Calcium Modulation of Hypertension and Obesity: Mechanisms and Implications

REFERENCES

• Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz, WH: The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 282: 1523–1529, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP: The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–1998. JAMA 282: 1519–1522, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 157: 2413–2446, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarron DA, Morris C, Cole C: Dietary calcium in human hypertension. Science 217: 267–269, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarron DA, Morris CD, Henry HJ, Stanton JL: Blood pressure and nutrient intake in the United States: an analysis of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I. Science 224: 1392–1398, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang JD, Cook DJ, Hatala R, Hunt DL: Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 275: 1016–1022, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Lang JD, Hunt D: Effect of calcium supplementation on pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 275: 1113–1117, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarron DA, Reusser ME: Finding consensus in the dietary calcium-blood pressure debate. J Am Coll Nutr 18: 398S–405S, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornquist K, Tashjian AH: Dual action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on intracellular Ca2+ in GH4C1 cells: evidence for effects on voltage-operated Ca2+ channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Endocrinology 124: 2765–2776, 1989.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleet JC: Vitamin D receptor: not just in the nucleus anymore. Nutr Rev 57: 60–62, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick L: The cellular ionic basis of hypertension and allied clinical conditions. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 42: 1–22, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemel MB: Dietary calcium, calcitrophic hormones and hypertension. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 4: 224–228, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Walser M: Ion association. VII. Dependence of calciuresis on natriuresis during sulfate infusion. Am J Physiol 201: 761–781, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Gualdoni SM, Walsh MF, Komanicky P, Standley P, Johnson D, Fitter W, Sowers J: Effect of sodium and calcium on calcium metabolism and blood pressure regulation in hypertensive black adults. J Hypertens 4(Suppl 5): 364S–366S, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Gualdoni SM, Sowers JR: Sodium excretion and plasma renin activity in normotensive and hypertensive black adults as affected by dietary calcium and sodium. J Hypertens 4(Suppl:5): 343S–345S, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Sowers JR: Salt sensitivity and hypertension in the elderly. Am J Cardiol 61: 7H–12H, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Gualdoni SM, Sowers JR: Reductions in total and extracellular water associated with calcium-induced natriuresis and the antihypertensive effect of calcium in blacks. Am J Hypertens 1: 70–72, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zemel, MB, Kraniak J, Standley PR, Sowers JR: Erythrocyte cation metabolism in salt-sensitive blacks as affected by dietary sodium and calcium. Am J Hypertens 1: 386–392, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Bedford BA, Standley PR, Sowers JR: Saline infusion causes rapid increase in parathyroid hormone and intracellular calcium levels. Am J Hypertens 2: 185–187, 1989.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zemel MB, Zemel PC, Bryg R, Sowers JR: Dietary calcium-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Hypertens 3: 458–463, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamet P, Daignault-Gelllnas M, Lambert J, Ledoux M, Whissell-Cambiotti L, Bellavance F, Mongeau E: Epidemiological evidence of an interaction between calcium and sodium intake impacting on blood pressure. A Montreal study. Am J Hypertens 5: 378–385, 1992.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin P-H, Karanja N, for the DASH Collaborative Research Group: A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med 336: 1117–1124, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Treatment of Mild Hypertension Research Group: The treatment of mild hypertension study: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a nutritional-hygienic regimen along with various drug monotherapies. Arch Int Med 151: 1413–1423, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svetky LP, Simons-Morton D, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Conlin PR, Ryan DH, Ard J, Kennedy BM for the DASH Research Group: Effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. Subgroup analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 159: 285–293, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel LJ, Miller ER, Jee SH, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Lin P-H, Erlinger T, Nadeau MR, Selhub J: Effect of dietary patterns on serum homocysteine. Results of a randomized, controlled feeding study. Circulation 102: 852–857, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER III, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin P-H, Aickinn M, Most-Windhauser MM, Moore TJ, Proschan MA, Cutler JA: Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med 344: 3–10, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, DiRienzo D, Zemel PC: Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J 4: 1132–1138, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Kiefer LL, Woychik RP, Wilkison WO, Truesdale A, Ittoop O, Willard D, Nichols J, Zemel MB: Agouti regulation of intracellular calcium. Role of melanocortin receptor. Am J Physiol 272: E379–E384, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemel MB, Kim JH, Woychik RP, Michaud EJ, Kadwell SH, Patel IR, Wilkison WO: Agouti regulation of intracellular calcium: role in the insulin resistance of viable yellow mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4733–4737, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BH, Kim JH, Zemel MB, Woychik RP, Michaud EJ, Wilkison WO, Moustaid N: Upregulation of adipocyte metabolism by agouti protein: possible paracrine actions in yellow mouse obesity. Am J Physiol 270: E192–E196, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue BZ, Moustaid N, Wilkison WO, Zemel MB: The agouti gene product inhibits lipolysis in human adipocytes via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. FASEB J 12: 1391–1396, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Mynatt RL, Moore JW, Woychik RP, Moustaid N, Zemel MB: The effects of calcium channel blockade on agouti induced obesity. FASEB J 10: 1646–1652, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi H, DiRienzo D, Zemel MB: Effects of dietary calcium on adipocyte lipid metabolism and body weight regulation in energy-restricted aP2-agouti transgenic mice. FASEB J 15: 291–293, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y-C, Lyle RM, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Weaver CM, Teegarden D: Dairy calcium is related to changes in body composition during a two-year exercise intervention in young women. J Am Coll Nutr 19: 754–760, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carruth BR, Skinner JD: The role of dietary calcium and other nutrients in moderating body fat in preschool children. Int J Obesity 25: 559–566, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, Lappe JM, Barger-Lux MJ, Rafferty K, Hinders S: Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 4635–4638, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar