The Experiences of 12-Step Program Attendees Transitioning to Online Meetings during the COVID-19 Pandemic

References

• Alcoholics Anonymous World Services (2022a). Estimated worldwide A.A. individual and group membership. https://www.aa.org/estimated-worldwide-aa-individual-and-group-membership
   Google Scholar
• Alcoholics Anonymous World Services (2022b). The twelve traditions. https://www.aa.org/the-twelve-traditions
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, A. K., & Murphy, M. M. (2021). Feeling supported in addiction recovery: Comparing face-to-face and videoconferencing 12-step meetings. Western Journal of Communication, 85(1), 123–146. doi:10.1080/10570314.2020.1786598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Békés, V., & Aafjes-van Doorn, K. (2020). Psychotherapists’ attitudes toward online therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30(2), 238–247. doi:10.1037/int0000214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender, A. K., Pickard, J. G., & Webster, M. (2022). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on older adults in 12-step programs. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 1–17. Advance online publication, doi:10.1080/1533256X.2022.2047561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bøg, M., Trine, F., Brännström, L., Jørgensen, A.-M. K., & Fredriksson, M. K. (2017). 12-step programs for reducing illicit drug use. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 1–149. doi:10.4073/csr.2017.2
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2022a). Alcohol deaths on the rise and suicide declines. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/podcasts/2022/20220318/20220318.htm
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2022b). U.S overdose deaths in 2021 increased half as much as in 2020 – But are still up 15%. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm
   Google Scholar
• Christo, G., & Franey, C. (1995). Drug users’ spiritual beliefs, locus of control and the disease concept in relation to Narcotics anonymous attendance and six-month outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 38(1), 51–56. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(95)01103-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors, G. J., Tonigan, J. S., & Miller, W. R. (2001). A longitudinal model of intake symptomatology, AA participation and outcome: Retrospective study of the project MATCH outpatient and aftercare samples. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(6), 817–825. doi:10.15288/jsa.2001.62.817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras, C. M., Metzger, G. A., Beane, J. D., Dedhia, P. H., Ejaz, A., & Pawlick, T. M. (2020). Telemedicine: Patient-provider clinical engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 24(7), 1692–1697. doi:10.1007/s11605-020-04623-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, M. J., Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Walji, A., Sousa, S., Remers, S., … MacKillop, J. (2021). Using conventional and machine learning propensity score methods to examine the effectiveness of 12-step group involvement following inpatient addiction treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 227(108943), 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108943
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, D. M., Ingalsbe, M. H., Benslow, J., & Daley, D. (2013). 12-step interventions and mutual support programs for substance use disorders: An overview. Social Work in Public Health, 28(3–4), 313–332. doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.774663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fewell, C. H., & Spiegel, B. R. (2014). 12-step programs as a treatment modality. In S. L. A. Straussner (Ed.), Clinical work with substance-abusing clients (pp. 275–300). New York, NY, USA: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Galanter, M., White, W. L., & Hunter, B. (2022). Virtual twelve step meeting attendance during the COVID-19 period: A study of members of narcotics anonymous. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 16(2), e81–e86. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski, T. T., & Miller, M. (1982). Counseling for relapse prevention. Independence, MO: Herald House/Independence Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gossop, M., Stewart, D., & Marsden, J. (2007). Attendance at Narcotics anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, frequency of attendance and substance use outcomes after residential treatment for drug dependence: A 5-year follow-up study. Addiction, 103(1), 119–125. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02050.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B. (2021). Gamblers Anonymous groups during the COVID-19 pandemic: Research report. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 19(4), 365–369. doi:10.15547/tjs.2021.04.011
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B., & Dudkiewicz, M. (2021). The internet as a space for Alcoholics Anonymous during the SARS-COV2 (Covid-19) pandemic. Global Journal of Health Science, 13(8), 61–71. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v13n8p61
   Google Scholar
• Holley, L., & McCrory, B. (2021). Virtual AA and 12-step meetings: 4 benefits, 4 downsides. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mind-matters-menninger/202101/virtual-aa-and-12-step-meetings-4-benefits-4-downsides
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K., Blodgett, J. C., & Wagner, T. H. (2014). Estimating the efficacy of Alcoholics Anonymous without self-selection bias: An instrumental variables re-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(11), 2688–2694. doi:10.1111/acer.12557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hycner, R. H. (1985). Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. Human Studies, 8(3), 279–303. doi:10.1007/BF00142995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Bergman, B. G., Hoeppner, B. B., Vilsaint, C., & White, W. L. (2017). Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: Implications for practice, research, and policy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 162–169. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Humphreys, K., & Ferri, M. (2020). Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kissin, W., McLeod, C., & McKay, J. (2003). The longitudinal relationship between self- help group attendance and course of recovery. Evaluation and Program Planning, 26(3), 311–323. doi:10.1016/S0149-7189(03)00035-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krentzman, A. R. (2021). Helping clients engage with remote mutual aid for addiction recovery during COVID-19 and beyond. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 39(3), 348–365. doi:10.1080/07347324.2021.1917324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura, S., Cleland, C. M., & Tonigan, J. S. (2013). Evaluating Alcoholics Anonymous’s effect on drinking in project MATCH using cross-lagged regression panel analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(3), 378–385. doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBeath, A. G., du Plock, S., & Bager-Charleson, S. (2020). The challenges and experiences of psychotherapists working remotely during the coronavirus pandemic. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 20(3), 394–405. doi:10.10002/capr.12326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKellar, J., Stewart, E., & Humphreys, K. (2003). Alcoholics Anonymous involvement and positive alcohol-related outcomes: Cause, consequence, or just a correlate? A prospective 2-year study of 2,319 alcohol-dependent men. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 302–308. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeece, C. A., & DiNitto, D. A. (2012). Chemical dependency: A systems approach. Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (2006). Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: A 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(6), 735–750. doi:10.1002/jclp.20259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narcotic Anonymous World Services (2018). Membership Survey https://www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/pdf/conference/project/2301_MS_2018_Nov19.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2022. Overdose death rates. In N. Bethesda, MD., USA: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Penfold, K. L., & Ogden, J. (2021). Exploring the experience of Gamblers Anonymous meetings During COVID-19: A qualitative study. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-02089-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A., Rogers, J., Mason, R., Siriwardena, A. N., Hogue, T., Whitley, G. A., & Law, G. R. (2021). Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systemic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 229(Pt A), 109150. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt, R. A., Genois, R., Jin, J., Vigo, D. R. J., & Rush, B. (2021). The early impact of COVID-19 on the incidence, prevalence, and severity of alcohol use and other drugs: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109065. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K., Moller, N., Cooper, M., Gabriel, L., Roddy, J., & Sheehy, R. (2022). Video counselling and psychotherapy: A critical commentary on the evidence base. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 22(1), 92–97. doi:10.1002/capr.12436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoddart, T. (2011). List of 12 step programs. SoberNation. https://sobernation.com/write-for-sober-nation/
   Google Scholar
• Vederhus, J.-K., & Kristensen, Ø. (2006). High effectiveness of self-help programs after drug addiction therapy. BMC Psychiatry, 6(35), 1–6. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-6-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White, A. M., Castle, I.-J. P., & Powell, P. A. (2022). Alcohol-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA, 327(17), 1704. published online March 18, 2022. 10.1001/jama.2022.4308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar