Problematic legal pluralism: causes and some potential ‘cures’

References

• Adamson, F.B., T. Triadafilopoulos, and A.R. Zolberg. 2011. “The Limits of the Liberal State: Migration, Identity and Belonging in Europe.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37 (6): 843–859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerlof, G.A., and W.T. Dickens. 1982. “The Economic Consequences of Cognitive Dissonance.” American Economic Review 72 (3): 307–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldashev, G., I. Chaara, J.-P. Platteau, and Z. Wahhaj. 2012. “Using the Law to Change the Custom.” Journal of Development Economics 97 (2): 182–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki, M. 2001. Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, J. 1879. Lectures on Jurisprudence. London: J. Murray.
   Google Scholar
• Badar, M. 2011. “Islamic Law (Shari’a) and the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.” Leiden Journal of International Law 24: 411–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, K. 2000. Prelude to Political Economy: A Study of the Social and Political Foundations of Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benabou, R., and J. Tirole. 2011. “Law and Norms.” NBER Working Paper 17579. Accessed October 2012. http://www.nber.org/papers/w17579
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Shahar, O., and A. Harel. 1995. “Blaming the Victim: Optimal Incentives for Private Precautions Against Crime.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organisation 11 (2): 434–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentham, J.. 1843. Rationale of Judicial Evidence Part 2, in the Works of Jeremy Bentham. Vol. 7 ( published under the Superintendence of his Executor, John Bowring). Edinburgh: William Tait.
   Google Scholar
• Bentham, J. 2011. “Place and Time.” In Selected Writings: Jeremy Bentham, edited by S.G. Engelmann, 152–220. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, L. 2002. Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, L. 2012. “Historical Perspectives on Legal Pluralism.” In Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue, edited by B. Tamahaha, C. Sage, and M. Woolcock, 21–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bicchieri, C. 2006. The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bierschenk, T. 2008. “The Everyday Functioning of an African Public Service: Informalization, Privatization and Corruption in Benin's Legal System.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 57: 101–139.
   Google Scholar
• Black, D. 2010. The Behaviour of Law: Special Edition. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, R.H. 2013. “Unveiling ‘Kansas's Ban on Application of Foreign Law.” Kansas Law Review 61: 1061–1123.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, J., C. Harrison, A. McInnes, and D. Vincent. 1996. Crime and Punishment in England: An Introductory History. London: UCL Press.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, H.C, K.D. Huryn, and M.E. Mc Bride. 1996. “Treble Damages and the Incentives to Sue and Settle.” Rand Journal of Economics 27 (4): 770–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, J.M. 1965. “An Economic Theory of Clubs.” Economica 32 (125): 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonara, E., F. Parisi, and G. Von Wangenheim. 2012. “Unjust Laws and Illegal Norms.” International Review of Law and Economics 32 (3): 285–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, R.M. 2002. “Sharing Sacred Secrets: Is it (Past) Time for a Dangerous Person Exception to the Clergy-Penitent Privilege.” William and Mary Law Review 44: 1627–1724.
   Google Scholar
• Charpentier, C.P. 2004. “Unimproved Lie: Gender Discrimination Continues at Augusta National Golf Club.” Villanova Sports and Entertainment Law Journal 11: 111–138.
   Google Scholar
• Coffee, J.C. 1986. “Understanding the Plaintiff's Attorney: The Implications of Economic Theory for Private Enforcement of Law through Class and Derivative Actions.” Columbia Law Review 86 (4): 669–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooter, R. 1997a. Punitive Damages, Social Norms, and Economic Analysis.” Law and Contemporary Problems 60 (3–4): 73–92.
   Google Scholar
• Cooter, R. 1997b. Law from Order: Economic Development and the Jurisprudence of Social Norms, John M. Olin Working Papers in Law, Economics, and Institutions 96 /97-4. Available at: eScholarship Repository, Berkeley Program in Law & Economics, Working Paper Series, University of California, Berkeley. works.bepress.com.
   Google Scholar
• Cooter, R. 1998. “Expressive Law and Economics.” The Journal of Legal Studies 27 (2): 585–608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooter, R. 2000. “Do Good Laws Make Good Citizens? An Economic Analysis of Internalised Norms.” Virginia Law Review 86 (8): 1577–1601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damaska, M.R. 1986. The Faces of Justice and State Authority: A Comparative Approach to Legal Process. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dharmapala, D., and R.H. McAdams. 2003. “The Condorcet Jury Theorem and the Expressive Function of Law: A Theory of Informative Law.” American Law and Economics Review 5 (1): 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Ellickson, R.C. 1992. Order Without Law: How Neighbours Settle Disputes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth, M. 2009. A Bird That Flies with Two Wings: Kastom and State Justice Systems in Vanuatu. Canberra: ANU E-Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, B.S., and R. Jegen. 2001. “Motivation Crowding Theory.” Journal of Economic Surveys 15 (5): 589–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, D. 1979. “Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case.” The Journal of Legal Studies 8 (2): 399–415.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, D. 1984. “Efficient Institutions for the Private Enforcement of Law.” The Journal of Legal Studies 13 379–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, P. 2005. “Governmental Action, Social Norms and Criminal Behaviour.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 161 (3): 522–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanter, M., and D. Lubin. 1992. “Poetic Justice: Punitive Damages and Legal Pluralism.” American University Law Review 42 (4): 1393–1463.
   Google Scholar
• Garoupa, N. 1997. “A Note on Private Enforcement and Type I Error.” International Review of Law and Economics 17 (3): 423–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garoupa, N. 2003. “Crime and Social Norms.” Portuguese Economic Journal 2 131–144.
   Google Scholar
• Garoupa, N., and F. Gomez-Pomar. 2004. “Punish Once or Punish Twice: A Theory of the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Addition to Regulatory Penalties.” American Law and Economics Review 6 (2): 410–433.
   Google Scholar
• Garupa, N., and D.M. Klerman. 2010. “Corruption and Private Law Enforcement Theory.” Review of Law and Economics 6 (1): 75–96.
   Google Scholar
• Geisinger, A. 2002. “A Belief Change Theory of Expressive Law.” Iowa Law Review 88 (1): 35–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschiere, P. 2006. “Witchcraft and the Limits of the Law: Cameron and South Africa.” In Law and Disorder in the Postcolony, edited by J. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, 219–246. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn, H.P. 2010. Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gore, R.T. 1965. Justice Versus Sorcery. Brisbane: The Jacaranda Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greif, A. 2006. Institutions and the Path to Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, J. 1986. “What is Legal Pluralism?” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 24 1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, H. 1995. “Rival Kleptocrats: The Mafia Versus the State.” In The Economics of Organised Crime, edited by G. Fiorentini and S. Pelzman, 143–155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gudorf, C. 2013. “Christianity and Opposition to the Death Penalty: Late Modern Shifts.” Dialog 52 (2): 99–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, H.L.A. 1961. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, T. 2011. “Diplomatic or Consular Immunity for Criminal Offences.” Virginia Journal of International Law 1 (2): 17–39.
   Google Scholar
• Hirshleifer, J. 1982. “Evolutionary Models in Economics and Law: Cooperation Versus Conflict Strategies.” Research in Law and Economics 4: 1–60.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, E., and P.W. Kennedy. 2008. “State Enforcement of Federal Standards: Implications for Interstate Pollution.” Resource and Energy Economics 30: 316–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannaccone, L.R. 1992. “Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and Other Collectives.” Journal of Political Economy 33 (3): 271–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S.A. 2006. “Legal Pluralism Between Islam and the Nation-State: Romantic Medievalism or Pragmatic Modernity?” Fordham International Law Journal 30 (1): 157–176.
   Google Scholar
• Jinks, B., P. Biskup, and H. Nelson, eds. 1973. Readings in New Guinea History. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
   Google Scholar
• Juss, S.S. 2012. “Kirpans, Law and Religious Symbols in Schools.” Journal of Church and State 54: 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, D.M. 2000. “Gentle Nudges vs. Hard Shoves: Solving the Sticky Norms Problem.” University of Chicago Law Review 67: 607–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplow, L., and S. Shavell. 2007. “Moral Rules, the Moral Sentiments and Behaviour: Toward a Theory of an Optimal Moral System.” Journal of Political Economy 115 (3): 494–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, J.. 1992. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kovacic, W.E. 2001. “Private Monitoring and Antitrust Enforcement: Paying Informants to Reveal Cartels.” George Washington Law Review 69 (5–6): 766–797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landes, W.M., and R.A. Posner. 1975. “The Private Enforcement of Law.” The Journal of Legal Studies 4: 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langbein, J. 1976. “The Historical Origins of the Sanction of Imprisonment for Serious Crime.” Journal of Legal Studies 5 (1): 35–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langpap, C., and J.P. Shimshack. 2010. “Private Citizen Suits and Public Enforcement: Substitutes or Complements?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 59 235–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larcom, S. 2013a. Taking Customary Law Seriously: A Case of Legal Re-Ordering in Kieta.” Journal of Legal Pluralism 45 (2): 190–208.
   Google Scholar
• Larcom, S. 2013b. Accounting for Legal Pluralism: The impact of Pre-Colonial Institutions on Crime.” Law and Development Review 6 (1): 25–59.
   Google Scholar
• Larcom, S., and T. Swanson. 2013. “Documenting Legal Dissonance: Regulation of (and by) Payback Killing in Papua New Guinea.” Department of Land Economy Working Paper. Available at: http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/16593?ln=en. Accessed May 17, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lenglet, M. 2011. “Conflicting Codes and Codings: How Algorithmic Trading Is Reshaping Financial Regulation.” Theory, Culture & Society 28 (6): 44–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht, A.N. 2008. “Social Norms and the Law: Why Peoples Obey the Law.” Review of Law and Economics 4 (3): 715–750.
   Google Scholar
• Luhmann, N. 2004. Law as a Social System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos, S., and E. Papaioannou. 2013. “PreColonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development.” Econometrica 81 (1): 113–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, R.H., and E.B. Rasmusen. 2007. “Norms and the Law.” In Volume 2 of Handbook of Law and Economics, edited by A.M. Polinsky and S. Shavell, 1573–1618. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• McAfee, R.P., H.M. Mialon, and S.H. Mialon. 2008. “Private v. Public Antitrust Enforcement: A Strategic Analysis.” Journal of Public Economics 92: 1863–1875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, J., and C. Woodruff, 2000. “Private Order under Dysfunctional Order.” Michigan Law Review 98 (8): 2421–2458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, S.F. 1973. “Law and Social Change: The Semi-autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study.” Law and Society Review 7 (4): 719–746.
   Google Scholar
• Merry, S.E. 1998. “Legal Pluralism.” Law and Society Review 22 (5): 869–896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, B., and G. Woodman, eds. 1988. Indigenous Law and the State: The Struggle for Indigenous Rights. Dordrecht: Foris.
   Google Scholar
• Nobles, R., and D. Schiff. 2012. “Using Systems Theory to Study Legal Pluralism: What Can Be Gained?” Law and Society Review 46 (2): 265–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, M.C. 1999. “A Plea for Difficulty.” In Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? With Respondents, edited by J. Cohen, M. Howard, and M.C. Nussbaum, 105–114. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ormerod, D. and A. Hooper, eds. 2014. Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2014. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, R. 2005. Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Centre. 2011. The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010–2030. Washington, DC: Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Accessed October 2013. www.pewforum.org%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F01%2FFutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf&ei=_ZVSUsmvJuPU0QX3aA&usg=AFQjCNHK1c_lMfOO9IRr3Te86h2H1S3BqQ&bvm=bv.53537100,d.d2k
   Google Scholar
• Polinsky, M.A. 1980. “Private Versus Public Enforcement of Fines.” The Journal of Legal Studies 9 (1): 105–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, E.A. 1996a. The Regulation of Groups: The Influence of Legal and Non legal Sanctions on Collective Action.” University of Chicago Law Review 63: 133–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, E.A. 1996b. Law, Economics, and Inefficient Norms.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144: 1697–744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, R.A. 1997. “Social Norms and the Law: An Economic Approach.” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 87 (2): 365–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, R.A., and E. Rasmusen. 1999. “Creating and Enforcing Norms, with Special Reference to Sanctions.” International Review of Law and Economics 19 (3): 369–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautenbach, C., and J. Matthee. 2010. “Common Law Crimes and Indigenous Customs: Dealing with the Issues in South African Law.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 61: 109–144.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, C., and C. Bekar. 2003. “Religious Prohibitions Against Usury.” Explorations in Economic History 40: 347–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, I., and M. Whinston. 2006. “Private Versus Public Enforcement of Antitrust Law: A Survey.” Stanford Law and Economics Olin Working Paper No. 335. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=952067 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.952067. Accessed April 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Sezgin, Y.. 2004. “Theorising Formal Pluralism.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 50: 101–117.
   Google Scholar
• Shar, P. 2013. “In Pursuit of the Pagans: Muslim Law in the English Context.” Journal of Legal Pluralism 45 (1): 58–75.
   Google Scholar
• Shavell, S. 2002. “Law Versus Morality as Regulators of Conduct.” American Law and Economics Review 4 (2): 227–257.
   Google Scholar
• Shavell, S. 1993. “The Optimal Structure of Law Enforcement.” Journal of Law and Economics 36 (1): 255–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, E.C.D., and A.J. Caplan, 1997. “Transboundary Pollution Control in Federal Systems.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 34: 173–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solimine, M. 2002. “The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws.” The American Law and Economics Review 4 (2): 208–226.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, A.J. 2012. “National Pastime of the American Judiciary: Reexamining the Strength of Major League Baseball's Antitrust Exemption following the Passage of the Curt Flood Act and the Supreme Court's Ruling in American Needle, Inc. v. NFL.” The Journal of Sports Law 19: 325–344.
   Google Scholar
• Spierenburg, P. 2012. “Long-Term Historical Trends of Homicide in Europe.” In Handbook of European Homicide Research, edited by M. Liem and W. Pridemore, 25–38. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Tamanaha, B.Z. 2008. “Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present.” Local to Global, Sydney Law Review 30: 375–411.
   Google Scholar
• Tamanaha, B.Z. 2012. “The Rule of Law and Legal Pluralism.” In Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue, edited by B. Tamahaha, C. Sage, and M. Woolcock, 34–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tamahaha, B.Z., C. Sage, and M. Woolcock, eds. 2012. Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twining, W. 2000. Globalisation and Legal Theory. London: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Twining, W. 2004. “Diffusion of Law: A Global Perspective.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 49: 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Twining, W. 2009. General Jurisprudence: Understanding Law from a Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twining, W. 2012. “Legal Pluralism 101, in Historical Perspectives on Legal Pluralism.” In Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue, edited by B. Tamahaha, C. Sage, and M. Woolcock, 112–128. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Venetis, P.M. 2011. “Unconstitutionality of Oklahoma's SQ 755 and Other Provisions Like It That Bar State Courts from Considering International Law.” The Cleveland State Law Review 59: 189–217.
   Google Scholar
• Whincop, M. 1999. “The Recognition Scene: Game Theoretic Issues in the Recognition of Foreign Judgements.” Melbourne University Law Review 23: 416–439.
   Google Scholar
• Woodman, G. 1999. “The Idea of Legal Pluralism.” In Legal Pluralism in the Arab World, edited by B. Doupret, M. Berger, and L. al-Zwaini, 3–20. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
   Google Scholar
• Woodman, G. 2012. “The Development ‘Problem’ of Legal Pluralism: An Analysis and Steps Toward Solutions.” In Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue, edited by B. Tamahaha, C. Sage, and M. Woolcock, 129–144. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zasu, Y. 2007. “Sanctions by Social Norms and the Law: Substitutes or Complements?” Journal of Legal Studies 36: 379–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar