Health Benefits of Fiber Fermentation

REFERENCES

• Dahl WJ, Stewart ML: Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: health implications of dietary fiber. J Acad Nutr Diet 115:1861–1870, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicks M, Jonnalagadda S, Albertson AM, Joshi N: Total dietary fiber intakes in the U.S. population are related to whole grain consumption: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2010. Nutr Res 34:226–234, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board: “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids.” Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Englyst HN: Fermentation in the human large intestine and the available substrates. Am J Clin Nutr 45:1243–1255, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S: Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health. J AOAC Int 95:50–60, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonel AJ, Alvarez-Leite JI: Butyrate: implications for intestinal function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 15:474–479, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Secretariat of the CODEX Alimentarius Commission: CODEX Alimentarius (CODEX) Guidelines on Nutrition Labeling CAC/GL 2–1985 as Last Amended 2010. 2010, Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Steed H, Macfarlane S: Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics. J Appl Microbiol 104:305–344, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HL, Cheng HC, Liu YJ, Liu SY, Wu WT: Konjac acts as a natural laxative by increasing stool bulk and improving colonic ecology in healthy adults. Nutrition 22:1112–1119, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abell GC, Cooke CM, Bennett CN, Conlon MA, McOrist AL: Phylotypes related to Ruminococcus bromii are abundant in the large bowel of humans and increase in response to a diet high in resistant starch. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:505–515, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costabile A, Fava F, Roytio H, Forssten SD, Olli K, Klievink J, Rowland IR, Ouwehand AC, Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Walton GE: Impact of polydextrose on the faecal microbiota: a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled feeding study in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 108:471–481, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langkamp-Henken B, Nieves C, Jr., Culpepper T, Radford A, Girard SA, Hughes C, Christman MC, Mai V, Dahl WJ, Boileau T, Jonnalagadda SS, Thielecke F: Fecal lactic acid bacteria increased in adolescents randomized to whole-grain but not refined-grain foods, whereas inflammatory cytokine production decreased equally with both interventions. J Nutr 142:2025–2032, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaglione P, Mennella I, Ferracane R, Rivellese AA, Giacco R, Ercolini D, Gibbons SM, La Sortia A, Gibert A, Jonnalagadda S, Thielecki F, Gallo MA, Scalfi L, Fogliano V: Whole-grain wheat consumption reduces inflammation in a randomized controlled trial on overweight and obese subjects with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: role of polyphenols bound to cereal dietary fiber. Am J Clin Nutr 101:251–261, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costabile A, Klinder A, Fava F, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Leonard C, Gibson GR, Tuohy KM: Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Nutr 99:110–120, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukhanova M, Wang X, Baer DJ, Novotny JA, Fredborg M, Mai V: Effects of almond and pistachio consumption on gut microbiota composition in a randomised cross-over human feeding study. Br J Nutr 111:2146–2152, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando WM, Hill JE, Zello GA, Tyler RT, Dahl WJ, Van Kessel AG: Diets supplemented with chickpea or its main oligosaccharide component raffinose modify faecal microbial composition in healthy adults. Benef Microbes 1:197–207, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes C, Davoodi-Semiromi Y, Colee JC, Culpepper T, Dahl WJ, Mai V, Christman MC, Langkamp-Henken B: Galactooligosaccharide supplementation reduces stress-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction and days of cold or flu: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in healthy university students. Am J Clin Nutr 93:1305–1311, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI: Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444:1022–1023, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Santisteban MM, Rodriguez V, Li E, Ahmari N, Carvajal JM, Zadeh M, Gong M, Qi Y, Zubcevic J, Sahay B, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK, Mohamadzadeh M: Gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension. Hypertension 65:1331–1340, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remely M, Aumueller E, Jahn D, Hippe B, Brath H, Haslberger AG: Microbiota and epigenetic regulation of inflammatory mediators in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Benef Microbes 5:33–43, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez I, Kim J, Duffy PR, Schlegel VL, Walter J: Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PloS One 5:e15046, 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holscher HD, Caporaso JG, Hooda S, Brulc JM, Fahey GC Jr, Swanson KS: Fiber supplementation influences phylogenetic structure and functional capacity of the human intestinal microbiome: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 101:55–64, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MS, Hwang SS, Park EJ, Bae JW: Strict vegetarian diet improves the risk factors associated with metabolic diseases by modulating gut microbiota and reducing intestinal inflammation. Environ Microbiol Rep 5:765–775, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT: Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc Nutr Soc 62:67–72, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers ES, Viardot A, Psichas A, Morrison DJ, Murphy KG, Zac-Varghese SE, MacDougall K, Preston T, Tedford C, Finlayson GS, Blundell JE, Bell JD, Thomas EL, Mt-Isa S, Ashby D, Gibson GR, Kolida S, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR, Morley W, Clegg S, Frost G: Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut 64:1744–1754, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Frost G: Control of appetite and energy intake by SCFA: what are the potential underlying mechanisms? Proc Nutr Soc 74:328–336, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S: Fermentation in the human large intestine: its physiologic consequences and the potential contribution of prebiotics. J Clin Gastroenterol 45(Suppl):S120–S127, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyangale EP, Mottram DS, Gibson GR: Gut microbial activity, implications for health and disease: the potential role of metabolite analysis. J Proteome Res 11:5573–5585, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsey J, Greenfield S, Candy D, Geraint M: Systematic review: impact of constipation on quality of life in adults and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31:938–949, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holscher HD, Doligale JL, Bauer LL, Gourineni V, Pelkman CL, Fahey GC, Swanson KS: Gastrointestinal tolerance and utilization of agave inulin by healthy adults. Food Funct 5:1142–1149, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl WJ, Wright AR, Specht GJ, Christman M, Mathews A, Meyer D, Boileau T, Willis HJ, Langkamp-Henken B: Consuming foods with added oligofructose improves stool frequency: a randomised trial in healthy young adults. J Nutr Sci 3:e7, 2014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yao B, Fang H, Xu W, Yan Y, Xu H, Liu Y, Mo M, Zhang H, Zhao Y: Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose–response analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol 29:79–88, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Thomas MC, Sattar N: Associations between dietary fiber and inflammation, hepatic function, and risk of type 2 diabetes in older men: potential mechanisms for the benefits of fiber on diabetes risk. Diabetes Care 32:1823–1825, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale M, Masulli M, Rivellese AA, Babini AC, Boemi M, Bonora E, Buzzetti R, Ciano O, Cignarelli M, Cigolini M, Clemente G, Citro G, Corsi L, Dall'Aglio E, Del Prato S, Di Cianni G, Dolci MA, Giordano C, Iannarelli R, Iovine C, Lapolla A, Lauro D, Leotta S, Mazzucchelli C, Montani V, Perriello G, Romano G, Romeo F, Santarelli L, di Cola RS, Squatrito S, Tonutti L, Trevisan R, Turco AA, Zamboni C, Riccardi G, Vaccaro O: Influence of dietary fat and carbohydrates proportions on plasma lipids, glucose control and low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes—the TOSCA. IT Study. Eur J Nutr 55:1645–51, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• AlEssa HB, Ley SH, Rosner B, Malik VS, Willett WC, Campos H, Hu FB: High fiber and low starch intakes are associated with circulating intermediate biomarkers of type 2 diabetes among women. J Nutr 146:306–317, 2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappi J, Kolehmainen M, Mykkanen H, Poutanen K: Do large intestinal events explain the protective effects of whole grain foods against type 2 diabetes? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 53:631–640, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connaughton RM, McMorrow AM, McGillicuddy FC, Lithander FE, Roche HM: Impact of anti-inflammatory nutrients on obesity-associated metabolic-inflammation from childhood through to adulthood. Proc Nutr Soc 3:1–10, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Roelofsen H, Priebe MG, Vonk RJ: The interaction of short-chain fatty acids with adipose tissue: relevance for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Benef Microbes 1:433–437, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson JJ, Eisenmann JC, Norman GJ, Ortiz KA, Young PC: Dietary fiber and nutrient density are inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome in U.S. adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 111:1688–1695, 2011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeland KR, Wilson C, Wolever TM: Adaptation of colonic fermentation and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion with increased wheat fibre intake for 1 year in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects. Br J Nutr 103:82–90, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaji I, Karaki S, Kuwahara A: Short-chain fatty acid receptor and its contribution to glucagon-like peptide-1 release. Digestion 89:31–36, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetrani C, Costabile G, Luongo D, Naviglio D, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G, Giacco R: Effects of whole-grain cereal foods on plasma short chain fatty acid concentrations in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 32:217–221, 2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappi J, Mykkanen H, Bach Knudsen KE, Kirjavainen P, Katina K, Pihlajamaki J, Poutanen K, Kolehmainen M: Postprandial glucose metabolism and SCFA after consuming wholegrain rye bread and wheat bread enriched with bioprocessed rye bran in individuals with mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Nutr J 13:104, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii H, Iwase M, Ohkuma T, Ogata-Kaizu S, Ide H, Kikuchi Y, Idewaki Y, Joudai T, Hirakawa Y, Uchida K, Sasaki S, Nakamura U, Kitazono T: Impact of dietary fiber intake on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry. Nutr J 12:159, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Shu L, Jiang J, Qiu H, Zhao G, Zhou Y, Jiang Q, Sun Q, Qin G, Wu H, Yang L, Ruan X, Xu WH: Long-term effect of dietary fibre intake on glycosylated haemoglobin A1c level and glycaemic control status among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Public Health Nutr 17:1858–1864, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post RE, Mainous AG III, King DE, Simpson KN: Dietary fiber for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. J Am Board Fam Med 25:16–23, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva FM, Kramer CK, de Almeida JC, Steemburgo T, Gross JL, Azevedo MJ: Fiber intake and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 71:790–801, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikeman CL, Fahey GC: Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46:649–663, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunness P, Gidley MJ: Mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering properties of soluble dietary fibre polysaccharides. Food Funct 1:149–155, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streppel MT, Arends LR, van't Veer P, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM: Dietary fiber and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 165:150–156, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton SP, Hyre AD, Pedersen B, Yi Y, Whelton PK, He J: Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Hypertens 23:475–481, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, Cade JE, Gale CP, Burley VJ: Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 347:f6879, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning H, Van Horn L, Shay CM, Lloyd-Jones DM: Associations of dietary fiber intake with long-term predicted cardiovascular disease risk and C-reactive protein levels (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data [2005–2010]). Am J Cardiol 113:287–291, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satija A, Hu FB: Cardiovascular benefits of dietary fiber. Curr Atheroscler Rep 14:505–514, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan J, McKenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L: The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 121:91–119, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi M, Johnson DW, Xu H, Carrero JJ, Pascoe E, French C, Campbell KL: Dietary protein–fiber ratio associates with circulating levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate in chronic kidney disease patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 25:860–865, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, House A, Rabbat C, Fok M, McAlister F, Garg AX: Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2034–2047, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau WL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Vaziri ND: The gut as a source of inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Nephron 130:92–98, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Huang X, Riserus U, Krishnamurthy VM, Cederholm T, Arnlov J, Lindholm B, Sjögren P, Carrero JJ: Dietary fiber, kidney function, inflammation, and mortality risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9:2104–2110, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi M, Campbell K, Johnson D, Stanton T, Pascoe E, Hawley C, Dimeski G, McWhinney B, Ungerer J, Isbel N: Uraemic toxins and cardiovascular disease across the chronic kidney disease spectrum: an observational study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 24:1035–1042, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CC, Lu YC, Chiu CA, Yu TH, Hung WC, Wang CP, Lu LF, Chung FM, Lee YJ, Tsai IT: Levels of indoxyl sulfate are associated with severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Clin Invest Med 36:E42–E49, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriele S, Sacco R, Cerullo S, Neri C, Urbani A, Tripi G, Malvy J, Barthelemy C, Bonnet-Brihault F, Persico AM: Urinary p-cresol is elevated in young French children with autism spectrum disorder: a replication study. Biomarkers 19:463–470, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki K, Masuoka N, Kano M, Iizuka R: Bifidobacterium fermented milk and galacto-oligosaccharides lead to improved skin health by decreasing phenols production by gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 5:121–128, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmean YA, Segal MS, Palii SP, Dahl WJ: Fiber supplementation lowers plasma p-cresol in chronic kidney disease patients. J Renal Nutr 25:316–320, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirich TL, Plummer NS, Gardner CD, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW: Effect of increasing dietary fiber on plasma levels of colon-derived solutes in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1603–1610, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Hill MJ, Bone ES, Branch WJ, Jenkins DJ: The effect of meat protein and dietary fiber on colonic function and metabolism. II. Bacterial metabolites in feces and urine. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2094–2101, 1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel KP, Luo FJ, Plummer NS, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW: The production of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in vegetarians versus omnivores. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7:982–988, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F: Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016 [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turney BW, Appleby PN, Reynard JM, Noble JG, Key TJ, Allen NE: Diet and risk of kidney stones in the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Eur J Epidemiol 29:363–369, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen MD, Hsi RS, Chi T, Shara N, Wactawski-Wende J, Kahn AJ, Wang H, Hou L, Stoller ML, and the Women's Health Initiative Writing Group: Dietary intake of fiber, fruit and vegetables decreases the risk of incident kidney stones in women: a Women's Health Initiative report. J Urol 192:1694–1699, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel CR, Park Y, Chow WH, Graubard BI, Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R: Intake of fiber and fiber-rich plant foods is associated with a lower risk of renal cell carcinoma in a large U.S. cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 97:1036–1043, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy VM, Wei G, Baird BC, Murtaugh M, Chonchol MB, Raphael KL, Greene T, Beddhu S: High dietary fiber intake is associated with decreased inflammation and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 81:300–306, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiavaroli L, Mirrahimi A, Sievenpiper JL, Jenkins DJ, Darling PB: Dietary fiber effects in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 69:761–768, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie LM, Ge YY, Huang X, Zhang YQ, Li JX: Effects of fermentable dietary fiber supplementation on oxidative and inflammatory status in hemodialysis patients. Int J Clin Exp Med 8:1363–1369, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King DE, Mainous AG III, Lambourne CA: Trends in dietary fiber intake in the United States, 1999–2008. J Acad Nutr Diet 112:642–648, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shay CM, Van Horn L, Stamler J, Dyer AR, Brown IJ, Chan Q, Miura K, Zhao L, Okuda N, Daviglus ML, Elliott P, and the INTERMAP Research Group: Food and nutrient intakes and their associations with lower BMI in middle-aged U.S. adults: the International Study of Macro-/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP). Am J Clin Nutr 96:483–491, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Chou EL, Kugizaki M, Liu S: Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain. J Nutr 142:1304–1313, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanders AJ, van den Borne JJ, de Graaf C, Hulshof T, Jonathan MC, Kristensen M, Mars M, Schols HA, Feskens EJ: Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 12:724–739, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleeth ML, Thompson EL, Ford HE, Zac-Varghese SE, Frost G: Free fatty acid receptor 2 and nutrient sensing: a proposed role for fibre, fermentable carbohydrates and short-chain fatty acids in appetite regulation. Nutr Res Rev 23:135–145, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layden BT, Yalamanchi SK, Wolever TM, Dunaif A, Lowe WL Jr: Negative association of acetate with visceral adipose tissue and insulin levels. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 5:49–55, 2012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Priyadarshini M, Thomas A, Reisetter AC, Scholtens DM, Wolever TM, Josefson JL, Layden BT: Maternal short-chain fatty acids are associated with metabolic parameters in mothers and newborns. Transl Res 164:153–157, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint HJ: Obesity and the gut microbiota. J Clin Gastr 45(Suppl):S128–S132, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Wu Y, Li F, Zhang D: Dietary fiber intake reduces risk of inflammatory bowel disease: result from a meta-analysis. Nutr Res 35:753–758, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedlake L, Slack N, Andreyev HJ, Whelan K: Fiber in the treatment and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis 20:576–586, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL, Navarro E, Martinez-Salmeron JF, Garcia-Puges A, González-Huix F, Riera J, González-Lara V, Domínguez-Abascal F, Giné JJ, Moles J, Gomollón F, Gassull MA: Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU). Am J Gastroenterol 94:427–433, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallert C, Kaldma M, Petersson BG: Ispaghula husk may relieve gastrointestinal symptoms in ulcerative colitis in remission. Scand J Gastroenterol 26:747–750, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao CK, Muir JG, Gibson PR: Review article: insights into colonic protein fermentation, its modulation and potential health implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 43:181–196, 2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie JK, Wadsworth J, Lennard-Jones JE, Rogers E: Controlled multicentre therapeutic trial of an unrefined carbohydrate, fibre rich diet in Crohn's disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295:517–520, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartel G, Weiss I, Turetschek K, Schima W, Puspok A, Waldhoer T, Gasche C: Ingested matter affects intestinal lesions in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14:374–382, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe FL, Balkwill A, Cairns BJ, Appleby PN, Green J, Reeves GK, Key TJ, Beral V, and the Million Women Study Collaborators: Source of dietary fibre and diverticular disease incidence: a prospective study of UK women. Gut 63:1450–1456, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarleton S, DiBaise JK: Low-residue diet in diverticular disease: putting an end to a myth. Nutr Clin Prac 26:137–142, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strate LL, Liu YL, Syngal S, Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL: Nut, corn, and popcorn consumption and the incidence of diverticular disease. JAMA 300:907–914, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unlu C, Daniels L, Vrouenraets BC, Boermeester MA: A systematic review of high-fibre dietary therapy in diverticular disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 27:419–427, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao SS, Yu S, Fedewa A: Systematic review: dietary fibre and FODMAP-restricted diet in the management of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 41:1256–1270, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W, Ockhuizen T, Schulzke JD, Serino M, Tilg H, Watson A, Wells JM: Intestinal permeability—a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol 14:189, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelber-Sagi S, Ratziu V, Oren R: Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol 17:3377–3389, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daubioul CA, Horsmans Y, Lambert P, Danse E, Delzenne NM: Effects of oligofructose on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 59:723–726, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha R, Cotrim HP, Siqueira AC, Floriano S: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease: treatment with soluble fibres. Arq Gastroenterol 44:350–352, 2007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell WR, Hoyles L, Flint HJ, Dumas ME: Colonic bacterial metabolites and human health. Curr Opin Microbiol 16:246–254, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaguarnera G, Giordano M, Nunnari G, Bertino G, Malaguarnera M: Gut microbiota in alcoholic liver disease: pathogenetic role and therapeutic perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 20:16639–16648, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassallo G, Mirijello A, Ferrulli A, Antonelli M, Landolfi R, Gasbarrini A, Addolorato G: Review article: alcohol and gut microbiota—the possible role of gut microbiota modulation in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 41:917–927, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu A, Perumpail RB, Kumari R, Younossi ZM, Wong RJ, Ahmed A: Advances in cirrhosis: optimizing the management of hepatic encephalopathy. World J Hepatol 7:2871–2879, 2015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shukla S, Shukla A, Mehboob S, Guha S: Meta-analysis: the effects of gut flora modulation using prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 33:662–671, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Duan ZP, Ha DK, Bengmark S, Kurtovic J, Riordan SM: Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 39:1441–1449, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham C, Mullen A, Whelan K: Obesity and the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review of associations and mechanisms. Nutr Rev 73:376–385, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen TH, Gobel RJ, Hansen T, Pedersen O: The gut microbiome in cardio-metabolic health. Genome Med 7:33, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festi D, Schiumerini R, Eusebi LH, Marasco G, Taddia M, Colecchia A: Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 20:16079–16094, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders HJ, Andersen K, Stecher B: The intestinal microbiota, a leaky gut, and abnormal immunity in kidney disease. Kidney Int 83:1010–1016, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouzaki M, Bandsma R: Targeting the gut microbiota for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Drug Targets 16:1324–1331, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla R, Ghoshal U, Dhole TN, Ghoshal UC: Fecal microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared with healthy controls using real-time polymerase chain reaction: an evidence of dysbiosis. Dig Dis Sci 60:2953–2962, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fond G, Boukouaci W, Chevalier G, Regnault A, Eberl G, Hamdani N, Dickerson F, Macgregor A, Boyer L, Darget A, Oliveira J, Tamouza R, Leboyer M: The “psychomicrobiotic”: targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Pathol Biol 63:35–42, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis-Richardson AG, Triplett EW: A model for the role of gut bacteria in the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 58:1386–1393, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hevia A, Milani C, Lopez P, Cuervo A, Arboleya S, Duranti S, Turroni F, González S, Suárez A, Gueimonde M, Ventura M, Sánchez B, Margolles A: Intestinal dysbiosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. MBio 5:e01548–14, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka K, Kanai T: The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Immunopathol 37:47–55, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panzer AR, Lynch SV: Influence and effect of the human microbiome in allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Rheumatol 27:373–380, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer K, de Vos P, Priebe MG: Butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids as modulators of immunity: what relevance for health? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 13:715–721, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahe LK, Astrup A, Larsen LH: Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota and obesity-related metabolic diseases? Obes Rev 14:950–959, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver CM: Inulin, oligofructose and bone health: experimental approaches and mechanisms. Br J Nutr 93(Suppl 1):S99–S103, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver CM, Martin BR, Story JA, Hutchinson I, Sanders L: Novel fibers increase bone calcium content and strength beyond efficiency of large intestine fermentation. J Agr Food Chem 58:8952–8957, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens R, Kranz S, Mobley AR, Nicklas TA, Raimondi MP, Rodriguez JC, Slavin JL, Warshaw H: Filling America's fiber intake gap: summary of a roundtable to probe realistic solutions with a focus on grain-based foods. J Nutr 142:1390s–1401s, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT: The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. J Appl Bacteriol 70:443–459, 1991.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar