REFERENCES
- LiuCSGlahnRPLiuRH: Assessment of carotenoid bioavailability of whole foods using a caco-2 cell culture model coupled with an in vitro digestion. J Agric Food Chem 52: 4330– 4337, 2004.
- StahlWSiesH: Antioxidant effects of carotenoids: implication in photoprotection in humans. In CadenasEPackerL (eds): “Handbook of Antioxidants,” 2nd ed. New York: Marcel-Dekker, pp 223– 233, 2002.
- KrinskyNJohnsonEJ: Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 26: 459– 516, 2005.
- DuringAHarrisonE: Intestinal absorption and metabolism of carotenoids: insights from cell culture. Arch Biochem Biophys 430: 77– 88, 2004.
- SmidtCRBurkeDS: Nutritional significance and measurement of carotenoids. Curr Topics Nutraceut Res 2: 79– 91, 2004.
- DemingDMBoileauTWMHeintzKHAtkinsonCAErdmanJWJr: Carotenoids: linking chemistry, absorption, and metabolism to potential roles in human health and disease. In CadenasEPackerL (eds): “Handbook of Antioxidants,” 2nd ed. New York: Marcel-Dekker, pp 189– 221, 2002.
- BroichCRGerberLEErdmanJWJr: Determination of lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene and retinyl esters in human serum by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Lipids 18: 253– 258, 1983.
- NelisHJDe RooseJVandenbaviereHDe LeenheerAP: Nonaqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography and fluorimetry compared for determination of retinol in serum. Clin Chem 7: 1431– 1434, 1983.
- PengYMBeaudryJAlbertsDSDavisTP: High-performance liquid chromatography of the provitamin A beta-carotene in plasma. J Chromatogr 273: 410– 414, 1983.
- GellermannWErmakovIVScholzTBernsteinPS: Noninvasive laser Raman detection of carotenoid antioxidants in skin. Cosmetic Dermatol 15: 65– 68, 2002.
- ErmakovIVErmakovaMRMcClaneRWGellermannW: Resonance Raman detection of carotenoid antioxidants in living human tissues. Opt Lett 26: 1179– 1181, 2001.
- NierenbergDWNannSL: A method for determining concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids in human plasma and tissue samples. Am J Clin Nutr 56: 417– 426, 1992.
- ErmakovIVErmakovaMRGellermannW: Noninvasive selective detection of lycopene and beta-carotene in human skin using Raman spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 9: 332– 338, 2004.
- HataTRScholzTAErmakovIVMcClaneRWKhachikFGellermannWPershingLK: Non-invasive Raman spectroscopic detection of carotenoids in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 115: 441– 448, 2000.
- ZidichouskiJAPooleSJGellermannWSmidtCR: Clinical validation of a novel Raman spectroscopic technology to non-invasively assess carotenoid status in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 23: A468, 2004.
- CraftNEFurrHC: Improved HPLC analysis of retinol, and retinyl esters, tocopherols, and carotenoids in human serum for the NHANES. FASEB J 18: A534, 2004.
- BernsteinPSYoshidaMDKatzNBMcClaneRWGellermannW: Raman detection of macular carotenoid pigments in intact human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39: 2003– 2011, 1998.
- BernsteinPSZhaoDYWintchSWErmakovIVMcClaneRWGellermannW: Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology 109: 1780– 1787, 2002.
- BernsteinPSGellermannW: Measurement of carotenoids in the living primate eye using resonance Raman spectroscopy. In ArmstrongD (ed): “Oxidants and Antioxidants: Ultrastructure and Molecular Biology Protocols.” TotowaNJ: Humana Press, Inc., pp 321– 329, 2002.
- ErmakovIV: Macular pigment Raman detector for clinical applications. J Biomed Opt 9: 139– 148, 2004.
- GellermannWErmakovIVErmakovaMRMcClaneRWZhaoDYBernsteinPS: In vivo resonant Raman measurement of macular carotenoid pigments in the young and the aging human retina. J Opt Soc Am 19: 1172– 1186, 2002.
- GellermannWBernsteinPS: Noninvasive detection of macular pigments in the human eye. J Biomed Opt 9: 75– 85, 2004.
- ZhaoDY: Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in retinal, choroidal, and macular dystrophies. Arch Ophthalmol 121: 967– 972, 2003.
- StahlWHeinrichUJungmannHvon LaarJSchietzelMSiesHTronnierH: Increased dermal carotenoid levels assessed by noninvasive reflection spectrophotometry correlate with serum levels in women ingesting betatene. J Nutr 128: 903– 907, 1998.
- ThomasJRNelsonJK: “Research Methods in Physical Activity,” 3rd ed. ChampaignIL: Human Kinetics, pp 213– 231, 1996.
- SvilaasASakhiAKAndersenLFSvilaasTStrömECJacobsDRJrOseLBlomhoffR: Intakes of antioxidants in coffee, wine, and vegetables are correlated with plasma carotenoids in humans. J Nutr 134: 562– 567, 2006.
- PengYMPengYSLinYMoonTRoeDJRitenbaughC: Concentrations and plasma-tissue-diet relationships of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in humans. Nutr Cancer 23: 233– 246, 1995.
- GellermannWSharifzadehMErmakovaMRErmakovIVBernsteinPS: Resonant Raman detectors for noninvasive assessment of carotenoid antioxidants in human tissue. In Vo-Dinh T, Grundfest WS, Benaron DA, Cohn GE (eds): “Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems,” Proc SPIE 4958: 78– 87, 2003.
- TuckerKLChenHVogelSWilsonPWFSchaeferEJLammi-KeefeCJ: Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population. J Nutr 129: 438– 445, 1999.
- LeeRDNiemanDC: “Nutritional Assessment,” 2nd ed. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill, pp 91– 146, 1996.
- MayneST: Antioxidant nutrients and chronic disease: use of biomarkers of exposure and oxidative stress status in epidemiologic research. J Nutr 133: 933S– 940S, 2003.
- BhosalePErmakovIVErmakovaMRGellermannWBernsteinPS: Resonance Raman quantification of nutritionally important carotenoids in fruits, vegetables and their juices in comparison to high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. J Agric Food Chem 52: 3281– 3285, 2004.