414
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Health and Social Implications of Racism During Covid-19: Insights from Melbourne’s Multicultural Communities

ORCID Icon &
Pages 494-512 | Received 30 Jun 2023, Accepted 05 Dec 2023, Published online: 19 Dec 2023

References

  • Adusei-Asante, K., and Adibi, H., 2018. The ‘Culturally and Linguistically Diverse’ (CALD) Label: A Critique using African Migrants as Exemplar. Australasian Review of African Studies, 39 (2), 74–94.
  • Ang, S., and Mansouri, F., 2022. Racialized (im)mobilities: The Pandemic and Sinophobia in Australia. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 1–20. doi:10.1080/07256868.2022.2105311.
  • Australian Government Department of Health. 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Frequently asked Questions. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/ publications/coronavirus-covid-19-frequently-asked-questions. Accessed 22 February, 2023.
  • Ballantyne, G., and Giarrusso, V., 2023. Asian Australian Experiences of Racism During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Victoria: A Preliminary Analysis. Journal of International Migration and Integration, doi:10.1007/s12134-023-01018-8.
  • Bashford, A., 2003. Imperial Hygiene: A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bastos, J.L., et al., 2018. Health Care Barriers, Racism, and Intersectionality in Australia. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 209–218.
  • Ben, J., and Paradies, Y., 2020. Countering Racism During Times of Crisis. Adi Policy Briefing Papers, 1 (1), 1–6.
  • Berman, G., and Paradies, Y., 2010. Racism, Disadvantage and Multiculturalism: Towards Effective Anti-racist Praxis. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33 (2), 214–232.
  • Biddle, N., et al., 2020. The Experience of Asian-Australians During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Discrimination and Wellbeing. Canberra, ACT: ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods.
  • Braun, V., and Clarke, V., 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3 (2), 77–101.
  • Braun, V., and Clarke, V., 2019. Reflecting on Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11 (4), 589–597.
  • Brinckley, M.M., Lovett, R., et al., 2021. Race, Racism, and Well-Being Impacts on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in Australia. In: M. Walter, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Sociology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 371–388.
  • Chitwood, K. 2019. What is Eid al-Fitr and how do Muslims celebrate it? 6 questions answered, The Conversation. Available from: https://theconversation.com/what-is-eid-al-fitr-and-how-do-muslims-celebrate-it-6-questions-answered-118146. Accessed 15 May, 2023.
  • Chiu, A. 2020. Trump Has No Qualms About Calling Coronavirus the ‘Chinese virus’. That’s a Dangerous Attitude, experts say, Washington Post. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/03/20/coronavirus-trump-chinese-virus/. Accessed 23 January, 2023.
  • Chiu, O., and Chuang, P. 2020. COVID-19 Coronavirus Racism Incident Report: Reporting Racism Against Asians in Australia arising Due to the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic, Asian Australian Alliance. Available from: https://asianaustralianalliance.net. Accessed 1 March, 2023.
  • Cohen, S., 1972. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. London: MacGibbon and Kee.
  • Derald, S.C., et al., 2007. Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice. American Psychologist, 62 (4), 271–286.
  • Doherty, B. 2020. Australia’s Coronavirus Relief Exclusions Prove We are Not All in this Together, The Guardian. Available from: www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/apr/23/australias-coronavirus-relief-exclusions-prove-we-are-not-all-in-this-together. Accessed 22 January, 2023.
  • Dunn, K.M., et al., 2001. Multicultural Policy within Local Government in Australia. Urban Studies, 38 (13), 2477–2494.
  • Dut, G.M., 2021. The Experience of South Sudanese Migrant Families during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Melbourne. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 45 (5), 427–429.
  • Elias, A., et al., 2021. Racism and Nationalism During and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44 (5), 783–793.
  • Executive Council of Australian Jewry (ECAJ), 2020. Report on Anti-Semitism in Australia 2020. Sydney, NSW: Executive Council of Australian Jewry.
  • Fang, J., et al. 2020. Australians Urged to ‘Show Kindness’ Amid Reports of COVID-19 Racial Discrimination Complaints, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-03/racism-covid-19-coronavirus-outbreak-commissioner-discrimination/12117738. Accessed 2 April, 2023.
  • Feagin, J., 2006. Systemic Racism: A Theory of Oppression. New York: Routledge.
  • Feagin, J., and Elias, S., 2013. Rethinking Racial Formation Theory: A Systemic Racism Critique. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36 (6), 931–960.
  • Gioia, D.A., et al., 2013. Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research. Organizational Research Methods, 16 (1), 15–31.
  • Girard, R., 1986. The Scapegoat. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Grant, J., et al., 2023. Racially Minoritized People’s Experiences of Racism During COVID-19 in Australia: A Qualitative Study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100033.
  • Gravlee, C.C., 2020. Systemic Racism, Chronic Health Inequities, and COVID-19: A Syndemic in the making? American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Council, 32 (5), e23482.
  • Hage, G., 2000. White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society. New York: Routledge.
  • Haw, A.L., 2020. Duelling Discourses: A Rhetorical Device for Challenging Anti-asylum Sentiment in western Australia. Journal of Australian Studies, 44 (3), 303–317.
  • Haw, A.L., et al., 2020. Resistance to the Dehumanisation of Asylum Seekers in Australia’s Mediated Public Sphere: An Audience Perspective. Media, Culture & Society, 42 (6), 898–914.
  • Haw, A.L., 2021. Social Exclusivism Versus Cosmopolitan Acceptance: Competing Constructions of ‘Australian values’ in Discourse Surrounding People Seeking Asylum. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 42 (4), 460–477.
  • Haw, A.L. 2023a. COVID-Related Racism Toward Muslim and Asian Communities in Australia: Dominant Discourses and Counter-Narratives on Twitter. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (25-29 May 2023), Toronto ON. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashleigh-Haw. Accessed 21 June, 2023.
  • Haw, A.L., 2023b. Asylum Seekers in Australian News Media: Mediated (in)Humanity. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Iner, D., 2019. Islamophobia in Australia (2016–2017). Sydney, NSW: Centre for Islamic Studies and Civilisations (Charles Sturt University).
  • Itaoui, R., 2016. The geography of Islamophobia in Sydney: Mapping the Spatial Imaginaries of Young Muslims. Australian Geographer, 47, 261–279.
  • Jupp, J., 2007. From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kamp, A., et al., 2022. Asian Australians’ experiences of Online Racism During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Social Sciences, 11 (5), 227.
  • Kassam, N., and Hsu, J. 2021. Being Chinese in Australia: Public opinion in Chinese communities, Lowy Institute. Available from: https://interactives.lowyinstitute.org/features/chinese-communities. Accessed 5 February, 2023.
  • Keay, K., 2022. White Lies Matter: The Evolution, Persistence, and Impact of Scientific Racism. Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University.
  • Klocker, N., and Dunn, K.M., 2003. Who’s Driving the Asylum Debate? Newspaper and Government Representations of Asylum Seekers. Media International Australia, 109, 71–92.
  • Krieger, N., 1999. Embodying Inequality: A Review of Concepts, Measures and Methods for Studying Health Consequences of Discrimination. International Journal of Health Services, 29 (2), 295–352.
  • Lenette, C., 2022. Cultural Safety in Participatory Arts-Based Research. Journal of Participatory Research Methods, 3 (1), doi:10.35844/001c.32606.
  • Li, H., and Chen, X., 2021. From ‘oh, You’re Chinese … ’ to ‘No Bats, Thx!’: Racialized Experiences of Australian-Based Chinese Queer Women in the Mobile Dating Context. Social Media and Society, 7 (3).
  • Liddell, B.J., et al., 2021. Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Amongst Refugees in Australia. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12 (1), doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1997173.
  • Macreadie, I., 2022. Reflections from Melbourne, the World’s Most Locked-Down City, through the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. Microbiology Australia, 43 (1), 3–4.
  • Markus, A.B., 2021. Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation Surveys 2021. Melbourne, VIC: Monash University.
  • Marr, D., and Wilkinson, M., 2004. Dark Victory. Sydney, NSW: Allen and Unwin.
  • Molla, T., 2021. Racial Moral Panic and African Youth in Australia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 84, 95–106.
  • Moreton-Robinson, A., 2021. Talkin’ Up to the White Woman: Indigenous Women and Feminism. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  • O’Reilly, M., and Parker, N., 2013. ‘Unsatisfactory Saturation’: A Critical Exploration of the Notion of Saturated Sample Sizes in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Research, 13 (2), 190–197.
  • Paradies, Y., et al., 2015. Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 10 (9), e0138511. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511.
  • Philo, G., et al., 2013. The Role of the Press in the War on Asylum. Race & Class, 55 (2), 28–41.
  • Poynting, S., et al., 2004. Bin Laden in the Suburbs: Criminalising the Arab Other. Sydney, NSW: Sydney Institute of Criminology.
  • Richman, L.S., and Lattanner, M.R., 2014. Self-Regulatory Processes Underlying Structural Stigma and Health. Social Science & Medicine, 103, 94–100.
  • Rowe, F., et al., 2021. Using Twitter to Track Immigration Sentiment During Early Stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data & Policy, 3, doi:10.1017/dap.2021.38.
  • Silva, D.S., 2020. COVID-19 in the public housing towers of Melbourne: Upholding social justice when Invoking Precaution. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 44 (5), 430.
  • UNHCR. 1951. Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/who-we-are/1951-refugee-convention. Accessed 19 January, 2023.
  • Vergani, M., and Navarro, C., 2023. Hate Crime Reporting: The Relationship between Types of Barriers and Perceived Severity. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 29 (1), 111–126.
  • Wade, L., 2020. An Unequal Blow. Science, 368 (6492), 700–703.
  • Walker, D., 1999. Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia 1850-1939. Brisbane, QLD: University of Queensland Press.
  • Wild, A.B., et al., 2021. Communicating COVID-19 Health Information to Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities: Insights from a Participatory Research Collaboration. Public Health Research and Practice, 31 (1), e3112105.
  • Willig, C., 2008. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology: Adventures in Theory and Method. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.
  • World Health Organization. 2020. Infodemic. Available from: www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic#tab=tab_1. Accessed 12 November, 2022.
  • Ziersch, A.M., et al., 2011. Responding to Racism: Insights on How Racism can Damage Health from an Urban Study of Australian Aboriginal people. Social Science & Medicine, 73 (7), 1045–1053.