7,549
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Emerging Topics in Nutrition

A Pre-Workout Supplement of Ketone Salts, Caffeine, and Amino Acids Improves High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Keto-Naïve and Keto-Adapted Individuals

, , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 290-300 | Received 09 Jan 2020, Accepted 02 Apr 2020, Published online: 24 Apr 2020

References

  • Newman JC , Verdin E . β-Hydroxybutyrate: a signaling metabolite. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37(1):51–76. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064916.
  • Thomas D , Erdman K , Burke L . American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(3):543–68. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852.
  • Cunnane S , Nugent S , Roy M , Courchesne-Loyer A , Croteau E , Tremblay S , Castellano A , Pifferi F , Bocti C , Paquet N , et al. Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrition. 2011;27(1):3–20. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.021.
  • Shimazu T , Hirschey MD , Newman J , He W , Shirakawa K , Le Moan N , Grueter CA , Lim H , Saunders LR , Stevens RD , et al. Suppression of oxidative stress and β-OHB as endogenous histone deactetylase. Science. 2013;339(6116):211–4. doi:10.1126/science.1227166.Suppression.
  • Nielsen R , Møller N , Gormsen LC , Tolbod LP , Hansson NH , Sorensen J , Harms HJ , Frøkiaer J , Eiskjaer H , Jespersen NR , et al. Cardiovascular effects of treatment with the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate in chronic heart failure patients. Circulation. 2019;139(18):2129–41. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036459.
  • Athinarayanan SJ , Adams RN , Hallberg SJ , et al. Long-term effects of a novel continuous remote care intervention including nutritional ketosis for the management of type 2 diabetes: a 2-year nonrandomized clinical trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:38. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00348.
  • Volek JS , Noakes TD , Phinney SD . Rethinking fat as a performance fuel. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):13–20. doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.959564.
  • Evans M , Cogan KE , Egan B . Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation. J Physiol. 2017;595(9):2857–71. doi:10.1113/JP273185.
  • Stubbs BJ, Cox PJ, Evans RD, Santer P, Miller JJ, Faull OK, Magor-Elliott S, Hiyama S, Stirling M, Clarke K. On the metabolism of exogenous ketones in humans. Front Physiol. 2017;8:1–13. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00848.
  • Cox PJ , Clarke K . Acute nutritional ketosis: implications for exercise performance and metabolism. Extrem Physiol Med. 2014;3(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/2046-7648-3-17.
  • O’Malley T , Myette-Cote E , Durrer C , Little JP . Nutritional ketone salts increase fat oxidation but impair high-intensity exercise performance in healthy adult males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(10):1031–5. doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0641.
  • Waldman HS , Basham SA , Price FG , Smith JW , Chander H , Knight AC , Krings BM , McAllister MJ . Exogenous ketone salts do not improve cognitive responses after a high-intensity exercise protocol in healthy college-aged males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(7):711–7. doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0724.
  • Rodger S , Plews D , Laursen P , Driller M . Oral β-hydroxybutyrate salt fails to improve 4-minute cycling performance following submaximal exercise. J Sci Cycl. 2017;6(1):26–31.
  • Evans M , Patchett E , Nally R , Kearns R , Larney M , Egan B . Effect of acute ingestion of β-hydroxybutyrate salts on the response to graded exercise in trained cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(3):376–86. doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1421711.
  • Vandenberghe C , St-Pierre V , Courchesne-Loyer A , Hennebelle M , Castellano CA , Cunnane SC . Caffeine intake increases plasma ketones: an acute metabolic study in humans. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;95(4):455–8. doi:10.1139/cjpp-2016-0338.
  • Phinney SD , Bistrian BR , Evans WJ , Gervino E , Blackburn GL . The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism. 1983;32(8):769–76. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90106-3.
  • Volek JS , Freidenreich DJ , Saenz C , Kunces LJ , Creighton BC , Bartley JM , Davitt PM , Munoz CX , Anderson JM , Maresh CM , et al. Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism. 2016;65(3):100–10. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.028.
  • Zajac A , Poprzecki S , Maszczyk A , Czuba M , Michalczyk M , Zydek G . The effects of a ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism and physical performance in off-road cyclists. Nutrients. 2014;6(7):2493–508. doi:10.3390/nu6072493.
  • Riebl SK , Davy BM . The hydration equation: update on water balance and cognitive performance. ACSMs Health Fit J. 2013;17(6):21–8. doi:10.1249/FIT.0b013e3182a9570f. PMID: 25346594; PMCID: PMC4207053.
  • Borg G . Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehab Med. 1970;2:92–8.
  • Matthews DR , Hosker JP , Rudenski AS , Naylor BA , Treacher DF , Turner RC . Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412–9. doi:10.1007/BF00280883.
  • Tsutsui H , Mochizuki T , Maeda T , Noge I , Kitagawa Y , Min JZ , Todoroki K , Inoue K , Toyo’oka T . Simultaneous determination of DL-lactic acid and DL-3-hydroxybutyric acid enantiomers in saliva of diabetes mellitus patients by high-throughput LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;404(6–7):1925–34. doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6320-0.
  • Bioanalytical Method Validation - Guidance for Industry . Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine; 2018 [cited 2020 April 9]. https://www.fda.gov/media/70858/download.
  • Webber RJ , Edmond J . Utilization of L(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate, D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and glucose for respiration and lipid synthesis in the 18-day-old rat. J Biol Chem. 1977;252(15):5222–6.
  • Lincoln BC , Des Rosiers C , Brunengraber H . Metabolism of S-3-hydroxybutyrate in the perfused rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987;259(1):149–56. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(87)90480-2.
  • Mikkelsen KH , Seifert T , Secher NH , Grøndal T , Van Hall G . Systemic, cerebral and skeletal muscle ketone body and energy metabolism during acute hyper-D-β-hydroxybutyratemia in post-absorptive healthy males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):636–43. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2608.
  • Taggart AK , Kero J , Gan X , Cai TQ , Cheng K , Ippolito M , Ren N , Kaplan R , Wu K , Wu TJ , et al. (D)-beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits adipocyte lipolysis via the nicotinic acid receptor PUMA-G. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(29):26649–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.C500213200.
  • Doherty M , Smith PM . Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15(2):69–78. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.x.
  • Sato K , Kashiwaya Y , Keon CA , Tsuchiya N , King MT , Radda GK , Chance B , Clarke K , Veech RL . Insulin, ketone bodies, and mitochondrial energy transduction. FASEB J. 1995;9(8):651–8. doi:10.1096/fasebj.9.8.7768357.
  • McLellan TM , Caldwell JA , Lieberman HR . A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:294–312. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001.
  • Spriet LL . Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Med. 2014;44(S2):175–84. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8.
  • Jenkins NT , Trilk JL , Singhal A , O’Connor PJ , Cureton KJ . Ergogenic effects of low doses of caffeine on cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008;18(3):328–42. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.3.328.
  • Desbrow B , Barrett CM , Minahan CL , Grant GD , Leveritt MD . Caffeine, cycling performance, and exogenous CHO oxidation: a dose-response study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(9):1744–51. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a16cf7.
  • Lutsch DJ , Camic CL , Jagim AR , Johnston NJ , Musgjerd TL . Acute effects of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on 5-km running performance in recreationally-trained athletes. Int J Exerc Sci. 2019;12(2):1045–56.
  • Graham TE , Spriet LL . Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78(3):867–74. doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.867.
  • Waldron M , Patterson SD , Tallent J , Jeffries O . The effects of an oral taurine dose and supplementation period on endurance exercise performance in humans: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(5):1247–53. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0896-2.
  • Waldron M , Patterson SD , Jeffries O . Oral taurine improves critical power and severe-intensity exercise tolerance. Amino Acids. 2019;51(10–12):1433–41. doi:10.1007/s00726-019-02775-6.
  • Beedie CJ , Stuart EM , Coleman DA , Foad AJ , Placebo effects of caffeine on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(12):2159–64. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000233805.56315.a9.
  • Hurst P , Schipof-Godart L , Szabo A , Raglin J , Hettinga F , Roelands B , Lane A , Foad A , Coleman D , Beedie C . The Placebo and Nocebo effect on sports performance: a systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019;18(10):1–14. doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1655098.
  • Clarke K, Tchabanenko K, Pawlosky R, Carter E, Todd King M, Musa-Veloso K, Ho M, Roberts A, Robertson J, Vanitallie TB, & Veech, RL. Kinetics, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in healthy adult subjects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2012;63(3):401–408. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.008.
  • Leckey JJ , Ross ML , Quod M , Hawley JA , Burke LM . Ketone diester ingestion impairs time-trial performance in professional cyclists. Front Physiol. 2017;8:1–10. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00806.
  • Samborski P , Chmielarz‐Czarnocińska A , Grzymisławski M . 2013; Exercise‐induced vomiting. Prz Gastroenterol. (6)8:396–400. doi:10.5114/pg.2013.39924

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.