An 8-year Analysis of Magnesium Status in Elite International Track & Field Athletes

References

• Kew KM, Kirtchuk L, Michell CI. Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD010909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhouse IJ, Finstad EW. The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance. Clin J Sport Med off J Can Acad Sport Med. 2000;10(3):195–200. doi:10.1097/00042752-200007000-00008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby V, Wilcock A, Mrcp D, Corcoran R. The safety and efficacy of a single dose (500 mg or 1 g) of intravenous magnesium sulfate in neuropathic pain poorly responsive to strong opioid analgesics in patients with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;19(1):35–9. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00135-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen FH, Lukaski HC. Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnes Res. 2006;19(3):180–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Xun P, Wang R, Mao L, He K. Can Magnesium Enhance Exercise Performance? Nutrients. 2017;9(9):28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5622706/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dronkelaar C, van Velzen A, Abdelrazek M, van der Steen A, Weijs PJM, Tieland M. Minerals and sarcopenia; the role of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(1):6–11.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos DA, Matias CN, Monteiro CP, Silva AM, Rocha PM, Minderico CS. Magnesium intake is associated with strength performance in elite basketball, handball and volleyball players. Magnes Res. 2011;24(4):215–9. doi:10.1684/mrh.2011.0290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na H-S, Ryu J-H, Do S-H. The role of magnesium in pain. In: Vink R, Nechifor M, editors. Magnesium in the central nervous system. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507245/.
   Google Scholar
• Srebro D, Vučković S, Milovanović A, Košutić J, Vujović KS, Prostran M. Magnesium in pain research: state of the art. Curr Med Chem. 2017;24(4):424–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schizas N, Lian Ø, Frihagen F, Engebretsen L, Bahr R, Ackermann PW. Coexistence of up-regulated NMDA receptor 1 and glutamate on nerves, vessels and transformed tenocytes in tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;20(2):208–15. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00913.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spang C, Backman LJ, Le Roux S, Chen J, Danielson P. Glutamate signaling through the NMDA receptor reduces the expression of scleraxis in plantaris tendon derived cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18(1):218. doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1575-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Musso CG. Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2009;41(2):357–62. doi:10.1007/s11255-009-9548-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude RK, Gruber HE, Wei LY, Frausto A, Mills BG. Magnesium deficiency: effect on bone and mineral metabolism in the mouse. Calcif Tissue Int. 2003;72(1):32–41. doi:10.1007/s00223-001-1091-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude RK, Gruber HE, Norton HJ, Wei LY, Frausto A, Kilburn J. Reduction of dietary magnesium by only 50% in the rat disrupts bone and mineral metabolism. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(7):1022–32. doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0104-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD. Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(4):926–33. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farsinejad-Marj M, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(4):1389–99. doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3400-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermes Sales C, Azevedo Nascimento D, Queiroz Medeiros AC, Costa Lima K, Campos Pedrosa LF, Colli C. There is chronic latent magnesium deficiency in apparently healthy university students. Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(1):200–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura H, Iide K, Yoshimura Y, Kumagai K, Oshikata R, Miyahara K, Oda K, Miyamoto N, Nakazawa A. Nutrient intake, serum lipids and iron status of colligiate rugby players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):9. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juzwiak CR, Amancio OMS, Vitalle MSS, Pinheiro MM, Szejnfeld VL. Body composition and nutritional profile of male adolescent tennis players. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(11):1209–17. doi:10.1080/02640410801930192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierniuk A, Włodarek D. Estimation of energy and nutritional intake of young men practicing aerobic sports. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2013;64(2):143–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noda Y, Iide K, Masuda R, Kishida R, Nagata A, Hirakawa F, Yoshimura Y, Imamura H. Nutrient intake and blood iron status of male collegiate soccer players. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(3):344–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killer SC, Brown RA, Collins AL. Magnesium status in Olympic & Paralympic athletes compared with a sedentary population and validation of a FFQ as an assessment tool for dietary magnesium intake. Unpublished [Internet]. December 2016. http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.27789.95207.
   Google Scholar
• Krejs GJ, Nicar MJ, Zerwekh JE, Norman DA, Kane MG, Pak CY. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and magnesium absorption in the healthy human jejunum and ileum. Am J Med. 1983;75(6):973–6. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90877-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman AL, Keen C, Commisso J, Killip D, Ou C-N, Rognerud CL, Dennis K, Dunn JK. The effect of a marathon run on plasma and urine mineral and metal concentrations. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(2):124–7. doi:10.1080/07315724.1998.10718737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohl CH, Volpe SL. Magnesium and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002;42(6):533–63. doi:10.1080/20024091054247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose LI, Carroll DR, Lowe SL, Peterson EW, Cooper KH. Serum electrolyte changes after marathon running. J Appl Physiol. 1970;29(4):449–51. doi:10.1152/jappl.1970.29.4.449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilla LR, Haley TF. Effect of magnesium supplementation on strength training in humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11(3):326–9. doi:10.1080/07315724.1992.10718233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stendig-Lindberg G, Shapiro Y, Epstein Y, Galun E, Schonberger E, Graff E, Wacker WE. Changes in serum magnesium concentration after strenuous exercise. J Am Coll Nutr. 1987;6(1):35–40. doi:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuviala RJ, Lapieza MG, Bernal E. Magnesium, zinc, and copper status in women involved in different sports. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999;9(3):295–309. doi:10.1123/ijsn.9.3.295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terink R, Balvers MGJ, Hopman MT, Witkamp RF, Mensink M, Gunnewiek J. Decrease in ionized and total magnesium blood concentrations in endurance athletes following an exercise bout restores within hours–potential consequences for monitoring and supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016;27(3):264–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass LS, Poeira F. The effect of acute vs chronic magnesium supplementation on exercise and recovery on resistance exercise, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance on normotensive adults. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matias CN, Santos DA, Monteiro CP, Silva AM, Raposo M. D F, Martins F, Sardinha LB, Bicho M, Laires MJ. Magnesium and strength in elite judo athletes according to intracellular water changes. Magnes Res. 2010;23(3):138–141. doi:10.1684/mrh.2010.0217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setaro L, Santos-Silva PR, Nakano EY, Sales CH, Nunes N, Greve JM, Colli C. Magnesium status and the physical performance of volleyball players: effects of magnesium supplementation. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(5):438–445. doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.828847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speich M, Pineau A, Ballereau F. Minerals, trace elements and related biological variables in athletes and during physical activity. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2001;312(1-2):1–11. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00598-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe SL. Magnesium and the athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14(4):279–83. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkowski M, Hubert J, Mazur A. Methods of assessment of magnesium status in humans: a systematic review. Magnes Res. 2011;24(4):163–80. doi:10.1684/mrh.2011.0292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malliaropoulos N, Tsitas K, Porfiriadou A, Papalada A, R Ames P, Del Buono A, Lippi G, Maffulli N. Blood phosphorus and magnesium levels in 130 elite track and field athletes. Asian J Sports Med. 2013;4(1):49–53. doi:10.5812/asjsm.34531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hox J. Multilevel analysis: techniques and applications. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng S-M, Yang L-L, Chen S-H, Hsu M-H, Chen I-J, Cheng F-C. Magnesium sulfate enhances exercise performance and manipulates dynamic changes in peripheral glucose utilization. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(2):363–9. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1235-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Borowski G, Rose LI. Hypomagnesemia in a tennis player. Phys Sportsmed. 1983;11(5):79–80. doi:10.1080/00913847.1986.11708536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamanaka R, Tabata S, Shindo Y, Hotta K, Suzuki K, Soga T, et al. Mitochondrial Mg(2+) homeostasis decides cellular energy metabolism and vulnerability to stress. Sci Rep. 2016;26(6):30027. doi:10.1038/srep30027.
   Google Scholar
• Chen H-Y, Cheng F-C, Pan H-C, Hsu J-C, Wang M-F. Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85486. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, Reddin DB. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 1 match injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(10):757–66. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng S-M, Yang D-Y, Lee C-P, Pan H-C, Lin M-T, Chen S-H, Cheng F-C. Effects of magnesium sulfate on dynamic changes of brain glucose and its metabolites during a short-term forced swimming in gerbils. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;99(6):695–9. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0374-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rio E, Kidgell D, Moseley GL, Cook J. Elevated corticospinal excitability in patellar tendinopathy compared with other anterior knee pain or no pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(9):1072–9. doi:10.1111/sms.12538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wilgen CP, Konopka KH, Keizer D, Zwerver J, Dekker R. Do patients with chronic patellar tendinopathy have an altered somatosensory profile? A Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(2):149–55. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01375.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plinsinga ML, Brink MS, Vicenzino B, van Wilgen CP. Evidence of nervous system sensitization in commonly presenting and persistent painful tendinopathies: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):864–75. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ. Vitamin D, essential minerals, and toxic elements: exploring interactions between nutrients and toxicants in clinical medicine. Sci World J. 2015;2015:318595. doi:10.1155/2015/318595.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock N, Dijkstra P, Chakraverty R, Hamilton B. Low 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in international UK track and field athletes. South Afr J Sports Med. 2012; 24(2):55–59 [cited 2015 Mar 3]. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/sasma/article/view/78022.
   Google Scholar
• Brown LL, Cohen B, Tabor D, Zappalà G, Maruvada P, Coates PM. The vitamin D paradox in Black Americans: a systems-based approach to investigating clinical practice, research, and public health–expert panel meeting report. BMC Proc. 2018;12(S6):6. doi:10.1186/s12919-018-0102-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb AR, Kazantzidis A, Kift RC, Farrar MD, Wilkinson J, Rhodes LE. Colour counts: sunlight and skin type as drivers of vitamin D deficiency at UK latitudes. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):457. doi:10.3390/nu10040457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai Q, Zhu X, Manson JE, Song Y, Li X, Franke AA, Costello RB, Rosanoff A, Nian H, Fan L, et al. Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(6):1249–58. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain AW, Onambele GL, Williams AG, Morse CI. Muscle size, activation, and coactivation in adults with cerebral palsy. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(1):76–83. doi:10.1002/mus.23866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber RL, Runesson E, Einarsson F, Fridén J. Inferior mechanical properties of spastic muscle bundles due to hypertrophic but compromised extracellular matrix material. Muscle Nerve. 2003;28(4):464–71. doi:10.1002/mus.10446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar