Determinants of Anemia among Preschool Children in the Philippines

REFERENCES

• ACC/SCN: Fourth Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Geneva, ACC/SCN in collaboration with IFPRI,2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, Barbara F, Georgieff M, Schallert T: Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev64 :S34– S43; discussion S72–S91,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C: A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr131 :649S– 666S; discussion 666S–668S,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ: Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr136 :2427– 2434,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannotti LL, Tielsch JM, Black MM, Black RE: Iron supplementation in early childhood: health benefits and risks. Am J Clin Nutr84 :1261– 1276,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FNRI: Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2003. Taguig City, FNRI-DOST,2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Congress of the Philippines: Republic Act No. 8976. An act establishing the Philippine food fortification program and for other purposes.
   Google Scholar
• Congress of the Philippines: Republic Act No. 8172. An Act Promoting Salt Iodization Nationwide and for Related Purposes (Asin Law).
   Google Scholar
• FNRI: Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures. Metro Manila, FNRI,2001 .
   Google Scholar
• FNRI: The Philippine Food Composition Tables 1997. Metro Manila, Food and Nutrition Research Institute,1997 .
   Google Scholar
• FNRI: “Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes Philippines,” 2002 Ed. Taguig City: Food and Nutrition Research Institute,2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt JR: Dietary and physiological factors that affect the absorption and bioavailability of iron. Int J Vitam Nutr Res75 :375– 384,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall A, Nahar Q: Albendazole and infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in children in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg88 :110– 112,1994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, Chwaya HM, Stoltzfus RJ, Dutta A, Dhingra U, Kabole I, Deb S, Othman MK, Kabole FM: Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet367 :133– 143,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tielsch JM, Khatry SK, Stoltzfus RJ, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Adhikari R, Mullany LC, Shresta S, Black RE: Effect of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on preschool child mortality in southern Nepal: community-based, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet367 :144– 152,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatala S, Svanberg U, Mduma B: Low dietary iron availability is a major cause of anemia: a nutrition survey in the Lindi District of Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr68 :171– 178,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio MM, Lira PI, Ashworth A: Factors associated with Hb concentration in children aged 6–59 months in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Br J Nutr91 :307– 315,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assis AM, Barreto ML, Gomes GS, Prado Mda S, Santos NS, Santos LM, Sampaio LR, Ribeiro Rde C, Oliveira LP, Oliveira VA: Childhood anemia prevalence and associated factors in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica20 :1633– 1641,2004 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diaz M, Rosado JL, Allen LH, Abrams S, Garcia OP: The efficacy of a local ascorbic acid-rich food in improving iron absorption from Mexican diets: a field study using stable isotopes. Am J Clin Nutr78 :436– 440,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt JR, Mullen LM, Lykken GI, Gallagher SK, Nielsen FH: Ascorbic acid: effect on ongoing iron absorption and status in iron-depleted young women. Am J Clin Nutr51 :649– 655,1990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsson L, Walczyk T, Morris A, Hurrell RF: Influence of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from an iron-fortified, chocolate-flavored milk drink in Jamaican children. Am J Clin Nutr67 :873– 877,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson SA: Iron intake and iron status of preschool children: associations with breakfast cereals, vitamin C and meat. Public Health Nutr2 :521– 528,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook JD, Watson SS, Simpson KM, Lipschitz DA, Skikne BS: The effect of high ascorbic acid supplementation on body iron stores. Blood64 :721– 726,1984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwanri L, Worsley A, Ryan P, Masika J: Supplemental Vitamin A Improves Anemia and Growth in Anemic School Children in Tanzania. J Nutr130 :2691– 2696,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanumihardjo SA: Vitamin A and iron status are improved by vitamin A and iron supplementation in pregnant Indonesian women. J Nutr132 :1909– 1912,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mejia LA, Chew F: Hematological effect of supplementing anemic children with vitamin A alone and in combination with iron. Am J Clin Nutr48 :595– 600,1988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed F, Khan MR, Jackson AA: Concomitant supplemental vitamin A enhances the response to weekly supplemental iron and folic acid in anemic teenagers in urban Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr74 :108– 115,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai MR, Terlouw DJ, Kwena AM, Phillips-Howard PA, Kariuki SK, Wannemuehler KA, Odhacha A, Hawley WA, Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Ter Kuile FO: Factors associated with hemoglobin concentrations in pre-school children in Western Kenya: cross-sectional studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg72 :47– 59,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Montresor A, Albonico M, Savioli L, Tielsch JM: Malaria, Hookworms and recent fever are related to anemia and iron status indicators in 0- to 5-y old Zanzibari children and these relationships change with age. J. Nutr.130 :1724– 1733,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Chwaya HM, Tielsch JM, Schulze KJ, Savioli L: Effects of the Zanzibar school-based deworming program on iron status of children. Am J Clin Nutr68 :179– 186,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt HL, Brooker S, Kihamia CM, Hall A, Bundy DA: Evaluation of efficacy of school-based anthelmintic treatments against anaemia in children in the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ79 :695– 703,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FNRI: “Second Nationwide Nutrition Survey: Philippines, 1982.” Taguig City: FNRI-NSTA,1984 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT: Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse. Soc Sci Med44 :809– 819,1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C: Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ69 :609– 621,1991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahalanabis D, Islam MA, Shaikh S, Chakrabarty M, Kurpad AV, Mukherjee S, Sen B, Khaled MA, Vermund SH: Haematological response to iron supplementation is reduced in children with asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection. Br J Nutr94 :969– 975,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarker SA, Davidsson L, Mahmud H, Walczyk T, Hurrell RF, Gyr N, Fuchs GJ: Helicobacter pylori infection, iron absorption, and gastric acid secretion in Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr80 :149– 153,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurekci AE, Atay AA, Sarici SU, Yesilkaya E, Senses Z, Okutan V, Ozcan O: Is there a relationship between childhood Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia? J Trop Pediatr51 :166– 169,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOH: Administrative Order No. 119 s. 2003. Updated Guidelines on Micronutrient (Vitamin A, Iron and Iodine) Supplementation DOH,2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Solon FS, Klemm RD, Sanchez L, Darnton-Hill I, Craft NE, Christian P, West KP Jr: Efficacy of a vitamin A-fortified wheat-flour bun on the vitamin A status of Filipino schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr72 :738– 744,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solon FS, Solon MS, Mehansho H, West KP Jr, Sarol J, Perfecto C, Nano T, Sanchez L, Isleta M, Wasantwisut E, Sommer A: Evaluation of the effect of vitamin A-fortified margarine on the vitamin A status of preschool Filipino children. Eur J Clin Nutr50 :720– 723,1996 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas JD, Beard JL, Murray-Kolb LE, del Mundo AM, Felix A, Gregorio GB: Iron-biofortified rice improves the iron stores of nonanemic Filipino women. J Nutr135 :2823– 2330,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candelaria LV, Magsadia CR, Velasco RE, Pedro MR, Barba CV, Tanchoco CC: The effect of vitamin A-fortified coconut cooking oil on the serum retinol concentration of Filipino children 4–7 years old. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr14 :43– 53,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar