Restorative and flexible customary procedures and their gendered impact: a preliminary view on Namibia's formalization of Traditional Courts

References

• Ambunda, L.N., and S. De Klerk. 2008. Women and Custom in Namibia: A Research Overview. In Women and Custom in Namibia: Cultural Practice versus Gender Equality?, edited by O.C. Ruppel, 43–82. Windhoek: Macmillan Namibia.
   Google Scholar
• Ambunda, L.N., and W.T. Mugadza. 2009. “The Protection of Children's Rights in Namibia: Law and Policy.” In Children's Rights in Namibia, edited by O.C. Ruppel, 5–52. Windhoek: Macmillan Education.
   Google Scholar
• Amoo, S.K. 2008. “The Structure of the Namibian Judicial System and its Relevance for an Independent Judiciary.” In The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia, edited by N. Horn and A. Bosl, 69–98. Windhoek: Macmillan Education.
   Google Scholar
• Anyolo, P.N. 2010. “Traditional Courts in Action: The Daily Official Activities at the Ombadja Traditional Auhtority, Namibia.” In Search of Justice and Peace: Traditional and Informal Justice Systems in Africa, edited by M.O. Hinz, 53–67. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H. 1995. “Community Legal Activator Programme: Evaluation Report.” CASS Papers No. 35.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H. 1998. “Gender Aspects of Traditional Authorities and Customary Courts in Northern Namibia.” In Traditional Authority and Democracy in Southern Africa, edited by M. D’Engelbronner-Kolff, M.O. Hinz, J.L. Sindano and Staff, 257–287. Windhoek: New Namibia Books.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H. 2000. “A Concise History of Gender, Tradition and the State of Namibia.” In State, Society and Democracy, edited by C. Keulder, 171–198. Windhoek: Macmillan Education.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J. 2004. “Restorative Justice and De-Professionalization.” The Good Society 13 (1): 28–31.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, J., O. Garcia-Boliviar, T. Hanstad, M. Roth, R. Nielsen, A. Knox, and J. Schmidt. 2007. Legal Empowerment of the Poor: From Concepts to Assessment. Washington, DC: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• CEDAW, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. 2005. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women – Combined Second and Third Periodic Reports of State Parties, Namibia, CEDAW/C/NAM/2-3 (2 September 2005). Available from undocs.org/cedaw/c/nam/2-3.
   Google Scholar
• CEDAW, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. 2007. 37th Session: Concluding Comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Namibia, CEDAW/C/NAM/CO/3 (2 February 2007). Available from undocs.org/cedaw/c/nam/co/3.
   Google Scholar
• Chirayath, L., C. Sage, and M. Woolcock. 2005. Customary Law and Policy Reform: Engaging with the Plurality of Justice Systems. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Chopra, T., and D. Isser. 2012. “Access to Justice and Legal Pluralism in Fragile States: The Case of Women's Rights.” Hague Journal of the Rule of Law 4 (2): 337–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, R. 2011. “Customary Legal Empowerment: Towards a More Critical Approach.” In Customary Justice: Perspectives on Legal Empowerment, edited by J. Ubink. Vol. 3, 43–66. Rome: International Development Law Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Golub, S., ed. 2003. Beyond Rule of Law Orthodoxy: The Legal Empowerment Alternative. Rule of Law Series: Democracy and Rule of Law Project. Vol. 41. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Golub, S., ed. 2006. “A House without a Foundation.” In Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: The Search for Knowledge, edited by T. Carothers, 106–136. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, E. 2011a. “Chapter 1.” In Customary Justice: From Program Design to Impact Evaluation. Vol. 1. Rome: IDLO.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, E. 2011b. “Engaging with Customary Justice Systems.” In Customary Justice: Perspectives on Legal Empowerment, edited by J. Ubink. Vol. No. 3/2011, 29–42. Rome: International Development Law Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Hinz, M. 2000. “Introduction, Methodology and Approach.” In Customary Law in Namibia: Development and Perspective, 9–41. Windhoek: Centre for Applied Social Sciences & University of Namibia.
   Google Scholar
• Hinz, M. 2010a. “The Ascertainment of Customary Law: What is Ascertainment of Customary Law and what is it for?” In Customary Law Ascertained: The Customary Law of the Owambo, Kavango and Caprivi Communities of Namibia, edited by M.O. Hinz. Vol. 1, 3–11. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
   Google Scholar
• Hinz, M. 2010b. “The Laws of the Caprivi Communities.” In Customary Law Ascertained: The Customary Law of the Owambo, Kavango and Caprivi Communities of Namibia, edited by M.O. Hinz, 407–515. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
   Google Scholar
• Hinz, M. 2010c. “The Uukwambi Traditional Authority.” In Customary Law Ascertained: The Customary Law of the Owambo, Kavango and Caprivi Communities of Namibia, edited by M.O. Hinz, 233–276. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, N. 2010. “Community Courts in Namibia: Life or Death for Customary Law?” In Search of Justice and Peace: Traditional and Informal Justice Systems in Africa, edited by M.O. Hinz, 115–132. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
   Google Scholar
• International Council on Human Rights Policy. 2009. When Legal Worlds Overlap: Human Rights, State and Non-State Law. International Council on Human Rights Policy: Versoix.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, M., J. Oloka-Onyango, and A. Tejan-Cole. 2005. Reassessing Customary Law Systems as a Vehicle for Providing Equitable Access to Justice for the Poor. Arusha: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Konjore, R. 2013. Traditional Courts Struggle to Get Off Ground. The Namibian, 03 August.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard, D. 2007. “Gender and Sexuality: The Law Reform Landscape.” In Unravelling Taboos: Gender and Sexuality in Namibia, edited by Suzanne LaFont and Dianne Hubbard, 99–129. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Meerkotter, A., and R. Watson. 2011. “DFID Malawi Safety Security and Access to Justice Programme Impact Analysis Study 2011.” Draft Report, 30 May 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, S.F. 1973. “Law and Social Change: The Semi-Autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study.” Law & Society Review 7 (4): 719–746.
   Google Scholar
• Nader, Laura. 2001. “The Underside of Conflict Management — in Africa and Elsewhere.” IDS Bulletin 32 (1): 19–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakuta, J., and F. Chipepera. 2010. The Justice Sector & the Rule of Law in Namibia: Management, Personnel and Access. Namibia: Namibia Institute for Democracy, and Human Rights & Documentation Centre.
   Google Scholar
• National Planning Commission of Namibia. 2011. “Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results.” Windhoek: National Planning Commission. Available from http://www.mha.gov.na/documents/10180/34849/2011_Preliminary_Result.pdf/0ea026d4-9687-4851-a693-1b97a1317c60.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamu-Musembi, Celestine. 2005. “For Or Against Gender Equality? Evaluating the Post-Cold War ‘Rule of Law’ Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
   Google Scholar
• Oomen, B. 2002. “Chiefs! Law, Power and Culture in Contemporary South Africa.” PhD diss., Leiden University.
   Google Scholar
• Penal Reform International. 2001. “Access to Justice in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Traditional and Informal Justice Systems.” London: Penal Reform International.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, P.E. 2002. “The Limits of Negotiability: Security, Equity and Class.” In Negotiating Property in Africa, edited by K. Juul and C. Lund. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Ruppel, O.C., and L.N. Ambunda. 2011. The Justice Sector and the Rule of Law in Namibia. Namibia: Namibia Institute for Democracy.
   Google Scholar
• Sasman, C. 2011. “Traditional Courts found in Poor State.” The Namibian, April 11.
   Google Scholar
• Shipton, P. 2002. “Foreword.” In Negotiating Property in Africa, edited by K. Juul and C. Lund, ix–xiii. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• SIAPAC (Social Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis Cooperation). 2008. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Study on Factors that may Perpetuate or Protect Namibians from Violence and Discrimination: Caprivi, Erongo, Karas, Kavango, Kunene, Ohangwena, Omaheke, and Otjozondjupa Regions. Windhoek: Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• The Centre for Restorative Justice. “The Centre for Restorative Justice.” http://www.sfu.ca/crj.html
   Google Scholar
• Ubink, J.M. 2008. “Negotiated or Negated? The Rhetoric and Reality of Customary Tenure in an Ashanti Village in Ghana.” Africa 78 (2): 264–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubink, J.M. 2011a. “Gender Equality on the Horizon: The Case of Uukwambi Traditional Authority, Northern Namibia.” In Working with Customary Justice Systems: Post-conflict and Fragile States, edited by E. Harper, 51–71. Rome: International Development Law Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Ubink, J.M. 2011b. “Stating the Customary: An Innovative Approach to the Locally Legitimate Recording of Customary Justice in Namibia.” In Customary Justice: Perspectives on Legal Empowerment, edited by J. Ubink. 131–151. Rome: International Development Law Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Ubink, J.M. 2011c. Towards Customary Legal Empowerment in Namibia – Enhancing Gender Equality in Customary Justice Systems. Rome: International Development Law Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Ubink, J.M. 2014. “Access v. Justice: Customary Courts and Political Oppression, Lessons from Malawi's Local Courts Act.” Paper Presented at the Conference of Chiefship and the Customary in Contemporary Africa, Committee on African Studies; 25 April 2014; Harvard University. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2520154
   Google Scholar
• Ubink, J.M., and B. Van Rooij. 2011. “Towards Customary Legal Empowerment: An Introduction.” In Customary Justice: Perspectives on Legal Empowerment, edited by J. Ubink. Vol. 3, 7–28. Rome: International Development Law Organization.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly. 2012. Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, Note by the Secretary General on the Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, A/67/278 (9 August 2012). Available from undocs.org/a/67/278.
   Google Scholar
• Van Rooij, B. 2012. “Bringing Justice to the Poor, Bottom-Up Approaches to Legal Development Cooperation.” Hague Journal on Rule of Law 4 (2): 286–318.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, S.M. 2011. “Beyond the Traditional Courts Bill: Regulating Customary Courts in Line with Living Customary Law and the Constitution.” SA Crime Quarterly 35: 31–40.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, S.M. 2012. “Regulating Vernacular Dispute Resolution Forums: Controversy Concerning the Process, Substance and Implications of South Africa's Traditional Courts Bill.” Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal 12 (1): 133–155.
   Google Scholar
• Wenzel, M., T.G. Okimoto, N.T. Feather, and M.J. Platow. 2008. “Retributive and Restorative Justice.” Law and Human Behavior 32 (5): 375–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, A., and D. Tsikata. 2003. “Policy Discourses on Women's Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Implications of the Re-Turn to the Customary.” Journal of Agrarian Change 3 (1 and 2): 67–112.
   Google Scholar
• Wojkowska, E. 2006. Doing Justice: How Informal Justice Systems Can Contribute, edited by UNDP Oslo Governance Centre. Available from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAWJUSTINST/Resources/EwaWojkowska.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Woodhouse, Philip. 2003. “African Enclosures: A Default Mode of Development.” World Development 31 (10): 1705–1720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank Indonesia. 2008. “Forging the Middle Ground: Engaging Non-State Justice in Indonesia.” Indonesia: World Bank. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTJUSFORPOOR/Resources/Forging_the_Middle_Ground_Engaging_Non_State_Justice_in_Indonesia.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Zoila, Hinson, and Dianne Hubbard 2012. Costs and Contingency Fees: Access to Justice in Namibia: Proposals for Improving Public Access to Courts, Volume 3 in series: Access to Justice in Namibia: Proposals for Improving Public Access to Courts edited by Legal Assistance Centre. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. Available from: http://www.lac.org.na/projects/grap/Pdf/access2justice3_costs.pdf.
   Google Scholar