Continued Use of Illicit Substance among Methadone Treatment Patients in Primary Health Care Clinics in East Coast Region of Malaysia

References

• AADK; Kebangsaan, A. A. (2016). Maklumat Dadah 2016 (1st ed.). Selangor, Malaysia: Author.
   Google Scholar
• AADK; Kebangsaan, A. A. (2017). Maklumat Dadah 2017. (2nd ed.). Selangor, Malaysia: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Adam, F., Ibrahim, W., & Ahmad, W. (2011). Spiritual and traditional rehabilitation modality of drug addiction in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 1(14), 175–181.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, N., Aziz, S. A., Nordin, S., Mi, N. C., Abdullah, N., Paranthaman, V., & Danaee, M. (2017). Evaluation of methadone treatment in Malaysia: Findings from the Malaysian methadone treatment outcome study (MyTOS). Substance Use & Misuse, 53(2):239-248. doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1385630. E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz, Z., & Chong, N. J. (2015). A satisfaction survey of opioid dependent patients with methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 53, 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachireddy, C., Bazazi, A. R., Kavasery, R., Govindasamy, S., Kamarulzaman, A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Attitudes toward opioid substitution therapy and pre-incarceration HIV transmission behaviors among HIV-infected prisoners in Malaysia: Implications for secondary prevention. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116, 151–157. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baharom, N., Hassan, M. R., Ali, N., & Shah, S. A. (2012). Improvement of quality of life following 6 months of methadone maintenance therapy in Malaysia. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 7(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-7-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chie, Q. T., Tam, C. L., Bonn, G., Wong, C. P., Dang, H. M., & Khairuddin, R. (2015). Drug abuse, relapse, and prevention education in Malaysia: Perspective of university students through a mixed methods approach. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., Mathers, B., Guarinieri, M., Panda, S., Philips, B., Strathdee, S. A., … Howard, J. (2010). Meth/amphetamine use and associated HIV: Implication for global policy and public health. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21, 347–358. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggiano, F., VignaTaglianti, F., Versino, E., & Lemma, P. (2003). Methadone maintenance at different dosage for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 3, Art. No.: CD002208. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002208
   Google Scholar
• Fairbairn, N., Hayashi, K., Kaplan, K., Suwannawong, P., Qi, J., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2012). Factors associated with methadone treatment among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 43(1), 108–113. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanoe, S., Hvidt, C., Ege, P., & Jensen, G. B. (2007). Syncope and QT prolongation among patients treated with methadone for heroin dependence in the city of Copenhagen. Heart, 93(9), 1051–1055. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.100180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fareed, A., Casarella, J., Amar, R., Vayalapalli, S., & Drexler, K. (2010). Methadone maintenance dosing guideline for opioid dependence, a literature review. Journal of Addictive Disease, 29, 1–14. doi:10.1080/10550880903436010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farre, M., Mas, A., Torrens, M., Moreno, V., & Camo, J. (2000). Retention rate and illicit opioid use during methadone maintenance: A meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65, 283–290. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00171-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, H., & Libby, T. (2011). Heroin: Its history, pharmacology and treatment. The Library of Addictive Drug (pp. 1–17). ISBN 978-1-59285-830.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, J. R., Wahler, E. A., Minasian, R. M., & Edwards, A. (2019). Treating opioid use disorders in drug court: Participants’ views on using medication-assisted treatments (MATs) to support recovery. International Criminal Justice Review. doi:10.1177/1057567719846227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, G. R., Rau, K. S., & Fleckenstein, A. E. (2004). The methamphetamine experience: A NIDA partnership. Neuropharmacology, 47, 92–100. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmons, P., Batch, P., Colizza, K., & Nolan, S. (2019). Initiation and rapid titration of methadone in acute care setting for the treatment of opioid used disorder: A case report. Journal of Addiction Medicine. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer, B. D., Solomon, T. M., Moeller, R. W., Mascia, A., DeRaleau, L., & Halkitis, P. N. (2008). Methamphetamine abuse and impairment of social functioning: A review of the underlying neurophysiological causes and behavioral implications. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 301–310. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. E., Strain, E. C., & Amass, L. (2003). Buprenorphine: how to use it right. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 70(2 Suppl 2), S59–77. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00060-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joseph, H., Stancliff, S., & Langrod, J. (2000). Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): A review of historical and clinical issue. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67, 347–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamarulzaman, A., & Saifuddeen, S. M. (2010). Islam and harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(2, SI), 115–118. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, A. P., Phillips, K. A., Epstein, D. H., Reamer, D. A., Schmittner, J., & Preston, K. L. (2013). A randomized investigation of methadone doses at or over 100mg/day, combined with contingency management. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 130, 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, V. L., Kidorf, M. S., Stoller, K. B., Schwartz, R., Kolodner, K., & Brooner, R. K. (2006). A 12-month controlled trial of methadone medical maintenance integrated into an adaptive treatment model. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31(4), 385–393. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreek, M. J., Borg, L., Ducat, E., & Ray, B. (2010). Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of addiction: Methadone. Journal of Addictive Disease, 29(2), 200–216. doi:10.1080/10550881003684798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latowsky, M. (2006). Methadone death, dosage and torsade de pointes: Risk benefit policy implications. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38, 513–519. doi:10.1080/02791072.2006.10400590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H.-Y., Li, J.-H., Wu, L.-T., Wu, J.-S., Yen, C.-F., & Tang, H.-P. (2012). Survey of methadone-drug interactions among patients of methadone maintenance treatment program in Taiwan. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-7-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, D. L., Chen, P. C., Chen, C. H., Hsieh, C. J., Huang, Y. F., Shih, W. Y., & Cheng, J. J. S. (2013). Higher methadone doses are associated with lower mortality inpatients of opioid dependence in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(10), 1530–1534. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. B., Anthony, C., Michael, D., & Petros, L. (2013). Safe metahdone induction and stabilization. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7, 6. doi:10.1097/01.ADM.0000435321.39251.d7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmud, M., Schottenfeld, R. S., & Chawarski, M. C. (2006). New challenges and opportunities in managing substance abusers in Malaysia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25, 473–478. doi:10.1080/09595230600883354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marienfeld, C., Liu, P., Wang, X., Schottenfeld, R., Zhou, W., & Chawarski, M. C. (2015). Evaluation of an implementation of methadone maintenance treatment in China. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 157, 60–67. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, S., & Shinderman, M. (1999). Optimizing response to methadone maintenance treatment: Use of higher-dose methadone. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 31, 95–102. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH). (2005). National policy and standard operating procedure for methadone maintenance therapy (1st ed.). Sektor HIV/STI, Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit, Kementerian Kesihatan, Malaysia.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamad, N., Bakar, N. H., Musa, N., Talib, N., & Ismail, R. (2010). Better retention of Malaysian opiate dependents treated with high dose methadone in methadone maintenance therapy. Harm Reduction Journal, 7(1), 30. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-7-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Musa, R., Bakar, A. Z. A., & Khan, U. A. (2012). Two-source outcomes of methadone maintenance therapy at a clinic in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 24(5), 826–832. doi:10.1177/1010539511404396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordin, A. S. A. (2009). Quality of life assessment of opioid substance abusers on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in University Malaya Medical Center. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 10(1), 1–11. Retrieved from http://repository.um.edu.my/4305/
   Google Scholar
• Pedrero-Perez, E. J., & MethaQoL, G. (2017). Methadone dosage and its relationship to quality of life, satisfaction, psychopathology, cognitive performance and additional consumption of non-prescribed drugs. Adicciones, 29, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piralishvili, G., Otiashvili, D., Sikharulidze, Z., Kamkamidze, G., Poole, S., & Woody, G. E. (2015). Opioid addicted buprenorphine injectors: drug use during and after 12-weeks of buprenorphine–naloxone or methadone in the Republic of Georgia. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 50, 32–37. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radfar, S. R., Cousin, S. J., Shariatirad, S., Noroozi, A., & Rawson, R. A. (2016). Methamphetamine use among patient undergoing methadone treatment in Iran; a threat for harm reduction and treatment strategies; A qualitative study. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 5(4), e30327. doi:10.5812/ijhrba.30327
   Google Scholar
• Richard, A. R., & Adam, Y. (1995). Committee on federal regulation of methadone treatment. Institute of Medicine. National Academic Press (US). ISBN 0-309-59862-1, 252.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, J., Teesson, M., Darke, S., Lynskey, M., Ali, R., Ritter, A., & Cooke, R. (2004). Twelve month outcomes of treatment for heroin dependence: Findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS) (Technical Report No. 196). Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Rusdi, A. R., Noor Zurani, M. H. R., Muhammad, M. A. Z., & Mohamad, H. H. (2008). A fifty-year challenge in managing drug addiction in Malaysia. Journal of University of Malaya Medical Centre, 11, 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sharifa, E. W., Noor, A. H., Rushidi, R., Raminder, K., & Ruhani, I. (2009). Compliance towards methadone maintenance therapy and its associated factors in Selangor primary care centers and Kuala Lumpur hospital. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 64(1), 65–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shion, L. D., Sambamoorth, V. R., Soon Ying, D. L., & Syed Aznal, S. S. (2014). Assessment effects of maintenance therapy on quality of life of opioid abusers. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 15(2), 131–139.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, D., Chawarski, M. C., Schottenfeld, R., & Vicknasingam, B. (2013). Substance abuse and the HIV situation in Malaysia. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 21(4), S46–S51. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2013.09.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain, E. C., Bigelow, G. E., Liebson, I. A., & Stitzer, M. L. (1999). Moderate- vs high-dose methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(11), 1000–1005. doi:10.1001/jama.281.11.1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, S. G., Wu, Z., Cao, X., Liu, E., & Detels, R.; National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Working Group. (2014). Continued drug use during methadone treatment in China: A retrospective analysis of 19,026 service users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 47(1), 86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunilkumar, M. M., & Lockman, K. (2018). Practical pharmacology of methadone: A long- acting opioid. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 24(Suppl 1), S10. doi:10.4103/IJPC.IJPC_180_17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vicknasingam, B., & Mazlan, M. (2008a). Malaysian drug treatment policy: An evolution from total abstinence to harm reduction. Jurnal Antidadah Malaysia, 3 & 4, 107–122. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90498-2
   Google Scholar
• Vicknasingam, B., & Narayanan, S. (2008b). Malaysian illicit drug policy: Top-down multi-agency governance or bottom- up multi- level governanc. The International Society for the Study of Drug Policy. University Sains Malaysia, 2008, 1-12.
   Google Scholar
• Vicknasingam, B., Narayanan, S., & Navaratnam, V. (2009). Prevalence rates and risk for hepatitis C among drug users not in treatment in Malaysia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 28, 447–454. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00087.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedam, E. F., Bigelow, G. E., Johnson, R. E., Nuzzo, P. A., & Haigney, M. C. (2007). QT- interval effect of methadone, levomethadyl and buprenorphine in a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 10;167(22), 2469–2475.
   Google Scholar
• Wegman, M. P., Altice, F. L., Kaur, S., Rajandaran, V., Osornprasop, S., Wilson, D., & Kamarulzaman, A. (2017). Relapse to opioid use in opioid-dependent individuals released from compulsory drug detention centres compared with those from voluntary methadone treatment centres in Malaysia: A two-arm, prospective observational study. The Lancet Global Health, 5(2), e198–e207. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30303-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickersham, J. A., Zahari, M. M., Azar, M. M., Kamarulzaman, A., & Altice, F. L. (2013). Methadone dose at the time of release from prison significantly influence retention in treatment: Implications from a pilot study of HIV-Infected prisoners transitioning to the community in Malaysia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132, 378–382. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Review and evaluation on harm reduction program in Malaysia WHO commissioned reports. Harm Reduction International: London.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241547543.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, K., Li, H., Wei, X., Li, X., & Zhuang, G. (2017). Medication adherence in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in Xi’an, China. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 11(1), 28–33. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar