Polyunsaturates, endogenous eicosanoids, and cardiovascular disease.

References

• Samuel P, McNamara D, Shapiro J: The role of diet in the etiology and treatment of atherosclerosis. Ann Rev Med 34: 179–194, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp HR: Omega-3 fatty acids, endogenous prostaglandins, and blood pressure regulation in humans. Nutr Rev 47: 301–313, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewiarowski S, Rao AK: Contribution of thrombogenic factors to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Prog Card Dis 26: 197–222, 1983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed DM, Resch JA, Hayashi T, MacLean C, Yano K: A prospective study of cerebral artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 19: 820–825, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollander W, Hong S, Kirkpatrick BJ, Lee A, Colombo M, Prusty S: Differential effects of fish oil supplements on atherosclerosis. Circulation 76: 313, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Erwin J, Block K: Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Science 143: 1006–1012, 1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyerberg J, Bang HO: All-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid and triene prostaglandins: potential antithrombotic agents. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 40: 589–593, 1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp HR, FitzGerald GA: Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and human atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis Rev 13: 127–143, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Seyberth HW, Oelz O, Kennedy T, Sweetman B, Danon A, Frölich JC, Heimberg M, Oates JA: Increased arachidonate in lipids after administration to man: effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis. Clin Pharm Ther 18: 521–529, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsbury KJ, Morgan DM, Aylott C, Emmerson R: Effects of ethyl arachidonate cod-liver oil, and corn oil on the plasma-cholesterol level. Lancet 1: 739–741, 1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oelz O, Seyberth HW, Knapp HR, Sweetman BJ, Oates JA: Effects of feeding ethyl-dihomo-γ-linolenate on prostaglandin biosynthesis and platelet aggregation in the rabbit. Biochim Biophys Acta 431: 268–277, 1976.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knapp HR, Oates JA: Prostaglandins, diet, and arterial blood pressure. In Horan NJ, Blaustein MP, Dunbar JB, Kachadorian W, Kaplan NM, Simopoulos AP (eds): “NIH Workshop on Nutrition and Hypertension: Proceedings from a Symposium.” New York: Biomedical Information, pp 331–348, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Friedman Z, Seyberth H, Lamberth EL, Oates JA: Decreased prostaglandin E turnover in infants with essential fatty acid deficiency. Pediatr Res 12: 711–714, 1978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferretti A, Judd JT, Marshall MW, Flanagan VP, Roman JM, Matusik EJ: Moderate changes in linoleate intake do not influence the systemic production of E prostaglandins. Lipids 20: 268–272, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector AA, Kaduce TL, Figard PH, Norton KC, Hoak JC, Czervionke RL: Eicosapentaenoic acid and prostacyclin production by cultured human endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 24: 1595–1604, 1983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scharschmidt LA, Gibbons NB, Neuwirth R: Eicosapentaenoic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid metabolism by cultured rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol 256: C101–C108, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Hamazki T, Hirai A, Terano T, Sajiki J, Kondo S, Fujita T, Tamura Y, Kumagai A: Effects of orally administered ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5,ω-3) on PGI2-like substance production by rat aorta. Prostaglandins 23: 557–567, 1982.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Croft KD, Beilin LJ, Legge FM, Vandongen R: Effects of diets enriched in eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acids on prostanoid metabolism in the rat. Lipids 22: 647–650, 1987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornstra G, Christ-Hazelhof E, Haddeman E, ten Hoor F, Nugteren DH: Fish oil feeding lowers thromboxane and prostacyclin production by rat platelets and aorta and does not result in the formation of prostaglandin I3. Prostaglandins 21: 727–738, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer S, Weber PC: Prostaglandin I3 is formed in vivo in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Nature 307: 165–168, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp HR, Reilly AG, Alessandrini P, FitzGerald GA: In vivo indexes of platelet and vascular function during fish-oil administration in patients with atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 314: 937–942, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp HR, FitzGerald GA: The antihypertensive effects of fish oil: a controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 320: 1037–1043, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp HR, Salem N: Formation of PGI3 in the rat during dietary fish oil supplementation. Prostaglandins 38: 509–521, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needleman P, Raz A, Minkes MS, Ferrendelli JA, Sprecher H: Triene prostaglandins: prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis and unique biological properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 944–948, 1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needleman P, Kulkami PS, Raz A: Coronary tone modulation: formation and actions of prostaglandins, endoperoxides, and thromboxanes. Science 195: 409–412, 1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Schacky C, Fischer S, Weber PC: Long-term effects of dietary marine ω-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans. J Clin Invest 76: 1626–1631, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer S, Weber PC: The prostacyclin/thromboxane balance is favourably shifted in Greenland Eskimos. Prostaglandins 32: 235–241, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz R, Spengler U, Fischer S, Duhm J, Weber PC: Platelet function, thromboxane formation and blood pressure control during supplementation of the Western diet with cod liver oil. Circulation 67: 504–511, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer S, von Schacky C, Schweer H: Prostaglandins E3 and F3α are excreted in human urine after ingestion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 963: 501–508, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kivits GA, Nugteren DH: The urinary excretion of prostaglandins E and their corresponding tetranor metabolites by rats fed a diet rich in eicosapentaenoate. Biochim Biophys Acta 958: 289–299, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferretti A, Schoene NW, Flanagan VP: Identification and quantification of prostaglandin E3 in renal medullary tissue of three strains of rats fed fish oil. Lipids 16: 800–804, 1981.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn M: The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in renal homeostasis. Drugs 33: 56–66, 1987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor PL, Kelly RW: 19-hydroxylated E prostaglandins as the major prostaglandins of human semen. Nature 250: 665–667, 1974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliw EH, Kinn AC, Kvist U: Biochemical characterization of prostaglandin 19-hydroxylase of seminal vesicles. J Biol Chem 263: 7222–7227, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliw EH, Sprecher H, Hamberg M: Isolation of two novel E prostaglandins in human semen fluid. J Biol Chem 261: 2675–2683, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp HR: Prostaglandins in human semen during fish oil ingestion: evidence for in vivo cyclooxygenase inhibition and appearance of novel trienoic compounds. Prostaglandins 39: 423–439, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Tashjian AH, Voelkel EF, Robinson DR, Levine L: Dietary menhaden oil lowers plasma prostaglandins and calcium in mice bearing the prostaglandin-producing HSDM fibrosarcoma. J Clin Invest 74: 2042–2048, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharschmidt LA, Gibbons NB, McGarry L, Berger P, Axelrod M, Janis R, Ko YH: Effects of dietary fish oil on renal insufficiency in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. Kidney Int 32: 700–709, 1987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picado C, Castillo JA, Schinca N, Pujades M, Ordinas A, Coronas A, Agusti-Vidal A: Effects of a fish oil enriched diet on aspirin intolerant asthmatic patients: a pilot study. Thorax 43: 93–97, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates JA, FitzGerald GA, Branch RA, Jackson EK, Knapp HR, Roberts LJ: Clinical implications of prostaglandin and thromboxane A, formation. N Engl J Med 319: 689–698, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyerberg J, Jorgensen KA: Marine oils and thrombogenesis. Prog Lipid Res 21: 255–269, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyerberg J, Bang HO: Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet 2: 433–435, 1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnight SH, Harris WS, Connor WE: The effects of dietary ω3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study. Blood 58: 880–885, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster V, Steele PM, Chesebro JH: Role of platelets and thrombosis in coronary atherosclerotic disease and sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 5: 175B–184B, 1985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner HR, Sakariassen KS: Factors controlling thrombus formation on arterial lesions. Atherosclerosis 454: 162–177, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly IAG, FitzGerald GA: Aspirin in cardiovascular disease. Drugs 35: 134–176, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FitzGerald GA, Smith B, Pedersen AK, Brash AR: Increased prostacyclin biosynthesis in patients with severe atherosclerosis and platelet activation. N Engl J Med 310: 1065–1068, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kromann N, Green A: Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Acta Med Scand 208: 401–406, 1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthaud JB: Cause of death in 339 Alaskan natives as determined by autopsy. Arch Pathol 90: 433–438, 1970.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Omae T, Ueda K: Hypertension and cerebrovascular disease — the Japanese experience. J Hypertension 6: 343–349, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehmer GJ, Popman JJ, van den Berg EK, Eichhorn EJ, Prewitt JB, Campbell WB, Jennings L, Willerson JT, Schmitz JM: Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. N Engl J Med 319: 733–740, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drayer JIM, Weber MA, Hoeger WJ: Whole-day BP monitoring in ambulatory normotensive men. Arch Intern Med 145: 271–274, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage P, Rose GA: The variability of measurements of casual blood pressure. I. A laboratory study. Clin Sci 30: 325–335, 1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubbe WF: Low-dose aspirin in prevention of toxaemia of pregnancy. Does it have a place? Drugs 34: 515–518, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockette WE, Webb C, Culp BR, Pitt B: Vascular reactivity and high dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Prostaglandins 24: 631–639, 1982.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somova L, Hoffman P, Förster W: The reactivity of isolated blood vessels of salt-loaded rats fed low or high linoleic acid diets. Eur J Pharm 64: 79–83, 1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schölkens BA, Gehring D, Scholtte V, Weithmann U: Evening primrose oil, a dietary prostaglandin precursor, diminishes vascular reactivity to renin and angiotensin II in rats. Prost Leuk Med 8: 273–285, 1982.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pipkin FB, Morrison RA, O'Brien PMS: The effect of dietary supplementation with linoleic and γ-linolenic acids on the pressor and biochemical response to exogenous angiotensin II in human pregnancy. Prog Lipid Res 25: 425–429, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Singer P, Wirth M, Voigt S, Richter-Heinrich E, Gödicke W, Berger I, Naumann E, Listing J, Hartrodt W, Taube C: Blood pressure and lipid lowering effect of mackerel and herring diet in patients with mild essential hypertension. Atherosclerosis 56: 223–235, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp HR, Gregory D, Nolan S: Dietary polyunsaturates, vascular function and prostaglandins. In Galli C, Simopoulos AP (eds): “Dietary ω3 and ω6 Fatty Acids.” New York: Plenum, pp 283–296, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• James WPT, Ralph A: Should the national diet be altered to prevent coronary disease? Proc Nutr Soc 47: 3–8, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lands WEM: Renewed questions about polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutr Rev 44: 189–195, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers Set al.: Effects of changes in fat, fish and fiber intakes on death and myocardial infarction: Diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 2: 757–761, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar