Series No. 17 Edited by: Thomas , D. R. , Graves , N. B. and Graves , T. D. 153 – 170 . Hamilton, , New Zealand : University of Waikato .
   Google Scholar
• Greenland , H. 1984 . “ Ethnicity as ideology: The critique of Pakeha society ” . In Tauiwi: Racism and ethnicity in New Zealand , Edited by: Spoonley , P. , Macpherson , C. , Pearson , D. and Sedgwick , C. 86 – 102 . Palmerston North : Dunmore Press .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , A. 1990 . “ Cultural paradigms, history, and the search for identity in Oceania ” . In Cultural identity and ethnicity in the Pacific , Edited by: Linnekin , J. and Poyer , L. 259 – 279 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , B. 1988 . Straight talking about the race crisis . North and South , February : 80 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• King , M. , ed. 1991 . Pakeha: The quest for identity in New Zealand. , Auckland : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Li , P. S. , ed. 1990 . Race and ethnic relations in Canada. , Toronto : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Linnekin , J. and Poyer , L. , eds. 1990 . Cultural identity and ethnicity in the Pacific. , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCreanor , T. 1989 . “ Talking about race ” . In Honouring the Treaty: An introduction for Pakeha to the Treaty of Waitangi. , Edited by: Yensen , H. , Hague , K. and McCreanor , T. Auckland : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Novitz , D. and Willmott , B. , eds. 1989 . Culture and Identity in New Zealand. , Wellington : Government Print .
   Google Scholar
• Oliver , P. and Vaughan , G. 1991 . How we see one another: Interethnic perceptions of New Zealand teenagers . Journal of Intercultural Studies, , 12 : 17 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Pettman , J. 1988 . Whose country is it anyway? Cultural politics, racism and the construction of being Australian . Journal of Intercultural Studies, , 9 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , N. 1989 . “ Cinderella and the Silver Mercedes: Popular culture and the construction of national identity ” . In Culture and Identity in New Zealand. , Edited by: Novitz , D. and Willmott , B. Wellington : Government Print .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , V. 1990 . “ The Maori loans affair and the media's scandal mentality ” . In Between the lines: Racism and the New Zealand media. , Edited by: Spoonley , P. and Hirsh , W. Auckland : Heinemann Reed .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , J. E. 1989 . Working in the Maaori world: Resource papers. , Hamilton : Centre for Maaori Studies and Research, University of Waikato .
   Google Scholar
• Roosens , E. E. 1989 . Creating ethnicity: The process of ethnogenesis. , Newbury Park : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Royal Commission on Social Policy . 1988 . New Zealand Today (Volume 1): Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy. , Volume 1 , Wellington : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , E. E. 1989 . “ The deconstruction of self ” . In Texts of identity. , Edited by: Shorter , J. and Gergen , K. J. London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Schwimmer , E. 1966 . The world of the Maori. , Wellington : Reed .
   Google Scholar
• Sedgwick , C. P. 1982 . Official ethnic statistics . New Zealand Ethnic Relations Study Group Newsletter, , 1 (2) : 17 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , J. 1986 . Ideology in the schooling of Maori children , Delta (Research Monograph No 7) Palmerston North : Massey University, Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair , K. 1986 . A destiny apart: New Zealand's search for national identity. , Wellington : Unwin Paperbacks/Port Nicholson .
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair , K. P. 1990 . “ Tangi: Funeral rituals and the construction of Maori identity ” . In Cultural identity and ethnicity in the Pacific , Edited by: Linnekin , J. and Poyer , L. 219 – 236 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spoonley , P. 1993 . Racism and ethnicity , (2nd ed.) , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spoonley , P. 1991 . “ Pakeha ethnicity: A response to Maori sovereignty ” . In Nga take: Ethnic relations and racism in Aotearoa/New Zealand. , Edited by: Spoonley , P. , Pearson , D. and Macpherson , C. Palmerston North : Dunmore Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spoonley , P. and Hirsh , W. , eds. 1990 . Between the lines: Racism and the New Zealand media. , Auckland : Heinemann Reed .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1980 . The ethnic revival. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. R. 1986 . Culture and ethnicity: Maintaining the distinction . Australian Journal of Psychology, , 38 : 371 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. R. 1988 . Development of a test of Maori knowledge . New Zealand Journal of Psychology, , 17 : 59 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. R. 1992 . “ Ethnic pluralism in Australia and New Zealand: Policies and practices ” . In Psychology and social change: Creating an international agenda , Edited by: Thomas , D. R. and Veno , A. 259 – 277 . Palmerston North, , New Zealand : Dunmore Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. R. and Nikora , L. 1989 . What's in a word? A matter of opinion . New Zealand Journalism Review, , 2 : 38 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. R. and Nikora , L. W. 1992 . “ From assimilation to biculturalism: Changing patterns in Maori‐Pakeha relationships ” . In Psychology and social change: Creating an international agenda , Edited by: Thomas , D. R. and Veno , A. 278 – 296 . Palmerston North, , New Zealand : Dunmore Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. 1989 . “ Maori identity ” . In Culture and Identity in New Zealand. , Edited by: Novitz , D. and Willmott , B. Wellington : Government Print .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. 1990 . Ka Whawhai tonu matou: Struggle without end. , Auckland : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Wetherell , M. and Potter , J. 1992 . Mapping the language of racism: Discourse and the legitimation of exploitation. , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Willmott , B. 1989 . “ Introduction: Culture and national identity ” . In Culture and Identity in New Zealand. , Edited by: Novitz , D. and Willmott , B. Wellington : Government Print .
   Google Scholar
• The authors wish to thank the principals, staff and students of Fairfield College, Hillcrest High School and Ngaruawahia High School, for their cooperation and participation in the survey. The research was supported by a grant from the University of Waikato Psychology Research Fund.
   Google Scholar