480
Views
79
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Impact of Egg Limitations on Coronary Heart Disease Risk: Do the Numbers Add Up?

, Ph.D.
Pages 540S-548S | Received 01 Jun 2000, Published online: 14 Jun 2013

REFERENCES

  • Frazao E: “America’s Eating Habits. Changes and Consequences.” Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service, 1999.
  • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II) National Cholesterol Education Program: Second report of the expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment panel II). Circulation 89: 1333–1445, 1994.
  • Surgeon General: “The Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health.” Washington, DC: DHHS, 1988.
  • National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences Diet and Health: “Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk.” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
  • Krauss RM, Deckelbaum RJ, Ernst N, Fisher E, Howard BV, Knopp RH, Kotchen T, Lichtenstein AH, McGill HC, Pearson TA, Prewitt TE, Stone N J, Van Horn L, Weinberg R: Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults - A statement for health professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation 94: 1795–1800, 1996.
  • Rudel LL: Genetic factors influence the atherogenic response of lipoproteins to dietary fat and cholesterol in nonhuman primates. J Am Coll Nutr 16: 306–312, 1997.
  • Stamler J: Population studies. In Levy R, Rifkind B, Dennis B, Ernst N (eds): “Nutrition, Lipids, and Coronary Heart Disease.” New York: Raven Press, pp 25–88, 1979.
  • Millen BE, Franz MM, Quatromoni PA, Gagnon DR, Sonnenberg LM, Ordovas JM, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA: Diet and plasma lipids in women .1. Macronutrients and plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women: The Framingham nutrition studies. J Clin Epidemiol 49: 657–663, 1996.
  • Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC: Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 337: 1491–1499, 1997.
  • Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Stampfer M, Willett WC: Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: Cohort follow up study in the United States. Br Med J 313: 84–90, 1996.
  • Esrey KL, Joseph L, Grover SA: Relationship between dietary intake and coronary heart disease mortality: Lipid research clinics prevalence follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol 49: 211–216, 1996.
  • Posner BM, Cobb J L, Belanger A J, Cupples LA, D’Agostino RB, Stokes J D: Dietary lipid predictors of coronary heart disease in men. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 151: 1181–1187, 1991.
  • Posner BM, Cupples LA, Franz MM, Gagnon DR: Diet and heart disease risk factors in adult American men and women: the Framingham Offspring-Spouse nutrition studies. Int J Epidemiol 22: 1014–1025, 1993.
  • Hegsted DM, Ausman LM: Diet, alcohol and coronary heart disease in men. J Nutr 118: 1184–1189, 1988.
  • Pietinen P, Ascherio A, Korhonen P, Hartman AM, Willett WC, Albanes D, Virtamo J: Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men - The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Am J Epidemiol 145: 876–887, 1997.
  • Toeller M, Buyken AE, Heitkamp G, Scherbaum WA, Krans HMJ, Fuller JH, EIC Group: Associations of fat and cholesterol intake with serum lipid levels and cardiovascular disease: The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 107: 512–521, 1999.
  • Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, Jansen A: Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: the Seven Countries Study. Prev Med 24: 308–315, 1995.
  • Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Spiegelman D, Speizer FE, Sacks FR, Hennekens CH, Willett WC: A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women. JAMA 281: 1387–1394, 1999.
  • McNamara DJ: Effects of fat-modified diets on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 7: 273–90, 1987.
  • McNamara DJ: Relationship between blood and dietary cholesterol. Adv Meat Res 6: 63–87, 1990.
  • Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R: Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: Quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ 314: 112–117, 1997.
  • Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA: Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: A meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 1747–1764, 1997.
  • Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ: Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 17: 281–295, 1965.
  • Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F: Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet. II. The effect of cholesterol in the diet. Metabolism 14: 759–765, 1965.
  • Keys A: Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 40: 351–359, 1984.
  • Hegsted DM: Serum-cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol: a re-evaluation. Am J Clin Nutr 44: 299–305, 1986.
  • Grundy SM, Barrett-Connor E, Rudel LL, Miettinen T, Spector AA: Workshop on the impact of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 8: 95–101, 1988.
  • Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE: Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. Am J Clin Nutr 57: 875–883, 1993.
  • Hopkins PN: Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Clin Nutr 55: 1060–1070, 1992.
  • McNamara DJ: Dietary cholesterol and the optimal diet for reducing risk of atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 11(Suppl G): 123G–126G, 1995.
  • Vuoristo M, Miettinen TA: Absorption, metabolism, and serum concentrations of cholesterol in vegetarians: Effects of cholesterol feeding. Am J Clin Nutr 59: 1325–1331, 1994.
  • Jones PJ, Pappu AS, Hatcher L, Li ZC, Illingworth DR, Connor WE: Dietary cholesterol feeding suppresses human cholesterol synthesis measured by deuterium incorporation and urinary mevalonic acid levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16: 1222–1228, 1996.
  • McNamara DJ: Dietary cholesterol: Effects on lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 1: 18–22, 1990.
  • Katan MB, Beynen AC: Hyper-response to dietary cholesterol in man [letter]. Lancet 1: 1213, 1983.
  • Katan MB, Beynen AC, de Vries JH, Nobels A: Existence of consistent hypo- and hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol in man. Am J Epidemiol 123: 221–234, 1986.
  • Katan MB, Beynen AC: Characteristics of human hypo- and hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol. Am J Epidemiol 125: 387–399, 1987.
  • McNamara DJ, Kolb R, Parker TS, Batwin H, Samuel P, Brown CD, Ahrens EH, Jr: Heterogeneity of cholesterol homeostasis in man. Response to changes in dietary fat quality and cholesterol quantity. J Clin Invest 79: 1729–1739, 1987.
  • Lehtimaki T, Moilanen T, Solakivi T, Laippala P, Ehnholm C: Cholesterol-rich diet induced changes in plasma lipids in relation to apolipoprotein E phenotype in healthy students. Ann Med 24: 61–66, 1992.
  • Gylling H, Kontula K, Koivisto UM, Miettinen HE, Miettinen TA: Polymorphisms of the genes encoding apoproteins A-I, B, C-III, and E and LDL receptor, and cholesterol and LDL metabolism during increased cholesterol intake - Common alleles of the apoprotein E gene show the greatest regulatory impact. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 38–44, 1997.
  • Sarkkinen E, Korhonen M, Erkkilae A, Ebeling T, Uusitupa M: Effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipid response to the separate modification of dietary fat and dietary cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 68: 1215–1222, 1998.
  • Knopp RH, Retzlaff BM, Walden CE, Dowdy AA, Tsunehara CH, Austin MA, Nguyen T: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of the effects of two eggs per day in moderately hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic subjects taught the NCEP step I diet. J Am Coll Nutr 16: 551–561, 1997.
  • McCombs RJ, Marcadis DE, Ellis J, Weinberg RB: Attenuated hypercholesterolemic response to a high-cholesterol diet in subjects heterozygous for the apolipoprotein A-IV-2 allele. N Engl J Med 331: 706–710, 1994.
  • Goff DC, Jr, Shekelle RB, Moye LA, Katan MB, Gotto AM, Jr, Stamler J: Does body fatness modify the effect of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol? Results from the Chicago Western Electric Study. Am J Epidemiol 137: 171–177, 1993.
  • Shekelle RB, Stamler J: Dietary cholesterol and ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1: 1177–1178, 1989.
  • Stamler J, Shekelle R: Dietary cholesterol and human coronary heart disease. The epidemiological evidence. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 1032–1040, 1988.
  • Ginsberg HN, Karmally W, Siddiqui M, Holleran S, Tall AR, Rumsey SC, Deckelbaum RJ, Blaner WS, Ramakrishnan R: A dose-response study of the effects of dietary cholesterol on fasting and postprandial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in healthy young men. Arterioscler Thromb 14: 576–586, 1994.
  • Ginsberg HN, Karmally W, Siddiqui M, Holleran S, Tall AR, Blaner WS, Ramakrishnan R: Increases in dietary cholesterol are associated with modest increases in both LDL and HDL cholesterol in healthy young women. Arterioscler Thromb 15: 169–178, 1995.
  • Clifton PM, Nestel PJ: Effect of dietary cholesterol on postprandial lipoproteins in three phenotypic groups. Am J Clin Nutr 64: 361–367, 1996.
  • Blanco-Molina A, Castro G, Martin-Escalante D, Bravo D, Lopez-Miranda J, Castro P, Lopez-Segura F, Fruchart JC, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F: Effects of different dietary cholesterol concentrations on lipoprotein plasma concentrations and on cholesterol efflux from Fu5AH cells. Am J Clin Nutr 68: 1028–1033, 1998.
  • Stamler J, Greenland P, Van Horn L, Grundy SM: Dietary cholesterol, serum cholesterol, and risks of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 67: 488–489, 1998.
  • McNamara DJ: Dietary cholesterol, serum cholesterol, and risks of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases—Reply. Am J Clin Nutr 67: 491–492, 1998.
  • Howell WH: Dietary cholesterol, serum cholesterol, and risks of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases—Reply. Am J Clin Nutr 67: 490–491, 1998.
  • McNamara DJ: Dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta (in press), 2000.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.