References
- 1983 . International Competition in Advanced Technology: Decisions for America , National Research Council Washington D.C. : National Academy Press . Americans have already coined another term: the “core technologies” (such as microelectronics, computers, robotics, aerospace, biotechnology) are sophisticated technologies which lie behind a number of high technology products and which possess a wide range of impacts and influences
- Braudel , Fernand . 1981 . The Structures of Everyday Life, Vol. 1, Civilisation and Capitalism, 15th‐18th Century 334 London
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- Kranzberg , Melvin and Purcell , Carroll W. , eds. 1967 . Technology in Western Civilisation , 2 vols. , 4 59 Oxford University Press .
- Singer , Charles , Holmyard , E.J. Hall , A.R. 1954–1980 . A History of Technology , 7 vols , Oxford University Press .
- Logica, Prel. discourse, Chapter III, p. 71.
- Amleitung zur Technologie, Preface.
- Ibid., Introduction, p. 12.
- 8 Ibid, Introduction, p. 13.
- The first course under this title given in France was in 1793 by J.J. Hassenfratz at the Lycée des arts.
- Guillerme , J. and Sebestik , J. 1968 . Les commencements de la technologie, Thalts , Vol. 12 , Paris : PUF . This text, which is of prime importance, was discovered
- 1924 . The New Atlantis , 135 Oxford : pub. A.B. Gouth .
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- Instauration magna, fine.
- Tocqueville , Alexis de . 1968 . “In America the purely practical side of science is cultivated admirably, and trouble is taken about the theoretical side immediately necessary to application. On this side the Americans always display a clear, free, original, and creative turn of mind. But hardly anyone in the United States devotes himself to the essentially theoretical and abstract side of human knowledge. In this the Americans carry to excess a trend which can, I think, be noticed, though in a less degree, among all democratic nations.” . In De la Démocratie en Amérique , Edited by: Lawrence , George . 589 – 90 . London : Fontana . Tocqueville has well underlined this difference of approach in the American context: “Those in democracies who study sciences are always afraid of getting lost in utopias. They mistrust systems and like to stick very close to the facts and study them for themselves. As they have little deference for the mere name of any fellow being, they are never inclined to take a master's word on trust, but ever tend to look for the weak side of his argument. Scientific traditions have little hold over them, and they never spend much time studying the subtleties of any school and will not accept big words as sterling coin. They penetrate, as far as they can, into the main parts of the subject that interests ‘them, and they like to expound them in popular language. Scientific pursuits thus follow a freer and safer course but a less lofty one.” (. . .)
- R , Pernoud . 1977 . Pour en finir avec le Moyen‐Age , Paris : Seuil .
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- Daumas , Maurice . 1980 . “At the time when Mantoux was preparing his work, the development of technology in the second half of the nineteenth century was still too recent to permit proper analysis. The generation working and thinking in the era 1880 to 1900 felt that the civilization it knew had achieved a level of perfection that would be difficult to surpass. From this resulted a sense of stability, which naturally influenced the manner of judging the period immediately preceding it.” . In A History of Technology and Invention , Vol. III , 7 London : John Murray . The same theme is to be found in J.‐P. Rioux, op.cit., p. 12
- J.‐P. Rioux, op cit., p. 16.
- Ibid.
- Clark , G.N. 1953 . The Idea of the Industrial Revolution Glasgow
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- Ibid, pp. 157–158.
- Ibid, p. 163.
- Ibid, p. 181.
- Hirschman , A.O. 1977 . The Passions and the Interests — Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph , Princeton University Press . in which these quotations of Montesquieu appear. As underlined by Hirschman, it was the pseudo‐gentleness of trade which was denounced by Marx when he dealt with the primitive accumulation of capital. But the trademan's gentle ways were here in opposition to the heroic, violent virtues of aristocracy. A new kind of hero was to appear with the industrial revolution: neither gentle nor noble, the captain of industry, which led Hirschman to conclude: "In sum, capitalism was supposed to accomplish exactly what was soon to be denounced as its worst feature”.
- Richta , Radovan . 1968 . La civilisation carrefour , Paris : Anthropos . This definition is an excerpt from Man, Science, Technology — A Marxist Analysis of the Scientific and Technological Revolution, co‐production of the Academies of Science in Moscow and Prague, 1973, p. 28
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- Comte , Auguste . 1975 . Philosophie première, (Cours de Philosophie positive — 1830) , Edited by: leçon , Deuxième . 46 Paris : Hermann .
- Ibid p. 47.
- Ibid
- Daumas , Maurice . 1953 . Les instruments scientifiques aux XVIIIème et XVIIIème siécles , Paris : P.U.F. .
- Koyré , Alexandre . 1961 . “Du monde de l'à‐peu‐près à l'univers de la précision” . In Etudes d'histoire de la pensée philosophique , 320 Paris : Colin .
- Schofield , R. 1963 . The Lunar Society of Birmingham , Oxford University Press . who does not hesitate to see in this informal association a premature technological research organisation.
- Josephson , M. 1959 . Edison — A Biography , New York : McGraw‐Hill . Edison's mythologies
- Hughes . 1977 . “Edison's Method” . In Technology at the Turning Point , Edited by: Pickett , W.B. San Francisco Press .
- Salomon , J.‐J. 1979 . “Public Reactions to Science and Technology: The Wizard Faces Social Judgement” . In Science, Technology and the Human Prospect , Edited by: Starr , C. and Ritterbush , P.C. New York‐Oxford : Pergamon Press .
- This text is an excerpt from a book entitled Le destin technologique, to be published in 1985. Part of it was written (in French) when I was an SSRC Visiting Fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge. This is a simple tribute to the friends I made in the exceptional working (and non‐working) conditions provided by the College. I am especially grateful to Ann Johnston for her masterly editing of the present English version.