1,180
Views
116
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cow’s Milk Allergy: A Complex Disorder

, PhD & , PhD
Pages 582S-591S | Received 09 Sep 2005, Published online: 18 Jun 2013

REFERENCES

  • Morisset M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, Guénard L, Beaudouin E, Flabbée J, Hatahet R: Thresholds of clinical reactivity to milk, egg, peanut and sesame in immunoglobulin E-dependent allergies: evaluation by double-blind or single-blind placebo-controlled oral challenges.Clin Exp Allergy33 :1046– 1051,2003 .
  • Taylor SL, Hefle SL: Food Allergies and Other Food Sensitivities.Food Technology55 :68– 83,2001 .
  • Madsen C: Prevalence of food allergy/intolerance in Europe.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol4 :163– 167,1997 .
  • Schäfer T, Böhler S, Ruhdorfer S, Weigl L, Wessner D, Heinrich J, Filipiak B, Wichmann H-E, Ring J: Epidemiology of food allergy/food intolerance in adults: associations with other manifestations of atopy.Allergy56 :1172– 1179,2001 .
  • Zuberbier T, Edenharter G, Worm M, Ehlers I, Reimann S, Hantke T, Roehr CC, Bergmann KE, Niggermann B: Prevalence of adverse reactions to food in Germany—a population study.Allergy59 :338– 345,2004 .
  • Wood RA: The natural history of food allergy.Pediatrics111 :1631– 1637,2003 .
  • Hill DJ, Hosking CS, Zhie CY, Leung R, Baratwidjaja K, Iikura Y, Iyngkaran N, Gonzalez-Andaya A, Wah LB, Hsieh KH: The frequency of food allergy in Australia and Asia.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol4 :101– 110,1997 .
  • Exl B-M, Fritsché R: Cow’s milk protein allergy and possible means for its prevention.Nutr17 :642– 651,2001 .
  • Garcia-Ara MC, Boyano-Martinez MT, Diaz-Pena JM, Martin-Munoz MF, Martin-Esteban M: Cow’s milk-specific immunoglobulin E levels as predictors of clinical reactivity in the follow-up of the cow’s milk allergy infants.Clin Exp Allergy34 :866– 870,2004 .
  • Woods RK, Thien F, Raven J, Walters EH, Abramson MA: Prevalence of food allergies in young adults and their relationship to asthma, nasal allergies, and eczema.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol88 :183– 189,2002 .
  • Bindels JG, Hoijer M: Allergens: latest developments, newest techniques.Bull Int Dairy Fed351 :31– 32,2000 .
  • Høst A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, Christensen AE, Herskind AM, Plesner K: Clinical course of cow’s milk protein allergy/intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood.Pediatric Allergy Immunol13 (Supp 15) :23– 28,2002 .
  • Isolauri E: Cow-milk allergy.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol4 :137– 141,1997 .
  • Sicherer SH: Food allergy.Lancet360 :701– 710,2002 .
  • Henriksen C, Eggesbo M, Halvorsen R, Botten G: Nutrient intake among two-year-old children on cows’ milk-restricted diets.Acta Paediatrica89 :272– 278,2000 .
  • Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A: Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health.Am J Clin Nutr76 :675– 680,2002 .
  • Hidvegi E, Arato A, Cserhati E, Horvath C, Szabo A: Slight decrease in bone mineralization in cow milk-sensitive children.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr36 :44– 49,2003 .
  • Liu T, Howard RM, Mancini AJ, Weston WL, Paller AS, Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Levy ML, Schachner L, Frieden IJ: Kwashiorkor in the United States: fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance.Arch Dermatol137 :630– 636,2001 .
  • Carvalho NF, Kenney RD, Carrington PH, Hall DE: Severe nutritional deficiencies in toddlers resulting from health food milk alternatives.Pediatr107 :E46 ,2001 .
  • Eigenmann PA, Frossard CP: The T lymphocyte in food-allergy disorders.Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol3 :199– 203,2003 .
  • Wal J-M: Cow’s milk proteins/allergens.Annal Allergy Asthma Immunol89 :3– 10,2002 .
  • Järvinen KM, Chatchatee P, Bardina L, Beyer K, Sampson HA: IgE and IgG binding epitopes on alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin in cow’s milk allergy.Int Arch Allergy Immunol126 :111– 118,2001 .
  • Halken S: Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention.Pediatr Allergy Immunol15 (Suppl 16) :4–5, 9– 32,2004 .
  • Schade RP, Tiemessen MM, Knol EF, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, van Hoffen E: The cow’s milk protein-specific T cell response in infancy and childhood.Clin Exp Allergy33 :725– 730,2003 .
  • Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S, Ise W, Honma K, Nishiwaki S, Hirota M, Shimojo N, Katsuki T, Ametani A, Kohno Y, Kaminogawa S: Determinant analysis of IgE and IgG4 antibodies and T cells specific for bovine alpha(s)1-casein from the same patients allergic to cow’s milk: existence of alpha(s)1-casein-specific B cells and T cells characteristic in cow’s-milk allergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol101 :660– 671,1998 .
  • Inoue R, Matsushita S, Kaneko H, Shinoda S, Sakaguchi H, Nishimura Y, Kondo N: Identification of beta-lactoglobulin-derived peptides and class II HLA molecules recognized by T cells from patients with milk allergy.Clin Exp Allergy31 :1126– 1134,2001 .
  • Chatchatee P, Järvinen KM, Bardina L, Beyer K, Sampson HA: Identification of IgE- and IgG-binding epitopes on alpha(s1)-casein: differences in patients with persistent and transient cow’s milk allergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol107 :379– 383,2001 .
  • Chatchatee P, Järvinen KM, Bardina L, Vila L, Beyer K, Sampson HA: Identification of IgE and IgG binding epitopes on beta- and kappa-casein in cow’s milk allergic patients.Clin Exp Allergy31 :1256– 1262,2001 .
  • Busse PJ, Järvinen KM, Vila L, Beyer K, Sampson HA: Identification of sequential IgE-binding epitopes on bovine alpha(s2)-casein in cow’s milk allergic patients.Int Arch Allergy Immunol129 :93– 96,2002 .
  • Cocco RR, Jarvinen KM, Sampson HA, Beyer K: Mutational analysis of major, sequential IgE-binding epitopes in alpha s1-casein, a major cow’s milk allergen.J Allergy Clin Immunol112 :433– 437,2003 .
  • Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D: “Immunology ,” 6th ed., New York: Mosby,2001 .
  • Eigenmann PA: Anaphylaxis to cow’s milk and beef meat proteins.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol89 (Suppl 1) :61– 64,2002 .
  • Fiocchi A, Bouygue GR, Restani P, Bonvini G, Startari R, Terracciano L: Accuracy of skin prick tests in IgE-mediated adverse reactions to bovine proteins.Annal Allergy Asthma Immunol89 :26– 32,2002 .
  • Heine RG, Elsayed S, Hosking CS, Hill DJ: Cow’s milk allergy in infancy.Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol2 :217– 225,2002 .
  • Pelto L, Laitinen I, Lilius E-M: Current perspectives on milk hypersensitivity.Trends Food Sci Technol10 :229– 233,1999 .
  • Pelto L, Impivaara O, Salminen S, Poussa T, Seppänen R, Lilius E-M: Milk hypersensitivity in young adults.Eur J Clin Nutr53 :620– 624,1999 .
  • Sabra A, Bellanti JA, Malka Rais J, Castro HJ, Mendez de Inocencio J, Sabra S: IgE and non-IgE food allergy.Annal Allergy Asthma Immunol90 :71– 76,2003 .
  • Augustin M, Karttunen TJ, Kokkonen J: TIA1 and mast cell tryptase in food allergy of children: increase of intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing TIA1 associates with allergy.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr32 :11– 18,2001 .
  • Veres G, Helin T, Arato A, Färkkilä M, Kantele A, Suomalainen H, Savilahti E: Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and mucosal adhesion molecule alpha4beta7 integrin in small intestinal mucosa of adult patients with food allergy.Clin Immunol99 :353– 359,2001 .
  • Beyer K, Castro R, Birnbaum A, Benkov K, Pittman N, Sampson HA: Human milk-specific mucosal lymphocytes of the gastrointestinal tract display a Th2 cytokine profile.J Allergy Clin Immunol109 :707– 713,2002 .
  • Osterlund P, Smedberg T, Schröder J, Järvinen KM: Expression of intercellular adhesion molecules on circulating lymphocytes in relation to different manifestations of cow’s milk allergy.Clin Exp Allergy33 :1368– 1373,2003 .
  • Osterlund P, von Willebrand M, Andersson LC, Suomalainen H: T-cell signal transduction in children with cow’s milk allergy - increased MAP kinase activation in patients with acute symptoms of cow’s milk allergy.Pediatr Allergy Immunol14 :163– 168,2003 .
  • Walker-Smith J: Cow’s milk allergy: a new understanding from immunology.Annal Allergy Asthma Immunol90 :81– 83,2003 .
  • Yuan Q, Furuta GT: Insights into milk protein allergy: Microenvironment matters.Gastroenterol124 :259– 261,2003 .
  • Høst A, Jacobsen HP, Halken S, Holmenlund D: The natural history of cow’s milk protein allergy/intolerance.Eur J Clin Nutr49 (Suppl 1) :S13– 18,1996 .
  • Stenton GR, Vliagoftis H, Befus AD: Role of intestinal mast cells in modulating gastrointestinal pathophysiology.Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol81 :1– 15,1998 .
  • Bauer O, Razin E: Mast Cell-Nerve Interactions.News Physiol Sci15 :213– 218,2000 .
  • Mekori YA, Baram D: Heterotypic adhesion-induced mast cell activation: biological relevance in the inflammatory context.Mol Immunol38 :1363– 1367,2001 .
  • Vanto T, Helppila S, Juntunen-Backman K, Kalimo K, Klemola T, Korpela R, Koskinen P: Prediction of the development of tolerance to milk in children with cow’s milk hypersensitivity.J Pediatr144 :218– 22,2004 .
  • Niggemann B, Reibel S, Roehr CC, Felger D, Ziegert M, Sommerfeld C, Wahn U: Predictors of positive food challenge outcome in non-IgE-mediated reactions to food in children with atopic dermatitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol108 :1053– 1058,2001 .
  • Groux H: An overview of regulatory T cells.Microbes Infection3 :883– 889,2001 .
  • Schmidt-Weber CB, Blaser K: T-cell tolerance in allergic response.Allergy57 :762– 768,2002 .
  • Curotto de Lafaille MA, Lafaille JJ: CD4+ regulatory T cells in autoimmunity and allergy.Cur Opinion Immunol14 :771– 778,2002 .
  • Tiemessen MM, van Hoffen E, Knulst AC, van der Zee JA, Knol EF, Taams LS: CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are not functionally impaired in adult patients with IgE-mediated cows milk allergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol110 :934– 936,2002 .
  • Pérez-Machado MA, Ashwood P, Thomson MA, Latcham F, Sim R, Walker-Smith JA, Murch SH: Reduced transforming growth factor-beta1-producing T cells in the duodenal mucosa of children with food allergy.Eur J Immunol33 :2307– 2315,2003 .
  • Karlsson MR, Rugtveit J, Brandtzaeg P: Allergen-responsive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in children who have outgrown cow’s milk allergy.J Exp Med199 :1679– 1688,2004
  • Tiemessen MM, Van Ieperen-Van Dijk AG, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Garssen J, Knol EF, Van Hoffen E: Cow’s milk-specific T-cell reactivity of children with and without persistent cow’s milk allergy: key role for IL-10.J Allergy Clin Immunol113 :932– 939,2004 .
  • Pessler F, Nejat M: Anaphylactic reaction to goat’s milk in a cow’s milk-allergic infant.Pediatr Allergy Immunol15 :183– 185,2004 .
  • Restani P, Beretta B, Fiocchi A, Ballabio C, Galli CL: Cross-reactivity between mammalian proteins.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol89 :11– 15,2002 .
  • Speurgin P, Walter M, Schiltz E, Deichmann K, Forster J, Mueller H: Allergenicity of alpha-caseins from cow, sheep and goat.Allergy52 :293– 298,1997 .
  • Ahn KM, Han YS, Nam SY, Park HY, Shin MY, Lee SI: Prevalence of soy protein hypersensitivity in cow’s milk protein-sensitive children in Korea.J Korean Med Sci18 :473– 477,2003 .
  • Dupont C, De Boissieu D: Formula feeding during cow’s milk allergy.Minerva Pediatrica55 :209– 216,2003 .
  • Hauer AC, Riederer M, Griessl A, Rosegger H, MacDonald TT: Cytokine production by cord blood mononuclear cells stimulated with cows milk proteins in vitro: interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor β-secreting cells detected in the CD45RO T cell population in children of atopic mothers.Clin Exp Allergy33 :615– 623,2003 .
  • Zeiger RS: Food allergen avoidance in the prevention of food allergy in infants and children.Pediatr111 :1662– 1671,2003 .
  • Kramer, MS; Kakuma, R:Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy and/or lactation for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev (4):CD000133,2003 .
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Hypoallergenic Infant Formulas.Pediatr106 :346– 349,2000 .
  • Saarinen KM, Juntunen-Backman K, Jarvenpaa AL, Kuitunen P, Lope L, Renlund M, Siivola M, Savilähti E: Supplementary feeding in maternity hospitals and the risk of cow’s milk allergy: A prospective study of 6209 infants.J Allergy Clin Immunol104 :457– 461,1999 .
  • Gore C, Custovic A: Can we prevent allergy?Allergy59 :151– 161,2004 .
  • Osborn DA, Sinn J:Formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev (4):CD003664,2003 .
  • Fiocchi A, Martelli A, De Chiara A, Moro G, Warm A, Terracciano L: Primary dietary prevention of food allergy.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol91 :3– 13,2003 .
  • Osborn DA, Sinn J:Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev (3):CD003741,2004 .
  • Giampietro PG, Kjellerman N-IM, Oldaeus G, Wouters-Wesseling W, Businco L: Hypoallergenicity of an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula.Periatr Allergy Immunol12 :83– 86,2001 .
  • Chan YH, Shek LPC, Aw M, Quak SH, Lee BW: Use of hypoallergenic formula in the prevention of atopic disease among Asian children.J Pediatr Child Health38 :84– 88,2002 .
  • von Berg A, Koletzko S, Grubl A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Wichmann HE, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Berdel D: German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study Group. The effect of hydrolyzed cow’s milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial.J Allergy Clin Immunol111 :467– 470,2003 .
  • Fritsché R, Pahud JJ, Pecquet S, Pfeifer A: Induction of systemic immunologic tolerance to beta-lactoglobulin by oral administration of a whey protein hydrolysate.J Allergy Clin Immunol100 :266– 273,1997 .
  • Pecquet S, Leo E, Fritsché R, Pfeifer A, Couvreur P, Fattal E: Oral tolerance elicited in mice by beta-lactoglobulin entrapped in biodegradable microspheres.Vaccine18 :1196– 1202,2000 .
  • Pecquet S, Pfeifer A, Gauldie S, Fritsche R: Immunoglobulin E suppression and cytokine modulation in mice orally tolerized to beta-lactoglobulin.Immunol96 :278– 285,1999 .
  • Sheikh A, Strachan DP: The hygiene theory: fact or fiction?Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg12 :232– 236,2004 .
  • Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van Ree R: Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis.Science296 :490– 494,2002 .
  • Matricardi PM, Bouygue GR, Tripodi S: Inner-city asthma and the hygiene hypothesis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol89 :69– 74,2002 .
  • Cross M, Stevenson LM, Gill HS: Anti-allergy properties of fermented foods: an important immunoregulatory mechanism of lactic acid bacteria?Int Immunopharmacol1 :891– 901,2001 .
  • Prioult G, Pecquet S, Fliss I: Stimulation of Interleukin-10 Production by Acidic beta-Lactoglobulin-Derived Peptides Hydrolyzed with Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461Peptidases Clin Diagn Lab Immunol11 :266– 271,2004 .
  • Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sutas S, Moilanen E, Salminen S: Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema.Clin Exp Allergy30 :1604– 1610,2000 .
  • Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E: Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.Lancet357 :1076– 1079,2001 .
  • Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E: Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial.Lancet3611869– 1871,2003 .
  • Matricardi PM, Björkstén B, Bonini S, Bousquet J, Djukanovic R, Dreborg S, Gereda J, Malling HJ, Popov T, Raz E, Renz H, Wold A: Microbial products in allergy prevention and therapy.Allergy58 :461– 471,2003 .
  • Penttila IA, Flesch IE, McCue AL, Powell BC, Zhou FH, Read LC, Zola H: Maternal milk regulation of cell infiltration and interleukin 18 in the intestine of suckling rat pups.Gut52 :1579– 1586,2003 .
  • Donnet-Hughes A, Duc N, Serrant P, Vidal K, Schiffrin EJ: Bioactive molecules in milk and their role in health and disease: the role of transforming growth factor-beta.Immunol Cell Biol78 :74– 79,2000 .
  • Penttila IA, Zhang MF, Bates E, Regester G, Read LC, Zola H: Immune modulation in suckling rat pups by a growth factor extract derived from milk whey.J Dairy Res68 :587– 599,2001 .
  • Walker-Smith J: Hypoallergenic formulas: are they really hypoallergenic?Annal Allergy Asthma Immunol90 :112– 114,2003b .
  • Jost R, Fritsche R, Pahud JJ: Reduction of milk protein allergenicity through processing. In Somogyi JC, Muller HR, Ockhuizen T (eds) “Food Allergy and Food Intolerance. Nutritional Aspects and Developments.”48 :127– 137,1991 .
  • Leary HL: Nonclinical testing of formulas containing hydrolysed milk protein.J Pediatr121 (Suppl) :S42– S46,1992 .
  • Sutas Y, Soppi E, Korhonen H, Syvaoja EL, Saxelin M, Rokka T, Isolauri E: Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by bovine caseins hydrolyzed with Lactobacillus casei GG-derived enzymes.J Allergy Clin Immunol98 :216– 224,1996 .
  • Lee JW, Kim JH, Yook HS, Byun MW, Kang SY, Hwang HJ: Effects of gamma radiation on the allergenic and antigenic properties of milk proteins.J. Food Prot64 :272– 276,2001 .
  • Bonomi F, Fiocchi A, Frokiaer H, Gaiaschi A, Iametti S, Poiesi C, Rasmussen P, Restani P, Rovere P: Reduction of immunoreactivity of bovine beta-lactoglobulin upon combined physical and proteolytic treatment.J Dairy Res70 :51– 59,2003 .
  • Ehn BM, Ekstrand B, Bengtsson U, Ahlstedt S: Modification of IgE binding during heat processing of the cow’s milk allergen beta-lactoglobulin.J Agric Food Chem52 :1398– 1403,2004 .
  • Chatel J-M, Nouaille S, Adel-Patient K, Le Loir Y, Boe H, Gruss A, Wal J-M, Langella P: Characterization of a Lactococcus lactis Strain That Secretes a Major Epitope of Bovine Beta-Lactoglobulin and Evaluation of Its Immunogenicity in Mice.Appl Environ Microbiol69 :6620– 6627,2003 .
  • Afuwape AO, Turner MW, Strobel S: Oral administration of bovine whey proteins to mice elicits opposing immunoregulatory responses and is adjuvant dependent.Clin Exp Immunol136 :40– 48,2004 .
  • Frick OL, Teuber SS, Buchanan BB, Morigasaki S, Umetsu DT: Allergen immunotherapy with heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes alleviates peanut and food-induced anaphylaxis in dogs.Allergy60 :243– 250,2005 .
  • Adel-Patient K, Creminon Ch, Boquet D, Wal JM, Chatel JM: Prevention of an IgE response to bovine beta-lactoglobulin by gene immunization in mice [French].Allerg Immunol (Paris)34 :77– 81,2002 .
  • Bernasconi E, Germond JE, Delley M, Fritsché R, Corthésy B: Lactobacillus bulgaricus proteinase expressed in Lactococcus lactis is a powerful carrier for cell wall-associated and secreted bovine beta-lactoglobulin fusion proteins.Appl Environ Microbiol68 :2917– 2923,2002 .
  • Meglio P, Bartone E, Plantamura M, Arabito E, Giampietro PG: A protocol for oral desensitization in children with IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy.Allergy59 :980– 987,2004 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.