REFERENCES
- Smith H, Smith A, Seidner P: Painful rheumatoid arthritis. Pain Physician 14:E427–458, 2011.
- Tchetverikov I, Lard LR, DeGroot J, Verzijl N, TeKoppele JM, Breedveld FC, Huizinga TW, Hanemaaijer R: Matrix metalloproteinases-3, -8, -9 as markers of disease activity and joint damage progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 62:1094–1099, 2003.
- Burrage P, Mix K, Brinckerhoff C: Matrix metalloproteinases: Role in arthritis. Front Biosci 11:529–543, 2006.
- Catrina AI, Lampa J, Ernestam S, af Klint E, Bratt J, Klareskog L, Ulfgren AK: Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapy (etanercept) down-regulates serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41:484–489, 2002.
- Simmonds R, Foxwell B: Signalling, inflammation and arthritis: NF-kappaB and its relevance to arthritis and inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47:584–590, 2008.
- Scott D, Wolfe F, Huizinga T: The Lancet Seminar: Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 376:1094–1108, 2010.
- Ribbens C, Martin Y, Porras M, Franchimont N, Kaiser MJ, Jaspar JM, Damas P, Houssiau FA, Malaise MG: Increased matrix metalloproteinase-3 serum levels in rheumatic diseases: relationship with synovitis and steroid treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 61:161–166, 2002.
- Song Y, Kang E: Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: Rheumatoid factors and anticitrullinated protein antibodies. QJM 103:139–146, 2010.
- Steiner G, Smolen J: Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and their clinical significance. Arthritis Res Ther 4:S1–S5, 2002.
- Mizushina Y, Maeda J, Irino Y, Nishida M, Nishiumi S, Kondo Y, Nishio K, Kuramochi K, Tsubaki K, Kuriyama I, Azuma T, Yoshida H, Yoshida M: Effects of intermediates between vitamins K2 and K3 on mammalian DNA polymerase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Mol Sci 12:1115–1132, 2011.
- Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H, Hiwatashi K, Furukawa Y, Mizutani T, Komai M: Vitamin K suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:926–932, 2006.
- Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H, Miura A, Giriwono PE, Sato S, Ohashi A, Iribe M, Goto T, Komai M: Vitamin K suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured macrophage-like cells via the inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor κB through the repression of IKKα/β phosphorylation. J Nutr Biochem 21:1120–1126, 2010.
- Shea MK, Booth SL, Massaro JM, Jacques PF, D'Agostino RB Sr, Dawson-Hughes B, Ordovas JM, O'Donnell CJ, Kathiresan S, Keaney JF Jr, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ: Vitamin K and vitamin D status: Associations with inflammatory markers in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Epidemiol 167:313–320, 2008.
- Okamato H: Vitamin K and rheumatoid arthritis. IUBMB Life 60:355–361, 2008.
- Tanaka S, Nishiumi S, Nishida M, Mizushina Y, Kobayashi K, Masuda A, Fujita T, Morita Y, Mizuno S, Kutsumi H, Azuma T, Yoshida M: Vitamin K3 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of nuclear factor-KB activation. Clin Exp Immunol 160:283–292, 2010.
- Shea MK, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B, Ordovas JM, O'Donnell CJ, Gundberg CM, Peterson JW, Booth SL: Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 88:356–363, 2008.
- Bügel S, Sørensen AD, Hels O, Kristensen M, Vermeer C, Jakobsen J, Flynn A, Mølgaard C, Cashman KD. Effect of phylloquinone supplementation on biochemical markers of vitamin K status and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 97:373–380, 2007.
- Okamoto H, Shidara K, Hoshi D, Kamatani N. Anti-arthritis effects of vitamin K(2) (menaquinone-4)–a new potential therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS J 274:4588–4594, 2007.
- Kristensen M, Kudsk J, Bügel S: Six weeks phylloquinone supplementation produces undesirable effects on blood lipids with no changes in inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers in postmenopausal women. Eur J Nutr 47:375–379, 2008.
- Wells G, Becker JC, Teng J, Dougados M, Schiff M, Smolen J, Aletaha D, van Riel PL: Validation of the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and European League Against Rheumatism response criteria based on C-reactive protein against disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and comparison with the DAS28 based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Ann Rheum Dis 68:954–960, 2009.
- Ebina K, Shi K, Hirao M, Kaneshiro S, Morimoto T, Koizumi K, Yoshikawa H, Hashimoto J: Vitamin K2 administration is associated with decreased disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 23:1001–1007, 2013.
- Braam L, Knapen M, Geusens P, Brouns F, Vermeer C. Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: A two-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 31:889–895, 2003.
- Craciun A, Wolf J, Knapen M, Brouns F, Vermeer C: Improved bone metabolism in female elite athletes after vitamin K supplementation. Int J Sports Med 19:479–484, 1998.
- Gallagher M: The nutrients and their metabolism. In Mahan K, Escott-Stump S, (eds): “Krause's food and nutrition therapy,” 12th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences, pp 80–81, 2012.
- Liacini A, Sylvester J, Li W, Zafarullah M: Inhibition of interleukin-1-stimulated MAP kinases, activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) transcription factors down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in articular chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 21:251–262, 2002.
- Ahn K, Aggarwal B: Transcription factor NF-κB: A sensor for smoke and stress signals. Ann NY Acad Sci 1056:218–233, 2005.
- Mohammed F, Smookler D, Khokha R: Metalloproteinases, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 62:ii43–ii47, 2003.
- Iwamoto T, Okamoto H, Toyama Y, Momohara S: Molecular aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: Chemokines in the joints of patients. FEBS J 275:4448–4455, 2008.
- Sen T, Dutta A, Chatterjee A: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) downregulates gelatinase-B (MMP-9) by involvement of FAK/ERK/NFkappaB and AP-1 in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Anticancer Drugs 21:632–644, 2010.
- Marotte H, Farge P, Gaudin P, Alexandre C, Mougin B, Miossec P: The association between periodontal disease and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis extends the link between the HLA-DR shared epitope and severity of bone destruction. Ann Rheum Dis 65:905–609, 2006.
- de Smit M, Westra J, Vissink A, Doornbos-van der Meer B, Brouwer E, van Winkelhoff A: Periodontitis in established rheumatoid arthritis patients: A cross-sectional clinical, microbiological and serological study. Arthritis Res Ther 14:R222, 2012.
- Ogrendik M, Kokino S, Ozdemir F, Bird P, Hamlet S: Serum antibodies to oral anaerobic bacteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. MedGenMed 7:2, 2005.
- Loyola-Rodriguez J, Martinez-Martinez R, Abud-Mendoza C, Patiño-Marin N, Seymour G: Rheumatoid arthritis and the role of oral bacteria. J Oral Microbiol 2:1–8, 2010.Received January 14, 2015; accepted March 2, 2015.