The Role of Cultural and Family Values on Social Connectedness and Loneliness among Ethnic Minority Elders

References

• Ajrouch, K., Antonucci, T., & Janevic, M. (2001). Social networks among blacks and whites: The interaction between race and age. The Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56, 112–118. doi:10.1093/geronb/56.2.S112
   Google Scholar
• Aroian, K., Wu, B., & Tran, T. (2005). Health care social service use among Chinese immigrant elders. Research in Nursing and Health, 28, 95–105. doi:10.1002/nur.20069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnette, D. (1999). Custodial grandparents in Latin families: Patterns of service use and predictors of unmet needs. Social Work, 44, 22–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 58–72. doi:10.1111/spc3.v8.2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacioppo, J., Hawkley, L., Norman, G., & Berntson, G. (2011). Social isolation. Journal of and Health, 23, 887–911.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J., Hughes, M., Waite, L., & Hawkley, L. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Ageing, 21, 140–151. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casado, B., & Leung, P. (2001). Migratory grief and depression among elderly Chinese American immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 36, 5–26. doi:10.1300/J083v36n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Cattan, M., White, M., Bond, J., & Learmouth, A. (2005). Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: A systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing and Society, 25, 41–67. doi:10.1017/S0144686X04002594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, M. (2003). Rethinking Caribbean families: Extending the links. Community, Work and Family, 6, 63–76. doi:10.1080/1366880032000063905
   Google Scholar
• Chang, S., & Yang, M. (1999). The relationship between the elderly loneliness and its factors of personal attributes, perceived health status and social support. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 15, 337–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheung, B., Chudek, M., & Heine, S. (2011). Evidence for a sensitive period for acculturation: Younger immigrants report acculturation at a faster rate. Psychological Science, 22, 147–152. doi:10.1177/0956797610394661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiriboga, D. (2004). Some thoughts on the measurement of acculturation among Mexican-American elders. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 274–292. doi:10.1177/0739986304267205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, C., & Benedict, J. (2006). Evaluation of a community-based health promotion program for the elderly: Lessons from Seniors CAN. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21, 45–48. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crist, J., Kim, S., Pasvogel, A., & Velazquez, J. (2009). Mexican American elders’ use of home care services. Applied Nursing Research, 19, 366–376.
   Google Scholar
• Cuellar, I., Arnold, B., & Maldonado, R. (1995). Acculturation rating scale for Mexican Americans- II: A revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 275–304. doi:10.1177/07399863950173001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Belvis, A. G., Avolio, M., Sicuro, L., Rosano, A., Latini, E., Damiani, G., & Ricciardi, W. (2008). Social relationships and HRQL: A cross-sectional survey among older Italian adults. BMC Public Health, 8, 348. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempster, A., Laird, M., & Rubin, B. (1977). Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 39, 1–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilworth-Anderson, P., & Cohen, M. (2009). Theorizing across cultures. In V. Bengtson, M. Silverstein, N. Putney, & D. Gans (Eds.), Handbook of theories of ageing (2nd ed., pp. 487–498). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Durst, D. (2005). Aging amongst immigrants in Canada: Population drift. Canadian Studies in Population, 32, 257–270. doi:10.25336/P6JK5Q
   Google Scholar
• Durst, D., & MacLean, M. (2010). Diversity and ageing among immigrant seniors in Canada: Changing faces and greying temples. Calgary, Canada: Detselig Enterprises.
   Google Scholar
• Employment Equity Act (1995, c. 44).
   Google Scholar
• Farver, J., Narang, S., & Bhadha, B. (2002). East meets west: Ethnic identity, acculturation and conflict in Asian Indian families. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 338–350. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.16.3.338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German, M., Gonzales, N., & Dumka, L. (2009). Familism values as a protective factor for Mexican-origin adolescents exposed to deviant peers. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 16–42. doi:10.1177/0272431608324475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerst-Emerson, K., Shovali, T., & Markides, K. (2014). Loneliness among very old Mexican Americans: Findings from the Hispanic established populations epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59, 145–149. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierveld, J., Van De Pas, S., & Keating, N. (2015). Loneliness of older immigrant groups in Canada: Effects of ethnic-cultural background. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 30, 251–268. doi:10.1007/s10823-015-9265-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giunta, N., Morano, C., Parikh, N., Friedman, D., Fahs, M., & Gallo, W. (2011). Racial and ethnic diversity in senior centers: Comparing participant characteristics in more and less multicultural settings. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 55, 467–483. doi:10.1080/01634372.2011.653519
   Google Scholar
• Golden, J., Conroy, R., Bruce, I., Denihan, A., Greene, E., Kirby, M., & Lawlor, A. (2009). Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community-dwelling elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24, 694–700. doi:10.1002/gps.v24:7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L., Burleson, M., Berntson, G., & Cacioppo, J. (2003). Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 187–191. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, P. (1976). Familism scale: Revalidation and revision. Journal of Marriage and Family, 38, 423–429. doi:10.2307/350410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2001). Happiness, introversion-extraversion and happy introverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 595–608. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00058-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtado-de-Mendoza, A., Gonzales, F., Serrano, A., & Kaltman, S. (2014). Social isolation and perceived barriers to establishing social networks among Latina immigrants. American Journal of Community Psychology, 53, 73–82. doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9619-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & McKenry, P. (1998). Social networks and support: A comparison of African Americans, Asian Americans, Caucasians and Hispanics. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29, 313–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, O. (1999). Predictors of loneliness in elderly Korean immigrant women living in the United States of America. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 1082–1188. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00993.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, B., Robinson, G., Longmire, C., Chun, M., Nakao, K., & Kim, J. (2002). Cross cultural issues in caregiving for persons with dementia: Do familism values reduce burden and distress? Ageing International, 27, 70–94. doi:10.1007/s12126-003-1003-y
   Google Scholar
• Knight, B., & Sayegh, P. (2009). Cultural values and caregiving: The updated sociocultural stress and coping model. Journal of Gerontology-Psychological Sciences, 65B, 5–13. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, D. (2001). Use of senior center services of the elderly Chinese immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 35, 59–70. doi:10.1300/J083v35n02_05
   Google Scholar
• Lai, D. (2004). Health status of older Chinese in Canada: Findings from the SF-36 health survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95, 193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, D. (2008). Predictors of use of senior centers by the elderly Chinese immigrants in Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 15, 96–121.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R. M., Yoon, E., & Liu-Torn, H. (2006). Structure and measurement of acculturation/enculturation for Asian Americans using the ARSMA-11. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39, 42–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y., & Kingminghae, W. (2014). Social support and loneliness of Chinese students in Thailand. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 22, 141–157.
   Google Scholar
• Little, R., & Rubin, D. (1987). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Losada, A., Marquez-Gonzalez, M., Knight, B., Yangua, J., Sayegh, P., & Romero-Moreno, R. (2010). Psychosocial factors and caregivers’ distress: Effects of familism and dysfunctional thoughts. Aging and Mental Health, 14, 193–200. doi:10.1080/13607860903167838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubben, J. (1988). Assessing social networks among elderly populations. Family and Community Health, 11, 42–52. doi:10.1097/00003727-198811000-00008
   Google Scholar
• Lykes, V., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural differences between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 45, 468–490. doi:10.1177/0022022113509881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquez-Gonzales, M., Losada, A., Izal, M., Perez-Rojo, G., & Montorio, I. (2007). Modification of dysfunctional thoughts about caregiving in dementia family caregivers: Description and outcomes of an intervention programme. Aging and Mental Health, 11, 616–625. doi:10.1080/13607860701368455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, H., & Rodriguez, N. (2003). Acculturation and physical health in racial and ethnic minorities. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 163–185). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, N. (2009). Social isolation in older adults: An evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65, 1342–1352. doi:10.1111/jan.2009.65.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrıguez, J., & Kosloski, K. (1998). The impact of acculturation on attitudinal familism in a community of Puerto Rican Americans. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20, 375–390. doi:10.1177/07399863980203006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D., Peplau, L., & Ferguson, M. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290–294. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabogal, F., Marin, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Marin, B., & Perez-Stable, E. (1987). Hispanic familism and acculturation: What changes and what doesn’t? Hispanic Journal of Behavoral Sciences, 9, 397–412. doi:10.1177/07399863870094003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadavoy, J., Meier, R., & Mui Ong, A. (2004). Barriers to access to mental health services for ethnic seniors: The Toronto study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 192–199. doi:10.1177/070674370404900307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharlach, A., Kellam, R. Ong, N. et al. (2006). Cultural attitudes and caregiver service use: Lessons from focus groups with racially and ethnically divers family caregivers. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 47, 133–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz, S. (2007). The applicability of familism to diverse ethnic groups: A preliminary study. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 101–118. doi:10.3200/SOCP.147.2.101-118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2006). Canada’s Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census. (Catalogue no. 97-562- x). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-562//pdf/97-562-XIE2006001.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2011). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada. (Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011001). Retrieved February 2, 2015, from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs- enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, C., Alpass, F., Towers, A., & Stevenson, B. (2011). The effects of types of social networks, perceived social support, and loneliness on the health of older people. Journal of Aging and Health, 23, 887–911. doi:10.1177/0898264311400189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suwal, J. (2011). Health and health care utilization patterns of visible minority seniors in Canada. In E. H. Waugh, O. Szafran, & R. A. Crutcher (Eds.), At the interface of culture & medicine (pp. 227–246). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tam, S., & Neysmith, S. (2006). Disrespect and isolation: Elder abuse in Chinese communities. Canadian Journal of Aging, 25, 141–151. doi:10.1353/cja.2006.0043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, F., & Pickard, J. (2008). Aging in place or relocation: Perceived awareness of community-based long-term care and services. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 22, 404–422. doi:10.1080/02763890802458429
   Google Scholar
• Tomaka, J., Thompson, S., & Palacios, R. (2006). The relation of social isolation, loneliness, and social support to disease outcomes among the elderly. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 359–384. doi:10.1177/0898264305280993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treas, J., & Mazumdar, S. (2002). Older people in America’s immigrant families: Dilemmas of dependence, integration, and isolation. Journal of Aging Studies, 16, 243–258. doi:10.1016/S0890-4065(02)00048-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmoth, J. (2001). Living arrangements among older immigrants in the United States. The Gerontologist, 41, 228–238. doi:10.1093/geront/41.2.228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., & Penning, M. (2015). Immigration and loneliness in later life. Aging & Society, 35, 64–95. doi:10.1017/S0144686X13000470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn, G., Knight, B., Jeong, H., & Benton, D. (1999). Differences in familism values and caregiving outcomes among Korean, Korean American, and White American caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 14, 355–364. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar