Spreading fear, communicating trust: writing letters and telegrams during the Panic of 1873

References

• Ahrens, Gerhard. Krisenmanagement 1857. Staat und Kaufmannschaft in Hamburg während der ersten Weltwirtschaftskrise [Crisis management in 1857. State and merchants in Hamburg during the first world economic crisis]. Hamburg: Verlag Verein für Hamburgische Geschichte, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, Helen, John Hawkins, and Setsuya Sato. “Electronic Trading and its Implications for Financial Systems.” In Technology and Finance. Challenges for Financial Markets, Business Strategies and Policy Makers, edited by Morton Balling, Frank Liedman, and Andy Mullineux, 204–238. London: Routledge, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Baltzer, Markus. Der Berliner Kapitalmarkt nach der Reichsgründung 1871. Gründerzeit, internationale Finanzmarktintegration und der Einfluss der Makroökonomie [The Berlin capital market after the foundation of the Reich in 1871. Founding period, international financial market integration and the influence of the macroeconomy]. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Berghoff, Hartmut. “Markterschließung und Risikomanagement. Die Rolle der Kreditauskunfteien und Agenturen im Industrialisierungs- und Globalisierungsprozess des 19. Jahrhunderts [Market access and risk management. The role of credit reporting agencies in the process of industrialization and globalization in the nineteenth century].” Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte [Quarterly journal for social and economic history] 92, no. 2 (2005): 141–162.
   Google Scholar
• Blondheim, Menahem. News over the Wires. The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844–1897. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Bonea, Amelia. “The Medium and Its Message. Reporting the Austro-Prussian War in The Times of India.” Historical Social Research 35, no. 1 (2010): 167–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton, John A. Cables, Crises, and the Press. The Geopolitics of the New International Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Calomiris, Charles W., and Larry Schweikart. “The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, Containment.” The Journal of Economic History 51, no. 4 (1991): 807–834.10.1017/S0022050700040122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, Henry. Financial Crises: Their Causes and Effects. Philadelphia, PA: Baird, 1860.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, Alfred D. Henry Varnum Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.10.4159/harvard.9780674732346
   Google Scholar
• Du Boff, Richard B. “The Telegraph in Nineteenth Century America. Technology and Monopoly.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 26, no. 4 (1984): 571–586.10.1017/S0010417500011178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel, Alexander. “Buying Time: Futures Trading and Telegraphy in Nineteenth-century Global Commodity Markets.” Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (2015): 284–306.10.1017/S1740022815000078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, Niall. The World’s Banker. The History of the House of Rothschild. Vol. I. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Field, Phyllis F. “Opdyke George.” American National Biography Online February 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, Paul. “The Uses and Limitations of Telegrams in Official Correspondence between Ceylon’s Governor General and the Secretary of State for the Colonies, circa 1870–1900.” Historical Social Research 35, no. 1 (2010): 90–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, David P. The Business Press in America, 1750–1865. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Books, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Gömmel, Rainer. “Entstehung und Entwicklung der Effektenbörsen im 19. Jahrhundert bis 1914 [Emergence and development of securities exchanges in the nineteenth century to 1914].” In Deutsche Börsengeschichte [German stock exchange history], edited by Hans Pohl, 135–207. Frankfurt am Main: Knapp, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, John Maxwell, and Heidi J. S. Tworek. “The Natural History of the News: An Epigenetic Study.” Journalism (2016): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Hamon, Henry. New York Stock Exchange Manual, Containing its Principles, Rules, and its Different Modes of Speculation. New York: J. F. Trow, 1865. Reprint: Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Hecht, Felix. Das Börsen- und Actienwesen der Gegenwart und die Reform des Actien-Gesellschafts-Rechts [The present system of stock exchanges and stocks, and the reform of corporation law]. Mannheim: Schneider, 1874.
   Google Scholar
• Hoag, Christopher. “The Atlantic Telegraph Cable and Capital Market Information Flows.” The Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (2006): 342–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochfelder, David. The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Kaukiainen, Yrjö. “Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information Transmission, c. 1820–1870.” European Review of Economic History 5, no. 1 (2001): 1–28.10.1017/S1361491601000016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koselleck, Reinhard. “Krise [Crisis].” In Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland [Historical concepts. Historical encyclopedia of the political and social language in Germany], edited by Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, and Reinhart Koselleck, Vol. 3, 617–650. Stuttgart: Klett Cotta, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• L. W. Hamilton & Co. Stock Speculation. New York: L. W. Hamilton, 1875.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, Henrietta M. Jay Cooke. Private Banker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.10.4159/harvard.9780674430501
   Google Scholar
• Lepler, Jessica M. The Many Panics of 1837. People, Politics, and the Creation of a Transatlantic Financial Crisis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Liedtke, Rainer. N M Rothschild & Sons. Kommunikationswege im europäischen Bankenwesen im 19. Jahrhundert [N M Rothschild & Sons. Paths of communication in European banking in the nineteenth century]. Cologne: Böhlau, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Lubetkin, Michael J. Jay Cooke’s Gamble. The Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Luhmann, Niklas. Vertrauen. Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität [Trust. A mechanism for the reduction of social complexity]. 2nd revised ed. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Matis, Herbert. Österreichs Wirtschaft 1848–1913. Konjunkturelle Dynamik und gesellschaftlicher Wandel im Zeitalter Franz Josephs I [Austria’s economy 1848–1913. Business cycle dynamics and social change in the time of Franz Joseph I]. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• McCusker, John J. “The Demise of Distance: The Business Press and the Origins of the Information Revolution in the Early Modern Atlantic World.” The American Historical Review 110, no. 2 (2005): 295–321.10.1086/586873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, Ranald. The City of London. Continuity and Change, 1850–1990. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Simone M. Wiring the World. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Simone M., and Heidi Tworek. “‘The Telegraph and the Bank’: On the Interdependence of Global Communications and Capitalism, 1866–1914.” Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (2015): 259–283.10.1017/S1740022815000066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Pohl, Simone. “‘By Atlantic Telegraph’. A Study on Weltcommunication in the 19th Century.” Medien & Zeit 25, no. 4 (2010): 40–54.
   Google Scholar
• Neuwirth, Joseph. Die Spekulationskrisis von 1873 [The speculation crisis of 1873]. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1874.
   Google Scholar
• Nevins, Allan, and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds. The Diary of George Templeton Strong. Post-war Years 1865–1875. New York: Macmillan, 1952.
   Google Scholar
• Nickles, David Paul. Under the Wire. How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Oberholtzer, Ellis P. Jay Cooke. Financier of the Civil War, Vol. II. Philadelphia, PA: George W. Jacobs, 1907.
   Google Scholar
• Olegario, Rowena. A Culture of Credit. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.10.4159/9780674041639
   Google Scholar
• Pred, Alan R. Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: The United States System of Cities 1790–1840. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Read, Donald. The Power of News. The History of Reuters 1849–1989. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Redlich, Fritz. The Molding of American Banking. Men and Ideas. Part II. 1840–1910. New York: Hafner, 1951.
   Google Scholar
• Requate, Jörg. Journalismus als Beruf. Entstehung und Entwicklung des Journalistenberufs im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich [Journalism as profession. The emergence and development of the journalism profession in the nineteenth century. Germany: international comparisons]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Ronge, Ulrich. Die langfristige Rendite deutscher Standardaktien. Konstruktion eines historischen Aktienindex ab Ultimo 1870 bis Ultimo 1959 [The long-term return of German standard shares. Construction of a historical index from ultimo 1870 to ultimo 1959]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, Charles H. W. New York in September, 1873. Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. The Panic: Its Causes and Effects. London: J. and W. Rider, 1873.
   Google Scholar
• Slauter, Will. “Forward-Looking Statements. News and Speculation in the Age of the American Revolution.” The Journal of Modern History 81, no. 4 (2009): 759–792.10.1086/605485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprague, O. M. W. History of Crises under the National Banking System. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910.
   Google Scholar
• Starr, Paul. The Creation of Media. Political Origins of Modern Communications. New York: Basic Books, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wenzlhuemer, Roland. “‘Less Than No Time’. Zum Verhältnis von Telegrafie und Zeit.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft [History and society] 37 (2011): 592–613.10.13109/gege.2011.37.4.592
   Google Scholar
• Wenzlhuemer, Roland. Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World. The Telegraph and Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• White, Richard. “Information, Markets, and Corruption: Transcontinental Railroads in the Gilded Age.” Journal of American History 90, no. 1 (2003): 19–43.10.2307/3659790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, Elmus. Banking Panics of the Gilded Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.10.1017/CBO9780511571992
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins, Mira. The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Winseck, Dwayne. “Double-Edged Swords: Communications Media and the Global Financial Crisis of 1873.” In International Communication and Global News Networks. Historical Perspectives, edited by Peter Putnis, Chandrika Kaul, and Jürgen Wilke, 55–81. New York: Hampton Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Wirth, Max. Geschichte der Handelskrisen [History of commercial crises]. 2nd revised ed. Frankfurt am Main: J. D. Sauerländer, 1874.
   Google Scholar
• Zaloom, Caitlin. Out of the Pits. Traders and Technology from Chicago to London. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar