24
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Journal Article

Association of macronutrients and energy intake with hypertension.

, &
Pages 21-35 | Published online: 04 Sep 2013

References

  • Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Int Med 153: 154–183, 1993.
  • WheltonPK, KlagMJ: Epidemiology of hypertension. In ApplegateWB (ed): “Clinics in Geriatric Medicine: Hypertension”. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 639–656, 1989.
  • EpsteinM: Hypertension in the elderly. Ger Neph Urol 1: 47–56, 1991.
  • KannelWB: Host and environment determinants of hypertension. Perspectives from the Framingham Study. In KestelootH, JoossensJH (eds): “Epidemiology of Arterial Blood Pressure”. The Hague: Martinus-Nijhoff, pp 265–295, 1980.
  • PageIH: The mosaic theory. In PageIH (ed): “Hypertension Mechanisms”. Orlando: Grune and Stratton, pp 910-916, 1987.
  • Working Group on Hypertension in the Elderly: Statement on hypertension in the elderly. JAMA 256: 70–74, 1986.
  • Committee on Leadership for Academic Geriatric Medicine: Report of the Institute of Medicine: Academic geriatrics for the year 2000. J Am Geriatr Soc 35: 773–791, 1987.
  • SchneiderEL, BrodyJL: Geriatric nephrology: perspectives. In MichelisM, DavisBB, PreussHG (eds): “Geriatric Nephrology”. Philadelphia: Field, Rich & Assoc, pp 1-4, 1986.
  • RosenfeldJ: Hypertension in the elderly. Kid Int 23: 540–547, 1983.
  • KannelWB: Evaluation of cardiovascular risk in the elderly: the Framingham Study. Bull N Y Acad Med 54: 573–591, 1978.
  • TuomilehtoJ, ZimmetP, TaylorR, BennettP, KankaanpaaJ, WolfeE: A cross-sectional ecological analysis of blood pressure and its determinants in eleven Pacific populations. J Am Coll Nutr 8: 151–165, 1989.
  • HodgesRE, RebelloT: Dietary changes and their possible effect on blood pressure. Am J Clin Nutr 41: 1155–1162, 1985.
  • McCarronDA, MorrisCD, HenryHJ, StantonJL: Blood pressure and nutrient intake in the United States. Science 224: 1392–1398, 1984.
  • LindahlO, LindwallL, SpangbergA, StenramA, UckermanPA: A vegans regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of hypertension. Br J Nutr 52: 11–20, 1984.
  • KempnerW: Treatment of hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. Am J Med 4: 545–577, 1948.
  • LandahlS, BengtssonC, SigurdssonJA, SvanborgA, SvardsuddK: Age-related changes in blood pressure. Hypertension 8: 1044–1049, 1986.
  • PickeringG: Salt intake and essential hypertension. Cardio Rev and Reports 1: 13–17, 1980.
  • GrobbeeDE, HofmanA: Does sodium restriction lower blood pressure? Br Med J 293: 27–29, 1986.
  • Intersalt Cooperative Research Group: Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Br Med J 297: 319–328, 1988.
  • TobianL: Human essential hypertension: implications of animal studies. Ann Int Med 98: 729–734, 1983.
  • HaddyFJ, OverbeckHW: The role of humoral agents in volume expanded hypertension. Life Sci 19: 935–948, 1976.
  • GuytonAC, ColemanTG, CowleyAW, ScheelKW, ManningRDJr, NormanRAJr: Arterial pressure regulation: overriding dominence of the kidneys in long-term regulation and in hypertension. Am J Med 52: 584–594, 1972.
  • LangfordHG: Dietary potassium and hypertension: epidemiologic data. Ann Intern Med 98 (Part 2): 770–772, 1983.
  • CappuccioFP, MacGregorGA: Does potassium supplementation lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of published trials. J Hypertens 9: 465–473, 1991.
  • MorrisCD, McCarronDA: Dietary calcium intake in hypertension. Hypertension 10: 350–352, 1987.
  • WheltonPK, KlagMJ: Magnesium and blood pressure: review of the epidemiologic and clinical trial experience. Am J Cardiol 63 (suppl G): 26G–30G, 1989.
  • SianiA, StrazzulloP, GiaccoA, PacioniRD, CelentanoE, ManciniM: Increasing the dietary potassium intake reduces the need for antihypertensive medication. Ann Intern Med 115: 753–759, 1991.
  • LinasSL: The role of potassium in the pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension. Kidney Int 39: 771–786, 1991.
  • WheltonPK, KlagMJ: Potassium in the homeostasis and reduction of blood pressure. Clin Nutr 6: 76–82, 1987.
  • HarrietP, MongeauE, LambertJ: Interactions among calcium, sodium, and alcohol intake as determinants of blood pressure. Hypertension 17 (suppl I):I150–I154, 1991.
  • SowersJR, ZemelMB, StandleyPR, ZemelPC: Calcium and hypertension. J Lab Clin Med 114: 338–348, 1989.
  • SemposC, CooperR, KovarM, JohnsonC, DrizdT, YetleyE: Dietary calcium and blood pressure in national health and nutrition examination surveys J and II. Hypertension 8: 1067–1074, 1986.
  • CutlerJ, BrittainE: Calcium and blood pressure: an epidemiologic perspective. Am J Hypertens 3: 137S–146s, 1990.
  • MikamiH, OgiharaT, TabuchiY: Blood pressure response to dietary calcium intervention in humans. Am J Hypertens 3: 147S–151s, 1990.
  • BierbaumML, WolfE, BisgeierG, MaginnisWP: Dietary calcium: a method of lowering blood pressure. Am J Hypertens l: 149S–152s, 1988.
  • DychnerT, WesterPO: Effect of magnesium on blood pressure. Br Med J 286: 1847–1849, 1983.
  • CappuccioFP, MarkanduND, BeynonGW, ShoreAC, SampsonB, MacGregorGA: Lack of oral magnesium on high blood pressure: a double blind study. Br Med J 291: 235–238, 1985.
  • HagaH: Effects of dietary magnesium supplementation on diurnal variations of blood pressure and plasma Na+,K+-ATPase activity in essential hypertension. Japan Heart J 33: 785–800, 1992.
  • AndersonS: Protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber. In National Kidney Fdn “Education Program on Nonpharmacologic Management of Hypertension.” National Kidney Foundation. pp 19–22, 1988.
  • GlinsmannWH, IrausquinH, ParkYK: Evaluation of health aspects of sugars contained in carbohydrate sweeteners; Report of Sugars Task Force, pp 1–18, 1986.
  • WilliamsonDF, KahnHS, RemingtonPL, AndaF: The 10-year incidence of overweight and major weight gain in US adults. Arch Intern Med 150: 666–672, 1990.
  • MacMahonS, CutlerJ, BrittainE, HigginsM: Obesity and hypertension: epidemiological and clinical issues. Eur Heart J 8: 57–70, 1987.
  • MacMahonS: Alcohol consumption and hypertension. Hypertension 9: 111–121, 1987.
  • FriedmanGD, KlatskyAL, SiegtaubAB: Alcohol, tobacco, and hypertension. Hypertension 4 (suppl III):III143–III150, 1982.
  • PotterJF, BeeversDG: Pressor effect of alcohol in hypertension. Lancet 1: 119–122, 1984.
  • World Hypertension League: Alcohol and hypertension implications for management: a consensus statement by the World Hypertension League. J Human Hypertens 5: 1854–1856, 1991.
  • PuddeyIB, BeilinLJ, VandongenR: Regular alcohol intake use raises blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients. Lancet 1: 647–651, 1987.
  • MaheswarenR, GillJS, DaviesP, BeeversDG: High blood pressure due to alcohol: a rapidly reversible effect. Hypertension 17: 787–792, 1991.
  • RissanenA, PietinenP, Siljamaki-OjansuuU, PiirainenH, ReisselP: Treatment of hypertension in obese patients: efficacy and feasibility of weight and salt reduction programs. Acta Med Scand 218: 149–156, 1985.
  • LarssonB, SvardsuddK, WelinL, WilhelsenL, BjorntorpP, TibblinG: Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br Med J 288: 1401–1404, 1984.
  • StamlerJ: Epidemiologic findings on body mass and blood pressure in adults. Ann Epidemiol 1: 347–362, 1991.
  • LabartheDR, MuellerWH, EissaM: Blood pressure and obesity in childhood and adolescence: epidemiologic aspects. Ann Epidemiol 1: 337–345, 1991.
  • StamlerR, StamlerJ, RiedlingerWF, AlgeraG, RobertsRM: Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. JAMA 240: 1607–1610, 1978.
  • ChiangB, PerlmanL, EpsteinF: Overweight and hypertension: a review. Circulation 39: 403–421, 1969.
  • ReisinE, AbelR, ModanM, SilverbergDS, EliahouHE, ModanB: Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients. N Engl J Med 298: 1–6, 1978.
  • SchotteDE, StunkardAJ: The effect of weight reduction on blood pressure in 301 obese patients. Arch Int Med 150: 1701–1704, 1990.
  • DustanHP: Mechanisms of hypertension associated with obesity. Ann Intern Med 98 (Part 2): 860–864, 1982.
  • KannelWB, BrandN, SkinnerJJJr, DawberTR, McNamaraPM: The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and the development of hypertension. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 67: 48–59, 1967.
  • KriegerDR, LandsbergL: Mechanisms in obesity-related hypertension: role of insulin and catecholamines. Am J Hypertens 1: 84–90, 1988.
  • HallJE: Hyperinsulinemia: a link between obesity and hypertension? Kid Int 43: 1402–1417, 1993.
  • RosenRC, KostisJB, BrondoloE: Nondrug treatment approaches for hypertension. In ApplegateWB (ed): “Clinics in Geriatric Medicine: Hypertension”. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 791–802, 1989.
  • KretchmerN: Sugar. In GaullGE, KotsonisFN, MackeyMA (eds): “Nutrition in the '90s: Current Controversies and Analysis”. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. pp 109-117, 1990.
  • WotekiCE, WelshSO, RaperN, MarstonRM: Recent trends and levels of dietary sugar and other caloric sweeteners. In ReiserS (ed): “Metabolic Effects of Utilizable Dietary CHO”. New York: Marcel Dekkar, Inc., 1981.
  • KimmSYS, GergenPJ, MalloyM, DresserC, CarrollM: Dietary patterns of US children: implications for disease prevention. Prev Med 19: 432–442, 1990.
  • MichelS, FalknerB, HulmanS: Dietary intake of adolescents at risk of cardiovascular disease. (Abstract) J Am Coll Nutr 9: 552, 1990.
  • BensonS: Has sugar too many lumps? Health 5: 20–22, 1991.
  • NuttalFQ, CannonMC: Sucrose and disease. Diabetes Care 4: 305–310, 1981.
  • SzantoS, YudkinJ: The effect of dietary sucrose on blood lipids, serum insulin, platelet adhesiveness and body weight in human volunteers. Postgrad Med J 45: 602–607, 1969.
  • YudkinJ: Sucrose, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and obesity: do hormones provide a link? Am Heart J 115: 493–498, 1988.
  • AhrensRA: Sucrose, hypertension and heart disease: an historical perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 27: 403–422, 1974.
  • SolystJT, MichaelisOE, ReiserS, EllwoodKC, PratherES: Effect of dietary sucrose in humans on blood uric acid, phosphorus, fructose, and lactic acid responses to a sucrose load. Nutr Metab 24: 182–188, 1980.
  • IsraelKD, MichaelisOE, ReiserS, KeeneyM: Serum uric acid, inorganic phosphorus, and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and blood pressure in carbohydrate-sensitive adults consuming three different levels of sucrose. Ann Nutr Metab 27: 425–435, 1983.
  • DeFronzoRA, FerranniniE: Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14: 173–194, 1991.
  • CeramiA, VlassareH, BrownleeM: Glucose and aging. Scientific American 256: 90–96, 1987.
  • MakitaA, RadoffS, RayfieldEJ, YangZ, SkoinikE, DelaneyV, FriedmanEA, CeramiA, VlasserattH: Advanced glycosylation end products in patients with diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 325: 836–842, 1991.
  • ItoK, IwabuchiT, KotokuK, WatanabiK, UyamaK: Comparison of the results of epidemiological studies conducted in 2 areas in Akita Prefecture with different mortality results in cerebrovascular diseases. Nippon Rosen Igakkai Zasshi 9: 379–386, 1972.
  • KojimaS, KeiichiI, MurakamiM, NakamuraT: Effects of energy-containing nutrients on blood pressure of salt-loaded rats. Jap Circ J 43: 31–36, 1979.
  • CohenAM, TeitelbaumA, SaliternikR: Genetic and diet as factors in development of diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 21: 235–240, 1972.
  • PreussHG, FournierRD: Effects of sucrose ingestion on blood pressure. Life Sci 30: 878–886, 1982.
  • KaranjaN, McCarronDA: Effects of dietary carbohydrates on blood pressure. Prog Biochem Pharmacol 21: 248–265, 1986.
  • FagerbergB: Do carbohydrates promote hypertension? Int J Obes 5 (Suppl 1): 151–155, 1981.
  • SacksFM, RouseIL, StampferMJ, BishopLM, LenherrCXF, WaltherRJ: Effect of dietary fats and carbohydrate on blood pressure of mildly hypertensive patients. Hypertension 10: 452–460, 1987.
  • AhrensRA: “Sweeteners, Issues and Uncertainties”. Washington DC: National Academy of Science, p 96, 1975.
  • DodsonPM, PacyPJ, BalP, KubickiAJ, FletcherRF, TaylorKG: A controlled trial of a high fibre, low fat and low sodium diet for mild hypertension in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 27: 522–526, 1984.
  • RyttigK: Treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with dietary fibre. Lancet i: 622–623, 1987.
  • LittleP, GirlingG, HaslerA, TraffordA, CravenA: A controlled trial of a low sodium, low fat, high fibre diet in treated hypertensive patients: the efficacy of multiple dietary intervention. Postgrad Med 66: 616–621, 1990.
  • MargettsBM, BeilinLJ, VandogenR, ArmstrongBL: Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: a randomized control trial. Br Med J 293: 1468–1471, 1986.
  • MargettsBM, BeilinLJ, VandongenR, ArmstrongBK: A randomized controlled trial of the effect of dietary fibre on blood pressure. Clin Sci 72: 343–350, 1987.
  • WrightA, BurstynPG, GibneyMJ: Dietary fibre and blood pressure. Br Med J 2: 1541–1543, 1979.
  • PreussMB, PreussHG: Effects of sucrose on the blood pressure of various strains of Wistar rats. Lab Invest 43: 101–107, 1980.
  • AhrensRA, DemuthP, LeeMK, MajkowskiJW: Moderate sucrose ingestion and blood pressure in rat. J Nutr 110: 725–731, 1980.
  • BunagRD, TomitaT, SasakiS: Chronic sucrose ingestion induces mild hypertension and tachycardia in rats. Hypertension 5: 218–225, 1983.
  • GradinK, NissbrandH, EhrenstomF, HenningM, PerssonB: Adrenergic mechanisms during hypertension induced by sucrose and/or salt in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Arch Pharmacol 337: 47–52, 1988.
  • KaufmanLN, PetersonMM, SmithSM: Hypertension and sympathetic hyperactivity induced in rats by high-fat or glucose diets. Am J Physiol 23: E95–E100, 1991.
  • PreussHG, ZeinM, KnapkaJ, MacArthyP, YousufiAK, GleimGW, GlaceB, Zukowska-GrojecZ: Blood pressure responses to sucrose ingestion in four strains of rats. Am J Hypertens 5: 244–250, 1992.
  • PreussHG, KnapkaJJ, MacArthyP, YousufiAL, SabnisSG, AntonovychTT: High sucrose diets increase blood pressure of both salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Am J Hypertens 5: 585–591, 1992.
  • Subcommittee on Nonpharmacological Therapy of the 1984 Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: Nonpharmacological approaches to the control of high blood pressure. Hypertension 8: 444–467, 1986.
  • Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group: The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the trials of hypertension prevention, Phase 1. JAMA 267: 1213–1220, 1992.
  • FerranniniE, BuzzigoliG, BonadonnaR, GioraicoMA, OlegginiM, GraziadeiL, PedrinelliR, BrandiL, BevilacquaS: Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 317: 350–357, 1987.
  • ReavenGM, HoffmanBB: A role for insulin in the aetiology and course of hypertension? Lancet ii: 435–436, 1987.
  • FuhMM-T, ShiehS-M, WuD-A, ChenY-DI, ReavenGM: Abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension. Arch Int Med 147: 1035–1038, 1987.
  • ReavenGM: Role of insulin resistance in human disease (Banting Lecture 1988). Diabetes 37: 1595–1607, 1988.
  • De KeijerMH, PovoostAP: The effects of dietary protein on the progression of renal failure in fawn-hooded rat. Nephron 55: 203–209, 1990.
  • ZeinM, AreasJL, KnapkaJ, DiPetteD, HollandB, A1-KaradaghiP, PreussHG: Development of sugar-induced blood pressure elevation after uninephrectomy in a resistant rat strain. J Am Coll Nutr 10: 24–33, 1991.
  • HallCE, HallO: Comparative effectiveness of glucose and sucrose in enhancement of hypersalimentation and salt hypertension. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 123: 370–374, 1966.
  • PreussHG, KnapkaJJ: Sugar-induced hypertension in Fischer 344 and F1-hybrid at different ages. Ger Nephrology and Urology 4: 15–21, 1994.
  • PreussHG, ZeinM, AreasJL, GaoCY: Macronutrients in the diet: a possible association with age related hypertension. In ArmbrechtTJ, CoeR, WongsurawatN (eds): “Endocrine Function and Aging”. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp 161–174, 1990.
  • BrandsMW, GarrityCA, HolmanMG, KeenHL, Alonso-GarciaM, HallJE: High-fructose diet does not raise 24-hour mean arterial pressure in rats. Am J Hypertens 7: 104–109, 1994.
  • MartinezFJ, RizzaRA, RomeroJC: High fructose feeding elicits insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension in normal mongrel dogs. Hypertension 23: 456–463, 1994.
  • SrinivasanSR, BerensonGS, RadhakrishnamurthyB, DalferesERJr, UnderwoodD, FosterTA: Effect of dietary sodium and sucrose on induction of hypertension in the spider monkey. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 561–569, 1980.
  • PreussHG: Interplay between sugar and salt on blood pressure of SHR. Nephron 68: 385–387, 1994.
  • GondalJA, MacArthyP, MyersAK, PreussHG: Effects of dietary sucrose and fibers on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Neph (in press).
  • PreussHG: Effects of chromium and guar on sugar-induced hypertension in rats. Clin Neph 44: 170–177, 1995.
  • BrasG, RossMH: Kidney disease and nutrition in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 6: 247–262, 1964.
  • DurandAM, FisherM, AdamsM: The influence of type of dietary carbohydrate: effect on histological findings in two strains of rats. Arch Path 85: 318–324, 1968.
  • DalderupLM, VisserW: Influence of extra sucrose in the daily food on the life span of Wistar Albino Rats. Nature 222: 1050–1052, 1969.
  • RosenmannE, TeitelbaumA, CohenAM: Nephropathy in sucrose-fed rats: electron and light microscopic studies. Diabetes 20: 803–810, 1971.
  • Boot-HanfordR, HeathH: Identification of fructose as the retinopathy agent associated with the ingestion of sucrose-rich diets in the rat. Metab 29: 1247–1252, 1980.
  • PoulsomR: Morphological changes of organs after sucrose or fructose feeding. Prog Biochem Pharmacol 21: 104–134, 1986.
  • KleinknechtC, LaouariD, HinglaisN, HabibR, DoduC, LacourB, BroyerM: Role of amount and nature of carbohydrates in the course of experimental renal failure. Kid Int 30: 687–693, 1986.
  • VelasquezMT, KimmelPL, MichaelisOE, CarswellN, AbrahamA, BoschJP: Effect of carbohydrate intake on kidney function and structure in SHR/N-cp rats. Diabetes 38: 679–685, 1989.
  • AndrewsP, A1 KaradaghiP, MemonS, DadgarA, MacArthyP, KnapkaJJ, PreussHG: Effects of macronutrients on the remaining kidney of unilaterally nephrectomized WKY. Geriatric Nephrology and Urology 2: 35–42, 1992.
  • DahlL, SchackowE: Effects of chronic excess salt ingestion: experimental hypertension in rats. Can Med Assoc J 90: 155–160, 1964.
  • HwangI-S, HuangW-C, WuJ-N, ShianLR, ReavenGM: Effect of fructose-induced hypertension on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and atrial natriuretic factor. Am J Hypertens 2: 424–427, 1989.
  • BattarbeeHD, FunchDP, DaileyJW: The effect of dietary sodium and potassium upon blood pressure and catecholamine excretion in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 161: 32–37, 1979.
  • FournierRD, ChiuehCC, KopinIJ, KnapkaJJ, DiPettiD, PreussHG: The interrelationship between excess CHO ingestion, blood pressure and catecholamine excretion in SHR and WKY. Am J Physiol 250: E381–E385, 1986.
  • RebelloT, HodgesRE, SmithJL: Short term effects of various sugars on antinatriuresis and blood pressure changes in normotensive young men. Am J Clin Nutr 38: 84–94, 1983.
  • PreussHG, MemonS, DadgarA, JiangG: Effects of diets high in sugar on renal fluid, electrolyte, and mineral handling in SHR: relationship to blood pressure. J Am Coll Nutr 13: 73–82, 1994.
  • YoungJB, LandsbergL: Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system during sucrose feeding. Nature 269: 615–617, 1977.
  • YoungJB, LandsbergL: Impaired suppression of sympathetic activity during fasting in the gold thioglucose-treated mouse. J Clin Invest 65: 1086–1094, 1980.
  • ReiserS, HandlerHB, GardnerLB, HallfrischJG, MichaelisOE, PratherES: Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. II. Effect on fasting blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon and on insulin and glucose response to a sucrose load. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 2206–2216, 1979.
  • ReavenGR: Effects of differences in amount and kind of dietary carbohydrates on plasma glucose and insulin responses in man. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 2568–2578, 1979.
  • ShenDC, ShiehSM, FuhMM, WuDA, ChenYPI, ReavenGM: Resistance to insulin stimulated glucose uptake in patients with hypertension. J Clin Endocrin Metab 66: 580–583, 1988.
  • SoltVB, BrownMR, KennedyB, KoltermanOG, ZieglerMG: Elevated insulin, norepinephrine, and neuropeptide Y in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 3: 823–828, 1990.
  • FournierAM, GadiaMT, KubruslyDB, SkylerJS, SosenkoJM: Blood pressure, insulin, and glycemia in nondiabetic subjects. Am J Med 80: 861–864, 1983.
  • SowerJR: Is hypertension an insulin-resistant state? Metabolic changes associated with hypertension and antihypertensive therapy. Am Heart J 122: 932–935, 1991.
  • SimsEAH, BerchtoldP: Obesity and hypertension. Mechanisms and implications for management. JAMA 247: 49–52, 1982.
  • KrotkiewskiM, MandroukasK, SjostromL, SullivanL, WetterquistH, BjorntorpPI: Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 28: 650–658, 1979.
  • HwangI-S, HoH, HoffmanBB, ReavenGM: Fructose-induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats. Hypertension 10: 512–516, 1987.
  • BrandsMW, HildebrandtDA, MizelleHL, HallJE: Sustained hyperinsulinemia increases pressure in conscious rats. Am J Physiol 260: R764–R768, 1991.
  • ReavenGM, HoH, HoffmanBB: Attenuation of fructose-induced hypertension in rats by exercise training. Hypertension 12: 129–132, 1988.
  • ReavenGM, HoH, HoffmanBB: Somatostatin inhibition of fructose-induced hypertension. Hypertension 14: 117–120, 1989.
  • LandinK, TengbornL, SmithU: Treating insulin resistance in hypertension with metformin reduces both blood pressure and metabolic risk factors. J Intern Med 229: 181–187, 1991.
  • LalorBC, BhatnagarD, WinocourPH, IsholaM, ArrolS, BradingM, DurringtonPN: Placebo-controlled trial of the effects of guar gum and metformin on fasting glucose and serum lipids in obese, type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetic Med 7: 242–245, 1990.
  • StorlienLH, PanDA, KusunokiM, CooneyGJ: Effects of Benfluorex on in vivo patterns of insulin resistance induced by diets rich in fat and fructose. Diabetes/Metabolism Rev 9 (Suppl 1): 65S–72s, 1993.
  • MertzW: Chromium in human nutrition. J Nutr 123: 626–633, 1993.
  • AndersonRA: Recent advances in the clinical and biochemical effects of chromium deficiency. PrasadA (ed): Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease: an Update. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc. pp 221–234, 1993.
  • SupianoMA, HogikyanRV, MorrowLA, Ortiz-AlonzoFJ, HermanWH, GaleckiAT, HalterJB: Aging and insulin sensitivity: role of blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity. J Gerontol Med Sci 48: M237–M243, 1993.
  • DeFronzoRA: Insulin and renal sodium handling: Clinical implications. Int J Obes 5 (suppl 1): 93–104, 1981.
  • RochiniAP, KatchV, KveselisK, MooreheadC, MartinM, LampmanR, GregoryM: Insulin and renal sodium retention in obese adolescents. Hypertension 14: 367–374, 1989.
  • RoweJW, YoungJB, MinakerKL, StevensAL, PallottaJA, LandsbergL: Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man. Diabetes 30: 219–225, 1981.
  • BeaumontW: Experiments and observations on the gastric juice and the physiology of digestion. Plattsburgh NY: Allen, 1833.
  • AndersonJW: Plant fiber and blood pressure. Ann Int Med 98: 842–846, 1983.
  • LandinK, HolmG, TengbornL, SmithU: Guar gum improves insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, blood pressure, and fibrinolysis in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 56: 1061–1065, 1992.
  • EliassonK, RyttigKR, HylanderB, RossnerS: A dietary fibre supplement in the treatment of mild hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens 10: 195–199, 1992.
  • FukagawaNK, AndersonJW, HagemanG, YoungVR, NinakerKL: High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy young and old adults. Am J Clin Nutr 52: 524–528, 1990.
  • VachonC, JonesJD, WoodPJ, SavoirL: Concentration effect of soluble dietary fiber on post prandial glucose and insulin in the rat. Can J Pharmacol 66: 801–806, 1988.
  • TosdottirI, AlpstenM, AnderssonH, EinarssonS: Dietary guar gum effects on postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and hydroxyproline in humans. J Nutr 119: 1925–1931, 1989.
  • DemigneC, LevratMA, RemesyC: Effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrates on the cecal concentration of mineral and their fluxes between the cecum of blood plasma in the rat. J Nutr 119: 1625–1630, 1989.
  • SwainJF, RouseIL, CurleyCB, SacksFM: Comparison of the effects of oat bran and low wheat fiber on serum lipoprotein levels and blood pressure. N Engl J Med 322: 147–152, 1990.
  • BrussaardJH, van RaaijJM, Stasse-WolthuisM, KatanMB, HautvastJG: Blood pressure and diet in normal volunteers: absence of an effect of dietary fiber, protein, or fat. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 2023–2029, 1981.
  • KelsayJL, BehallKM, PratherES: Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects. 1. Bowel transit time, number of defecations, fecal weight, urinary excretion of energy and nitrogen and apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat. Am J Clin Nutr 31: 1149–1153, 1978.
  • ZeinM, AreasJ, KnapkaJ, GleimG, DiPetteD, HollandB, PreussHG: Influence of oat bran on sucrose-induced blood pressure elevations in SHR. Life Sci 47: 1121–1128, 1990.
  • SacksFM, KassEH: Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods and nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr 48: 795–800, 1988.
  • MelbyCL, TooheyML, CebrickJ: Blood pressure and blood lipids among vegetarians, semivegetarian, and nonvegetarian African Americans. Am J Clin Nutr 59: 103–109, 1994.
  • GroenJJ, TijongKB, KosterM, WillebrandAF, VernockG, PierlootM: The influence of nutrition and ways of life on blood cholesterol and the prevalence of hypertension and coronary heart disease among Trappist and Benedictine monks. Am J Clin Nutr 10: 456–470, 1962.
  • MorckTA: The effect of dietary fats on blood pressure: a symposium. Nutr Rev 47: 289–290, 1989.
  • KnappHR: Omega-3 fatty acids, endogenous prostaglandins, and blood pressure regulation in humans. Nutr Rev 47: 301–313, 1989.
  • KeysAB: “Seven Countries. A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Disease”. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
  • RouseIL, ArmstrongBK, BeilinAJ: The relationship of blood pressure to diet and lifestyle in two religious populations. J Hypertens 1: 65–71, 1983.
  • PuskaP, NissinenA, VartiainenE, DoughertyR, MutanenM, IaconoJM, KorhonenHJ, PietinenP, LeinoU, MoisioS: Controlled, randomized trial of the effect of dietary fat on blood pressure. Lancet i: 1–5, 1983.
  • IaconoJM, PuskaP, DoughertyRM: Studies on the effect of dietary fat on blood pressure. Ann Clin Res 16 (Suppl 43): 116–125, 1984.
  • IaconoJM, MarshallMW, DoughertyRM, WheelerMA: Reduction in blood pressure associated with high polyunsaturated fat diets that reduce blood cholesterol in man. Prev Med 4: 426–443, 1975.
  • SciarroneSEG, BeilinLJ, RouseIL, RogersPB: A factorial study of salt restriction and a low-fat/high fibre diet in hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 10: 287–298, 1992.
  • MensinkRP, JanssenMC, KatanMB: Effect on blood pressure of two diets differing in total fat but not in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 47: 976–981, 1987.
  • NorrisPG, JonesCJH, WestonMJ: Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on systolic blood pressure in mild essential hypertension. Br Med J 293: 104–105, 1986.
  • MortensenJZ, SchmidtEB, NielsenAH, DyerbergJ: The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thromb Haemost 50: 543–546, 1983.
  • LorenzR, SpenglerU, FischerS, DuhmJ, WeberPC: Platelet function, thromboxane formation, and blood pressure control during dietary supplementation of the western diet with cod oil. Circulation 67: 504–511, 1983.
  • RylancePb, GordgeMP, SaynorR, ParsonsV, WestonMJ: Fish oil improves lipids and reduces platelet aggregation in haemodialysis patients. Nephron 43: 196–202, 1986.
  • KnappHR, FitzgeraldGA: The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 320: 1037–1043, 1989.
  • RadackK, DeckC: The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure: a methodologic analysis of the evidence. J Am Coll Nutr 8: 376–385, 1989.
  • MorrisMC, SacksF, RosnerB: Does fish oil lower blood pressure: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 88: 523–533, 1993.
  • AppelLJ, MillerER, SeidlerAJ, WheltonPK: Does supplementation of diet with “fish oil” reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 153: 1429–1438, 1993.
  • JuddJT, MarshallMS, DupontJ: Relationship of dietary fat to plasma fatty acids, blood pressure, and urinary eicosanoids in adult men. J Am Coll Nutr 8: 386–399, 1989.
  • TrevisanM, HroghV, FreudenheimJ: Consumption of olive oil, butter, and vegetable oils and coronary heart disease risk factors. JAMA 263: 688–692, 1990.
  • Smith-BarbaroPA, QuinnMR, FisherH, HegstedDM: Pressor effects of fat and salt in rats. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 165: 283–290, 1980.
  • RosenthalJ, SimonePG, SieberfleitA: Effects of prostaglandin deficiency on natriuresis, diuresis and blood pressure. Prostaglandins 5: 435–440, 1974.
  • TriebeG, BlockHU, ForsterW: On the blood pressure response of salt-loaded rats under different content of linoleic acid in the food. Acta Biol Med Ger. 35: 1223–1224, 1976.
  • MacDonaldMC, KlineRL, MogensonGJ: Dietary linoleic acid and salt-induced hypertension. Physiol Pharmacol 59: 872–875, 1980.
  • SchoeneNW, ReevesVB, FerrettiA: Effects of dietary linoleic acid on the biosynthesis of PGE 2a in kidney medullae in spontaneous hypertension rats. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res 8: 1791–1792, 1980.
  • TenhoorF, Van de GraffHM: The influence of a linoleic-rich diet and of acetylsalicylic acid on NaC1-induced hypertension. Na and water balance and urinary prostaglandin excretion in rats. Acta Biol Med Ger 37: 875–877, 1978.
  • IzumiY, WeinerTW, Franco-SaenzR, MulrowPJ: Effects of dietary linoleic acid on blood pressure and renal function in subtotally nephrectomized rats. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 183: 193–198, 1986.
  • KraegenEW, ClarkPW, JenkinsAB, DaleyEA, ChrisholmDJ, StorlienLH: Development of muscle insulin resistance in high-fat-fed rats. Diabetes 40: 1397–1403, 1991.
  • StorlienLH, BurleighJK, ChisolmD, KraegenE: Fat feeding causes widespread in vivo insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, and obesity in rats. Am J Physiol 251: E576–E583, 1986.
  • RosholtMN, KingPA, HortonES: High-fat diet reduces glucose transporter response to both insulin and exercise. Am J Physiol 266: R95–R101, 1994.
  • BrennerBM, MeyerTW, HostetterTH: Dietary protein and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med 307: 652–659, 1982.
  • HostetterTH, MeyerTW, RennkeHG, BrennerBM: Chronic effects of dietary protein in the rat with intact and reduced renal mass. Kidney Int 30: 509–517, 1986.
  • IhleBU, WhitworthJA, CharlwoodRA, Kincaid-SmithPS: Delaying renal failure through protein restriction. N Engl J Med 321: 1773–1777, 1989.
  • BlumM, AverbuchM, WolmanY, AviramA: Protein intake and kidney function in humans. Arch Int Med 149: 211–212, 1989.
  • KojimaS, ItoK: Effects of protein intake on blood pressure, sodium metabolism, and urinary kallikrein excretion in salt-loaded rats. Nephron 42: 78–82, 1986.
  • EngenRL, SwensonMJ: Influence of diet on indirect systolic blood pressure in rats. J Nutr 97: 19–24, 1969.
  • YamoriY, HorieR, NaraY, IkedaK, OhtakaM, OoshimaA, SasagawaS: Prophylactic trials for stroke in stroke prone SHR. Mechanisms of prevention by dietary protein. Jap Heart J 20: 742, 1979.
  • NollG, LuscherTF: Influence of lipoproteins on endothelial function. Thromb Res 74: S45–S54, 1994.
  • HaynesWG, NoonJP, WalkerBR, WebbDJ: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases blood pressure in healthy humans. J Hypertens 11: 1375–1380, 1993.
  • PrescottSL, JennerDA, BeilinB, MargettsBM, VandongenR: Controlled study of the effects of dietary protein on blood pressure in normotensive humans. Clin Exper Pharmacol Physiol 14: 159–162, 1987.
  • MargettsBM, BeilinLJ, ArmstrongBK, VandongenR: A randomized control trial of vegetarian diet in the treatment of mild hypertension. Clin Exper Pharmacol Physiol 12: 263–266, 1985.
  • RouseIL, BeilinLJ, ArmstrongBK, VandongenR: Blood pressure lowering effect of vegetarian diet on controlled trial in normotensive subjects. Lancet 1: 5–9, 1983.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.