Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19

References

• Malek Mahdavi A. A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: implications for a potential treatment for COVID-19. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30(5):e2119. doi:10.1002/rmv.2119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988. doi:10.3390/nu12040988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(10):1373–80. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Baylink DJ, Chen C-S, Reeves ME, Xiao J, Lacy C, Lau E, Cao H. The importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):322. doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakhtoura M, Napoli N, El Hajj Fuleihan G. Commentary: myths and facts on vitamin D amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolism. 2020;109:154276. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razdan K, Singh K, Singh D. Vitamin D levels and COVID-19 susceptibility: is there any correlation? Med Drug Discov. 2020;7:100051. doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100051.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biesalski HK. Vitamin D deficiency and co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients – a fatal relationship? NFS J. 2020;20:10–21. doi:10.1016/j.nfs.2020.06.001.
   Google Scholar
• Marik PE, Kory P, Varon J. Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection? Med Drug Discov. 2020;6:100041. doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandran M, Chan Maung A, Mithal A, Parameswaran R. Vitamin D in COVID - 19: dousing the fire or averting the storm? - a perspective from the Asia-Pacific. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2020;6(3):97–105. doi:10.1016/j.afos.2020.07.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(7):1195–8. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun J-K, Zhang W-H, Zou L, Liu Y, Li J-J, Kan X-H, Dai L, Shi Q-K, Yuan S-T, Yu W-K, et al. Serum calcium as a biomarker of clinical severity and prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Aging. 2020;12(12):11287–95. doi:10.18632/aging.103526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappellini F, Brivio R, Casati M, Cavallero A, Contro E, Brambilla P. Low levels of total and ionized calcium in blood of COVID-19 patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(9):e171–e173. doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-0611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance; 2020 Mar 2. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329.
   Google Scholar
• Bennouar S, Bachir Cherif A, Kessira A, Hamel H, Boudahdir A, Bouamra A, Bennouar D-E, Abdi S. Usefulness of biological markers in the early prediction of corona virus disease-2019 severity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2020;18:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911–30. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellum A, Lameire N, Aspelin P, Kellum JA, Lameire N, Aspelin P, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int suppl. 2012;2:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, Cusato J, De Nicolò A, Lucchini R, Keller F, Cantù M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1359. doi:10.3390/nu12051359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, Vinker S, Golan Cohen A, Green I, Frenkel‐Morgenstern M. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3693–702. doi:10.1111/febs.15495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpagnano GE, Di Lecce V, Quaranta VN, Zito A, Buonamico E, Capozza E, Palumbo A, Gioia GD, Valerio VN, Resta O. Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;9:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Munshi R, Hussein MH, Toraih EA, Elshazli RM, Jardak C, Sultana N, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.26360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittemore PB. COVID-19 fatalities, latitude, sunlight, and vitamin D. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(9):1042–4. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes JM, Subramanian S, Laird E, Kenny RA. Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(12):1434–7. doi:10.1111/apt.15777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slominski RM, Stefan J, Athar M, Holick MF, Jetten AM, Raman C, Slominski AT. COVID‐19 and Vitamin D: a lesson from the skin. Exp Dermatol. 2020;29(9):exd.14170–890. doi:10.1111/exd.14170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, South AM, Henry BM. Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ann Clin Biochem. 2020;57(3):262–5. doi:10.1177/0004563220922255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar